Index

doi:10.1017/9781009565080.012

Index

1.5 degrees, 2, 30, 93, 164

accountability, 33, 40, 95, 140, 188

adaptation, 2, 5–6, 8, 12–15, 27–28, 30–32, 40, 42–43, 50–54, 56, 60–61, 63–66, 73–74, 79–80, 84–85, 91–94, 98–99, 101–104, 107, 113–115, 117–122, 126, 133–134, 136–137, 139–143, 145–147, 150, 165–167, 171–173, 179–183, 185, 187–191, 195, 202, 210–212, 214, 218

action, 53, 73, 118, 139, 163, 200

beyond, 6, 15, 17, 200

limits, 2, 7–8, 44, 114–115, 125, 173, 193–194

literature, 35, 81

measures, 2–3, 73, 137, 164–165, 191, 194

policy, 26, 28, 30–31, 34, 36, 40–41, 59, 93, 96, 108, 125, 165, 185

Adaptation Fund, the, 70, 98, 109

adaptive capacity, 8, 34, 105, 133, 212

Africa, 2, 113–115, 117, 119, 121, 167, 211

African Group of Negotiators (AGN), 120

agriculture, 7, 10, 15, 52, 56, 60, 83, 94, 101, 110, 113–118, 120, 125, 127, 132–134, 138, 149, 160, 162, 164, 178–181, 186, 193–194

Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), 11, 50, 64, 71, 76–78, 83

ambiguity, 5–6, 71, 75, 79, 85

anti-fossil fuel norms, 4, 38, 215

Antigua and Barbuda, 11–18, 20, 58, 64, 70–90, 200, 202, 204, 209–210, 212, 214–216

National Office of Disaster Services (NODS), 75, 80–82

assets, 11, 18, 28, 55, 66, 78–79, 86, 105, 209

Bahamas, The, 11, 15, 18, 20, 43, 60, 91–112, 204–205, 213, 215

Bahamas Environment, Science and Technology, The (BEST), 93, 100

Bahamas National Trust, The (BNT), 102–103

Disaster Preparedness and Response Act, 93–94, 109

Ministry of Disaster Preparedness, Management and Reconstruction, 13, 18, 91, 94, 100, 109

Bangladesh, 10–12, 15, 19–20, 43, 149, 130–151, 200, 203, 209–210, 213, 215

Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund (BCCRF), 138, 149

Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP), 130, 136–139, 141, 149

Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund (BCCTF), 138, 141, 147, 149

Bangladesh Rehabilitation Assistance Committee (BRAC), 141–142

Climate Public Expenditure and Institutional Review (CPEIR), 135

Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL), 141

Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief (MoDMR), 131, 137–138, 140, 142–143, 145, 150

Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEFCC), 131, 134, 136–137, 139, 142–143, 145, 150

Mujib Climate Prosperity Plan (MCPP), 130, 134, 139, 142, 146, 150, 203, 213

National Plan for Disaster Management (NPDM), 137–138, 149

barrier, 7–8, 14–17, 20, 26–27, 42, 45, 80, 85, 95, 102, 106, 108, 110, 119, 141, 170, 178, 185–186, 189–190, 193–194, 209, 212–216

behavior, 2, 7–8, 12, 28, 38, 40, 44, 204, 206

biodiversity, 1, 5, 92–94, 134, 138, 150, 160, 162, 164–165, 172–173, 180, 187

budget, 8, 52, 74, 125, 130, 134, 138, 148, 173, 183, 186–190

business, 4, 9, 27, 34–35, 42, 73, 77, 98, 145, 211, 213–214

business-as-usual, 80, 93

Cancun Adaptation Framework (CAF), 30, 118

capacity building, 118, 125, 136, 146

Caribbean, 10–11, 71, 161, 192, 204

Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility (CCRIF), 75, 79, 81, 86

Caribbean Community (CARICOM), 75, 86, 97, 109, 209

Caribbean Development Bank (CDB), 75, 80, 86, 98, 109

Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA), 75–76, 86, 208

Chile, 11–15, 20–21, 43, 166, 170, 177–194, 203–205, 208–214

Equipo Tecnico Interministerial para el Cambio Climatico (ETTIC), 189

Ministry of the Environment (MMA), 183, 186, 189, 191, 194

Oficina Nacional de Emergencias del Ministerio del Interior (ONEMI), 181, 185, 188

