Index of Subjects

Victor A. Friedman; Brian D. Joseph

doi:10.1017/9781139019095.013

Index of Subjects

accentuation, xxxvii, 23, 49, 76, 78, 233, 287, 362, 384, 387– 388 , 409, 459– 460 , 462– 470 , 472– 473 , 478, 557– 558 , 561, 563, 608, 639, 713, 814, 1002, 1018, 1023

accentual adjustment, 384, 466– 470 , 481, 632

double accent, 384, 468– 469 , 632

accommodation, 110– 114 , 150, 273, 365, 374, 397, 454– 455 , 524, 1003, 1010

adjectival clause, 853, 860, 926– 933 , 943

adjectival gradation, 498, 625– 632

comparative, 343, 437, 625– 631 , 664

superlative, 625– 631

admirative, see evidentiality

adpositions, 212, 222– 223 , 249, 254– 258 , 509, 1000– 1001

postpositions, 16, 124, 255– 256 , 344, 424, 505, 508– 509 , 531, 553, 565– 566 , 740, 956, 992, 1000– 1001

prepositions, 5, 23, 28, 71, 78, 85, 109, 123– 124 , 126, 149, 153, 212, 244, 254– 258 , 263, 297, 300, 329, 343– 345 , 466, 499– 501 , 504– 525 , 527– 528 , 531– 535 , 537– 539 , 550– 555 , 565– 567 , 577, 590, 604, 609, 625, 632, 664, 727, 743, 784– 785 , 792, 832, 839– 840 , 866, 875– 876 , 881, 895– 896 , 902, 916– 917 , 936, 938– 939 , 944– 945 , 950, 979, 998, 1000– 1008

adverbial clause, 784, 853, 860, 927, 934– 945

agentivity, 77, 85, 106– 113 , 120, 122, 183, 202, 204– 205 , 209

aktionsart, 43, 633, 646– 647 , 650, 653, see also aspect

analytism, 496, 500, 504, 522, 524, 555, 559, 563, 567– 568 , 625, 629, 631– 632

animacy, 124, 288, 499, 502– 504 , 506, 508, 510, 512– 514 , 517, 527, 559, 568, 611, 615, 618, 668, 826, 928

aorist, see aspect, aorist

areal linguistics, 1– 2 , 5– 6 , 69, 71, 95, 132– 133 , 136, 142, 155– 156 , 158, 162, 170, 172, 293, 390, 1018– 1019 , see also sprachbund

areality, 14, 22– 23 , 69, 80, 128, 133, 136, 152– 153 , 155, 159, 162– 164 , 166, 168, 170– 171 , 177, 254, 312, 339, 359, 361, 404, 412, 457, 476, 482, 494, 497, 515, 542, 563– 564 , 569, 577, 603, 643, 665, 690, 732, 745, 782– 783 , 814, 817– 818 , 832, 836, 853, 895, 924, 933, 961, 964, 981, 987, 1003, 1015– 1016 , 1018, 1020

article, 6, 15, 17, 25, 28, 33, 66– 70 , 73, 78, 80, 85, 118, 123– 125 , 136– 139 , 157, 172, 211, 256, 264– 265 , 303, 335, 420, 425, 464– 467 , 469– 472 , 474– 475 , 499, 503, 521– 522 , 527– 528 , 536, 550– 552 , 560, 566, 568, 573– 608 , 611, 619, 632, 788– 789 , 792, 817, 820, 825, 835, 881– 882 , 895, 899, 906– 907 , 1002– 1003 , 1021– 1022 , 1026, see also definiteness; indefiniteness

aspect, 94, 633– 635 , 646– 665 , 874