China, 2, 77, 120, 166, 183, 193, 207

city, 115, 123, 127, 162

civil servant, 13, 15, 21, 26, 35, 42, 71, 80, 84–85, 93, 102, 104, 207, 213, 215

civil society, 27, 33, 36, 42, 51, 85, 95, 102–103, 110, 114, 118, 122–123, 131, 145, 149, 161, 164, 169, 182, 184, 189, 191, 194–195, 207, 213

civil society organization (CSO), 18–20, 34–36, 42, 91, 100, 109, 117, 133, 135, 142, 149, 161, 169, 171–172, 211, 213

claim, 6, 14, 20, 29, 61, 71, 84, 141, 161, 167, 170, 193, 207–208

climate

action, 9, 26, 30, 40, 42, 95, 99, 104, 119, 130, 141, 144, 188, 209

disaster, 19, 28, 164, 217

finance, 13, 19, 44, 74, 76–79, 97–98, 114, 119, 121, 125, 127, 134–136, 141, 192, 200, 207, 210, 215

governance, 4, 19, 27, 30–31, 125, 178, 190

hazards, 8, 11, 44, 63, 104

impact, 15, 27, 35, 45, 70, 91, 101–103, 111, 114, 120, 122, 124, 136, 138, 144, 147, 162, 178, 186, 189, 192, 194, 199

justice, 161, 169

law, 32, 163, 184

negotiations, 5, 10–12, 29, 32, 39, 66, 120, 167, 211, 217

policy, 4, 10, 12, 14–15, 17, 19–20, 28–30, 32–37, 39–40, 42–44, 96, 113, 119, 124–125, 131, 173, 179, 185, 187, 196, 199–200, 206–209, 212–213, 216, 218

politics, 4, 42, 166, 212

regime, 2, 8, 30–31, 63, 143, 161, 209

resilience, 19, 79, 114, 117–118, 122, 125–126, 130, 133–134, 137, 139, 142, 146, 149, 160, 206

risk, 3, 6, 14–18, 27–29, 37, 44, 71, 75, 79, 84, 92, 117, 121, 123, 130, 160, 165, 181, 199, 214–215, 218

climate change, 1–5, 7–12, 14–20, 25–29, 32–35, 37–44, 50–62, 66–76, 78–80, 82–87, 91–111, 113–120, 122–126, 130–142, 144–145, 148–150, 160–163, 165–168, 171–173, 177–184, 186–187, 189–193, 200–207, 209, 211, 213–218

adaptation, 8, 18, 27–28, 34, 42–43, 50, 59–60, 81, 85, 91, 93, 102, 109, 118–119, 141, 165, 181, 187, 190, 195, 210, 212

framework law, 12, 172, 186, 195, 204, 208, 216

impacts, 2, 6, 12, 18, 25, 28, 35–37, 40–44, 50, 53, 55, 58, 60, 70–71, 75, 77, 83, 86, 91, 94, 96, 99–102, 104–106, 109, 114–115, 123, 125, 127, 133, 136, 160–161, 165, 167, 169–173, 186, 188, 190–191, 204, 206–207, 217

law, 168, 171–172, 213

mitigation, 4, 18, 26, 32–33, 36, 91, 102, 139, 141, 204, 211, 217

negotiations, 20, 50, 59, 160, 199

policy, 8, 19, 25–29, 53–54, 64, 85, 95, 100–101, 113–115, 117, 119, 125, 136, 139, 145, 171, 214, 218

regime, 2, 94, 204

resilience, 54, 59, 65, 75, 79, 86, 138, 149, 204

risks, 7, 13, 28, 31, 74, 85, 104, 113, 185, 191, 204–205, 212, 216

Climate Change and Disaster Survival Fund (TSF), 13, 60, 65, 205

Climate Change Gender Action Plan (ccGAP), 130, 136, 138, 149

Climate Fiscal Framework (CFF), 135

Climate-Resilient Green Economy (CRGE), 113, 117–119, 122, 124, 126

Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law (COSIS), 58–59, 64, 78, 86, 209

community, 1, 6–7, 25, 28, 35, 37, 42, 57, 60, 64, 70–71, 75–76, 81–82, 86, 103–105, 109, 111, 116, 120, 123–124, 127, 138, 140, 142, 148, 151, 162, 169, 179, 186, 191–193, 208, 215, 217–218

compensation, 3, 6, 14, 16, 19–20, 28, 34, 38, 58–59, 83, 140, 150, 161, 164, 167–168, 170–173, 207–208, 215

comprehensive risk management (CRM), 6, 56, 63–66, 82

Conference of the Parties (COP)

COP11, 140

COP12, 119

COP15, 3, 119, 140, 184

COP20, 13, 163

COP23, 120

COP25, 13, 140, 177, 179, 194–195, 200, 208

COP26, 50, 58, 62, 64, 77–78, 121, 142, 182, 209

COP27, 9, 18, 31, 39, 70–71, 76, 87, 121, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148–150, 177, 182, 200

COP28, 9, 44, 144, 150, 200

COP29, 31

Copenhagen, 3, 119, 140

coral reefs, 52, 56, 78, 92, 100, 104, 107, 109

cost, 9, 19, 28, 34, 38, 53, 72, 74, 79–80, 84, 118, 131, 138, 145, 148–150, 169, 180, 186, 190–191, 195, 203

crop, 1, 113, 132, 134, 144–145, 149, 193, 217

culture, 1, 5, 36, 43, 53, 57, 61–62, 71, 105, 116, 132, 138, 150, 162, 165, 217

cyclone, 1, 5, 7, 52, 55–56, 64, 72, 130–132, 137, 149–150

Cyclone Protection Programme (CCP), 130, 133

Pam, 13, 59–60, 63, 65, 205

decarbonization, 4, 34, 38, 179, 186, 209, 212, 215

decision-making, 3–4, 8–9, 29, 37, 40, 81, 84–85, 124, 136, 144, 187

desertification, 5, 11, 74, 134, 160, 164, 172, 179, 218

developed

country, 3, 30, 40, 77, 120, 122, 166, 185, 217

state, 2, 25, 38, 114, 119

developing

country, 2–3, 7, 10–11, 16–17, 21, 25, 28, 30, 37, 40, 83, 114, 117, 121, 125, 147, 164, 166–167, 179, 183, 185, 192, 207, 211, 215

state, 25

world, 12

development, 1, 3–5, 10–12, 14–21, 26–27, 29–31, 35–40, 42–44, 50–55, 57, 61, 64, 66, 71–75, 78–80, 85–87, 93–102, 106, 108–111, 113–115, 117–126, 130–131, 133–139, 141–142, 149, 166–168, 170–172, 178–179, 181–183, 185–187, 190, 192–195, 199, 205, 207–218

disaster

risk, 15, 29, 114, 125–126, 130–131, 140, 200

risk management (DRM), 16, 42–43, 59, 75–76, 85–86, 94, 118, 137, 140, 150, 164, 172, 181–182, 185, 188–190, 195–196

risk reduction (DRR), 13–15, 27, 50, 53, 59, 66, 71, 76, 80, 85–86, 134, 137, 140, 143, 147, 165–166, 209

displacement, 19, 53–57, 93, 105, 114, 116, 125, 127, 132, 138, 142, 162, 191–193, 216

drought, 1, 5, 10–11, 19, 52, 56, 70–74, 83, 86, 114, 116, 121, 124, 126–127, 160, 162, 164, 172, 178–179, 195, 217–218

early warning systems, 5, 41, 123, 130, 133, 137

economic, 6–8, 18, 29, 34, 42, 51, 64, 66, 71, 74–75, 78, 81–82, 84, 104, 107, 114, 121, 124, 133, 141, 147, 160, 164, 170, 173, 178–179, 181, 190–192, 194, 196, 202

development, 11, 19, 26, 39–40, 42, 66, 75, 115, 117, 120, 122, 125, 127, 130–131, 133, 142

growth, 20, 39–40, 52, 113–114, 125, 213

impact, 83, 162, 165

interests, 33, 71, 79, 84

loss, 5, 19, 116, 138, 148–150, 165, 218

model, 14, 20, 161, 170–172, 193, 214

paradigms, 14, 214

sector, 14, 70, 72, 92, 165, 180, 214

vulnerability, 11, 85, 115, 147

economy, 11, 14, 50, 72–73, 75, 79–80, 118, 126, 160, 162–163, 171, 177–178, 186, 212

emerging, 11, 37, 178, 192, 216

green, 14, 19, 38, 113, 204, 214, 216

political, 27, 32–33, 36, 211

tourism, 14, 38, 214

ecosystem, 1, 6–9, 92, 103, 116, 160, 162, 164–165, 179

education, 1, 101, 104, 131, 134–135, 138

emissions, 2, 4, 25, 33, 35, 38–39, 50, 58, 93, 114–115, 117, 120, 122, 126, 144, 163–164, 166, 169, 179–180, 188, 210

Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF), 74, 165

erosion, 55

coastal, 10–11, 52–53, 64, 71–72, 86, 92, 104, 109, 125, 164, 172, 217–218

river, 132, 134, 149

soil, 10, 116, 126

Ethiopia, 10–12, 14, 19–20, 43, 113–126, 203–204, 210–211, 214

Environment, Forest and Climate Change Commission (EFCCC), 122, 124, 135

Ethiopian Programme of Adaptation to Climate Change (EPACC), 117

Global Green Growth Initiative (GGGI), 117, 119, 126

Ministry of Transport and Communication (MoTAC), 122

Second Growth and Transformation Plan (GTPII), 117–118

Europe, 107, 193

European Union, 28, 54, 64, 75

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), 51–54, 56–58, 61, 64, 66

exposure, 7, 27–28, 72, 131–132, 191, 217

extreme events, 11, 28, 65, 82, 86–87, 104, 108–109, 114, 205

extreme weather, 83, 173, 205, 218

events, 1, 5, 28–29, 55, 71–74, 79–80, 82, 85, 103, 116, 130, 162, 205, 216–217

finance, 8–9, 13, 19, 31, 44, 56, 59, 73–74, 76–79, 85–87, 93–94, 96–98, 109, 114, 118–121, 131, 135–136, 139, 141–142, 144, 163, 185, 187, 190, 192, 194–195, 200, 207, 210, 213, 215–216

ministry, 15, 76, 79, 86, 101, 122, 134, 164, 168, 172, 212

financial, 7, 16, 71, 77–78, 80–81, 84, 98, 111, 115, 118, 120–121, 123, 125–126, 141, 148, 161, 191–192, 195, 205, 218

incentives, 21, 27, 30, 44, 209

institutions, 82, 98, 144

resources, 122, 147, 166, 168

fiscal, 80, 135, 149

fishing, 16, 52, 56–58, 60, 64, 73, 78, 80–83, 94, 96, 105, 135, 164, 180, 186–187, 196, 215–216

flooding, 1, 10–11, 19, 28, 52–53, 55–56, 64, 72, 82–83, 92–93, 109, 114, 116, 126, 130–132, 134–135, 137, 144, 148–150, 149, 160, 162, 164, 169, 172, 179, 195, 205, 218

Flood Action Plan, 133

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 99, 109, 123, 126

food security, 11, 25, 52, 121, 134, 136, 146, 160

fossil fuel, 4, 38, 160, 215

funding, 9, 12, 15, 21, 27, 31, 39, 53–54, 64, 70, 73, 76–79, 80, 84, 86, 97–98, 109, 130–131, 134–136, 138–139, 141–149, 167–168, 185, 192, 194, 200, 202, 209–210, 216

German International Cooperation Society (GIZ), 190–191, 195

glacial

lake, 162, 169

retreat, 11, 172, 179, 195

glacier, 1, 160, 162, 173, 178, 190

retreat, 161, 169

Global Environment Facility (GEF), 98, 109, 120

Global North, 16–18, 85, 87, 166–167, 169, 184, 193, 204, 206, 213–215, 217

Global South, 10, 16–17, 25, 38, 44, 85, 87, 166–167, 193, 204, 206–207, 213–215, 217

global warming, 2, 33, 117

governance, 3–5, 7–9, 12, 14–15, 17–21, 26–27, 29–32, 35–37, 39–42, 45, 51, 63–66, 70, 72, 79, 85, 92, 123, 125, 136, 140, 165, 178, 181, 186, 189–190, 192–194, 196, 199, 204–207, 209, 212–214, 216

government, 7, 9, 16–17, 19–20, 27–28, 33–35, 39, 42, 51, 53, 56–62, 66, 71, 73–74, 76, 79–82, 84, 86–87, 93–96, 98, 100, 102, 107–108, 115–117, 119–120, 122–123, 126, 130–136, 138–139, 142–150, 161, 163–165, 169, 177, 179–180, 182, 189–190, 195, 206, 212, 215–216

agency, 81, 105, 206

departments, 15, 75, 81, 105–107

ministries, 15, 72, 84, 101, 105, 108, 135–136, 142, 213

official, 54, 56–57, 118, 190

Green Climate Fund (GCF), 31, 61, 70, 73, 76–77, 79, 84, 86, 139, 141, 149

greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, 2, 4, 25, 33, 39, 53, 93, 114–115, 122, 126, 163–164, 166, 169, 179, 210

gross domestic product (GDP), 14, 40, 44, 72, 78, 92, 116, 162, 214

harm, 6–7, 9, 37–39, 73–74, 131, 133, 138, 147, 199, 207, 213

hazard, 7–8, 11, 27–29, 44, 58, 63, 83, 103–104, 109, 131–132, 138, 151, 191, 205, 218

health, 55–56, 60, 81, 118, 134–136, 145–146, 164–165, 180, 187, 193

healthcare, 131, 135

human, 1, 7, 52, 94, 138

heatwave, 1, 5, 11, 28, 52, 178, 195

household, 7, 9, 19, 131–133, 148–150

humanitarian, 15, 19, 54, 103, 123–124, 181, 210, 213

hurricane, 1, 10, 70, 72–74, 78–79, 82–83, 85–86, 92, 103–104, 108–109, 204

Dorian, 13, 18, 60, 91, 93–94, 98, 100, 103, 105, 108–109, 205

Irma, 72, 75, 80, 93

Maria, 72, 75

season, 70–71, 73, 206

incentives, 15, 18, 21, 27, 30–31, 40, 44, 70, 79, 91, 144, 208–210, 212, 218

income, 51–52, 97, 131, 136–137, 171, 180, 192

high, 11, 79, 98, 178, 192, 194

low, 11, 118, 120

middle, 13–14, 38, 97, 161, 167, 170, 173, 190, 192, 195, 208, 211, 214

upper middle, 11, 20, 160–161, 172

Independent Alliance of Latin America and the Caribbean (AILAC), 166–167, 172, 177, 183, 195, 208

Indigenous, 191

communities, 37, 191, 217

knowledge, 124, 127, 190–191

people, 203

populations, 160, 191

industrial, 30, 117, 163, 169, 180

industrialization, 1–2, 114

industrialized countries, 2, 25

infrastructure, 1, 5, 8, 15, 18–19, 25, 51, 55–56, 64, 66, 70, 72–73, 78–80, 83, 86, 92, 115–116, 120, 122, 125, 127, 131, 134–137, 141, 150, 165, 179, 206

injustice, 2, 9–10, 37–38, 40, 44, 87, 199, 207, 213

innovation, 13, 17, 20–21, 37, 43, 100, 131, 200–207, 212, 214–216

institution, 3–4, 6–9, 17–18, 26, 29, 32–36, 39, 41–43, 70, 75, 78, 82, 85–87, 91–92, 96, 98, 100, 107–108, 115, 123, 131, 138, 144, 146, 150, 168, 181–182, 184, 188–189, 191, 193–195, 199, 205–207, 209, 211–212, 218

institutional, 10, 17–18, 25–27, 31–33, 36, 41, 44, 59–60, 64, 77, 81, 86, 91, 108–109, 123, 126, 135–137, 139–141, 149, 168, 171–172, 177–179, 186–188, 194–195, 205–206, 210–211, 216, 218

arrangements, 6–7, 60, 65, 200

capacity, 16, 27, 34–35, 44, 212–213

development, 16, 37

dynamics, 10, 186, 195

landscape, 12, 20, 44, 87, 99, 205, 209

limits, 14, 102, 194

structures, 14, 91, 118

insurance, 6, 35, 51, 53–56, 58, 64–66, 73, 84–87, 94, 136, 143–145, 210, 217

Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), 94, 98, 109

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 1–2, 6–7, 28–29, 113–114

Sixth Assessment Report (AR6), 1, 6–7, 29, 113

Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C (SR1.5), 6

Special Report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX), 28

internal displacement, 19, 114, 125, 127, 138, 216

international engagement, 10, 20, 25, 27, 30, 44, 114–115, 120–121, 125, 127, 161, 177, 181, 207, 209

international law, 5, 52, 57, 185, 209

international organization (IO), 13, 17, 27, 29–30, 43, 122, 126, 207–209

International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), 58, 78, 86, 208

investment, 1, 14–15, 17–18, 40, 51, 55, 60–61, 64–66, 71–72, 78–80, 84, 86–87, 94, 120, 139, 171, 189, 214–216

irreversibility, 2, 5–6, 55, 161, 179, 182

justice, 8, 33, 85, 139

knowledge, 9, 12–18, 21, 25, 27, 37–38, 42–44, 61, 63, 65, 70–71, 80–83, 85–87, 92, 99, 104–111, 115, 118, 124–125, 127, 136, 141–143, 145, 189–192, 196, 207, 214–216

Kyoto Protocol, 2–3, 25, 30, 119

landslides, 11, 19, 114, 122, 127, 160, 162, 172, 179, 195

Latin America, 11, 20–21, 29, 160, 166, 177, 179, 192

law, 5, 12, 16–17, 20, 32–33, 43, 52, 54, 57–59, 65, 72, 78, 86, 95, 101, 137, 161, 163, 167–169, 171–172, 179, 184–186, 195, 204, 208–209, 213, 216

least developed country (LDC), 11, 14, 19–20, 50–51, 64, 113, 120–121, 125, 130, 140–141, 151, 161, 167, 170, 206, 210–211, 214, 217

legal, 3, 5, 57–59, 73, 143, 170, 199, 209, 216

barrier, 189

foundation, 54, 65

framework, 18, 78, 91, 94, 109, 138

instrument, 54, 72, 133

protection, 53–54, 57, 66

liability, 6, 16–17, 38, 83–87, 161, 167, 207, 215–216

claims, 14, 20, 84, 167, 208

limit, 1–2, 7–8, 16, 20, 25, 30, 33–34, 37, 39, 43–44, 74, 114–115, 117, 119, 121, 124–126, 145, 161, 170–173, 177–178, 183–184, 186–187, 189–190, 193–194, 196, 208, 210–211, 214–215

litigation, 4, 20, 64, 86, 170, 193, 204, 216

livelihood, 6, 8, 51, 103, 133–134, 151, 160, 162, 164, 169, 178, 193, 201, 215

livestock, 115–116, 135, 138, 162

loss and damage, 3–21, 25–33, 35–45, 50–51, 53–66, 70–87, 91–94, 97–99, 101–102, 104, 108–111, 114–115, 120–127, 130–134, 136–151, 161, 164–173, 177–178, 180–195, 199–218

fund, 3, 9, 16, 18, 44, 70, 76, 87, 121, 144, 146–148, 150, 168, 171, 207, 216, 218

governance, 4, 8–9, 20–21, 27, 32, 35, 40–42, 79

policy, 4, 10–13, 17, 19, 26–27, 31–33, 36, 40–42, 44, 50, 63–66, 72, 85, 92–93, 108–111, 131, 144, 165–166, 177, 180–181, 199–200, 216, 209–212

mental health, 1, 41, 93, 132, 149, 217

migration, 11, 43, 51, 53–54, 57, 60, 62, 65–66, 116, 133, 140, 178, 181, 191, 217–218

mitigation, 3–6, 14–15, 18, 25–26, 33, 36, 38, 43, 56, 72, 78, 91, 93–94, 98, 102, 104, 109, 113–115, 117–118, 121, 126, 134, 136, 139, 141, 150, 163–164, 166, 171–172, 179, 182–183, 185–188, 192, 204, 206, 209–211, 214, 217–218

efforts, 28, 40, 114, 120, 144, 210

policy, 12, 17, 26, 33, 36, 41, 118, 122, 185, 210–211

National Adaptation Plan (NAP), 30, 42, 56, 63, 65, 73–74, 86, 118, 126, 137, 149, 160, 164–166, 172, 181, 189, 195, 204, 215

National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), 120, 136–138, 141, 149

National Climate Change Committee (NCCC), 100, 102

National Communication, 179, 200–204

Fourth National communication under the UNFCCC (NC4), 203

Second National communication under the UNFCCC (NC2), 42, 201

Third National communication under the UNFCCC (NC3), 42, 99, 141, 202

National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), 94, 101, 110

Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), 9, 30, 42, 86, 93, 109, 117, 126, 139, 141, 149, 160, 163–165, 172, 178–182, 188, 195, 200

Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), 73, 165

Nature Conservancy, the (TNC), 91, 102–103, 105

negotiations, 5–7, 9–13, 16–17, 20, 28–32, 39, 44, 50, 57, 59, 61, 63–66, 71, 73, 76, 118–121, 125, 139–140, 142, 150, 160, 165–167, 177–178, 182–185, 190, 192, 199, 200, 207–208, 211, 217

group, 166, 177, 183

loss and damage, 11, 58, 83, 87, 166, 177, 182–183, 194–195

negotiator, 13, 170, 183, 192, 207–208

neoliberalism, 14, 71, 169, 171, 178, 190, 193–195, 214

noneconomic loss (NEL), 5–6, 19, 43, 66, 71, 74, 78, 116, 121, 138, 143, 147–150, 164–165, 218

non-governmental organization (NGO), 35–36, 60, 66, 71, 81, 104–105, 107, 114, 123, 126, 131, 133, 135–136, 142–144, 146–147, 149–150, 168–169, 178–179, 184, 189, 213–214

ocean acidification, 1, 52, 56, 64, 83, 92, 179, 195

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 42, 192

Pacific, 11, 51, 54, 56–58, 63–64, 66, 137, 149, 178, 208

Community (SPC), 57, 64, 208

Pacific Catastrophe Risk Assessment and Financing Initiative (PCRAFI), 56, 66

Pacific Islands Climate Change Insurance Facility (PICCIF), 56, 58

Pacific Islands Forum (PIF), 57–58, 64

Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA), 57, 64

Paris Agreement, 2–6, 9, 25, 30, 32, 50, 53, 58, 73–74, 93, 114, 119–121, 137, 141, 149, 164–165, 182, 185–186, 209

partnership, 54, 86, 93, 97, 99, 103, 109, 141–143, 146, 209

pérdidas y daños, 3, 164–165, 182, 202

Peru, 11–16, 20–21, 160–176, 183, 202, 204, 208, 210–214, 216

Centro Nacional de Estimación, Prevención y Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres (CENEPRED), 164

Estrategia Nacional ante el Cambio Climático (ENCC), 163, 172

Ley Marco sobre Cambio Climático (LMCC), 161, 163–164, 167–168, 171, 179, 181–182, 187, 190, 194

Ministry of Environment (Ministerio del Ambiente, MINAM), 167–169, 171

policy, 2–4, 7–10, 12–15, 17–21, 25–36, 38–45, 50–51, 53–54, 57, 59, 61–66, 70–71, 73, 75, 81, 85–86, 91–101, 104–109, 111, 113–119, 121–126, 130–131, 133–147, 149–151, 161, 163, 165–166, 170–172, 177–182, 184–189, 191–192, 195, 199–218

action, 13–14, 20, 28, 30, 106

actor, 41, 50, 66, 71, 85

adoption, 4, 12–13, 26–30, 32, 35, 39–40, 43–44, 200, 204–205, 207, 210–212

change, 34, 209, 213

development, 11, 16–17, 20–21, 26, 29, 31, 36–37, 42, 44, 50, 61, 64, 72, 87, 93, 101, 106, 109, 111, 113, 124, 181, 183, 205, 207, 209–211, 216–218

engagement, 17, 19, 21, 29, 200, 212, 215

framework, 138, 179, 208, 216

outcomes, 4, 32, 34, 36, 212, 218

problem, 10, 29–30, 41

policymakers, 7–10, 13, 16–18, 20–21, 25, 29, 31, 33–34, 37–39, 41, 44–45, 56, 70, 72, 80, 82, 85, 92, 96, 100, 102, 104–105, 115, 124–125, 143, 146, 173, 191, 199–205, 211, 213–215

policymaking, 4, 8–13, 19–21, 26–27, 29, 31–34, 36–37, 40–43, 45, 50, 63–66, 72, 74, 85–87, 91, 95, 106, 108, 113, 115, 119, 122, 125, 134, 150, 161, 177, 181, 187, 189, 192, 194, 196, 209, 211, 213, 216–217

population, 2, 11, 39–40, 44, 52, 56, 92, 99, 113, 115–116, 132–133, 141, 145, 147, 151, 160, 163–164, 169–170, 180–181, 191, 193, 203, 215

poverty, 133, 142, 151, 160, 164

private sector, 19, 35, 84, 123–124, 127, 131, 135, 142–146, 148–150, 178, 212

public, 16, 35, 60–61, 73–74, 80, 83–86, 95, 109, 117, 123, 131, 135, 141, 161, 168, 188, 205, 218

awareness, 104, 107–108, 205

opinion, 28, 40, 204

policy, 40, 171, 188–189, 191

sector, 56, 80–83, 85–86, 171, 189, 211

spending, 74, 168, 180

support, 28

rainfall, 1, 10, 52, 64, 72, 79–81, 92, 109, 115–116, 126, 132, 149–150, 160–162, 164, 172, 178, 195

rapid onset event, 130–132, 138, 150, 205

recovery, 60, 71, 74–75, 80, 108, 137, 140, 217

reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD), 166, 210

refugee, 57, 61–62, 65–66

regulation, 119, 121, 141, 144, 187, 189–190, 192, 194, 196

relocation, 54, 61, 95, 131, 138, 217–218

resilience, 6, 19, 54–55, 59–60, 70, 75, 79–80, 83, 86, 103, 105, 114–115, 117–118, 121, 125–127, 130, 133, 137, 139–140, 142, 145–147, 160, 204, 206, 215

responsibility, 2, 13, 16–17, 19, 25, 34, 37, 39, 58–59, 66, 78, 100, 138, 142, 149, 180, 187, 207, 216

risk, 2, 5–7, 9, 12–18, 27–29, 31, 37–39, 41–42, 44, 50–53, 55–56, 59, 63–66, 70–72, 74–75, 79–80, 82–86, 92–94, 97, 103–104, 113–114, 117–118, 121, 123–126, 130–131, 134, 136–137, 140, 143–144, 147, 149–150, 160, 162, 164–166, 168–170, 181–182, 185, 190–192, 195, 199–205, 208–209, 212–216, 218

assessment, 6, 82, 145

insurance, 6, 75, 86

management, 6, 75, 94, 136

transfer, 51, 54, 56, 58, 64–65

rural, 116, 119, 125, 127, 135, 142, 160, 162

Santiago Network on Loss and Damage (SNLD), 3, 9, 12–14, 142, 167, 177, 183, 194–195, 200, 208, 210, 216

science of loss, 9, 37, 214–216

sea-level rise (SLR), 1, 5, 7, 10–11, 28, 50–53, 55–61, 64, 70, 72–74, 78, 83, 86, 92, 103–104, 109, 125, 130–132, 149, 162, 164, 172, 205, 217

Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR), 13, 74–76, 86, 131, 139, 140–141, 149, 185, 195, 208

sensitivity, 141, 191

slow onset event (SOE), 5, 15–16, 21, 28–29, 43, 55, 73–74, 82–83, 85–86, 103, 108, 116, 130–131, 138, 150, 164, 205, 216, 218

small island developing states (SIDS), 2, 7, 11, 14, 17, 20, 37–38, 71, 91, 161, 170, 205–207, 210–211, 214, 217

spending, 28, 74, 82, 168, 180, 184

storm, 5, 18, 28, 55, 72, 78, 80, 82, 92, 97, 101, 103–105, 107–108, 204–205

sustainable development goals (SDGs), 74, 86, 97, 101, 110, 137, 149

Task Force on Displacement (TFD), 3, 16

temperature, 2, 5, 10, 52, 55, 64, 70, 72, 86, 103, 107–108, 116, 132, 149–150, 160–162, 164, 172, 178, 195, 205

tourism, 14–15, 54, 72, 92, 94, 96, 98, 101, 107, 110, 162, 164–165, 186, 214

economy, 14, 38, 214

sector, 5, 104, 107, 212

Tuvalu, 10–13, 15, 17–18, 20, 50–69, 78, 86, 200–201, 205, 207, 209, 211, 215

Climate Change Resilience Act, 54, 59, 65

Department of Climate Change and Disaster (DCCD), 54, 59–60, 62–63, 66

Infrastructure Strategy and Investment Plan 2016–2025 (TISIP), 55–56, 65

National Strategic Action Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management 2012–2016 (NSAP), 53, 64

Te Kakeega II (TKII), 52–53, 64

Te Kakeega III (TKIII), 54–56, 64, 201

United Nations (UN)

Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 57, 61, 64, 66, 208

Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), 74, 86, 114, 120, 124, 126, 208

Development Program (UNDP), 75, 86, 97, 99, 109, 120, 123, 126

General Assembly (UNGA), 53, 57, 64

Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), 208

Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (UN-OHRLLS), 97, 99

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 2–3, 5–6, 8, 11, 13, 16, 21, 29–32, 42, 44, 57–58, 64, 66, 71, 73–78, 81, 85–86, 94, 97–100, 109, 111, 114–115, 119–122, 126, 139–141, 144, 147, 149, 160, 163, 165–167, 172–173, 179–180, 183–184, 195, 200–204, 207–211, 215

negotiations, 6, 17, 19, 30, 87, 121, 150, 177, 182

process, 2, 6, 63, 93, 114, 139

regime, 13, 29, 179, 208

regulation, 192

Urban, 118, 160, 179, 193

vulnerability, 1, 7–8, 11, 20, 25, 27–28, 40, 42, 50–51, 63, 71, 74, 85–87, 91, 93–94, 97, 105, 109, 113–115, 120, 124, 131–133, 136–139, 147, 160, 163, 171, 177–179, 181–182, 195, 202, 204–206, 217–218

vulnerable, 2, 6–7, 11, 17, 28, 31, 34, 44

Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage (WIM), 6, 63, 77, 165, 181, 200, 208

Executive Committee (ExCom), 3, 16, 44, 50, 59, 63, 184

water scarcity, 92, 109, 178–179, 193–195

working group, 59, 146, 165, 189, 205

Working Group II, 1, 6, 113

World Bank, 11, 31, 42, 63, 75, 80, 86, 98, 109, 192, 208

youth, 142, 144, 146, 150

youth and children constituency of the UNFCCC (YOUNGO), 184

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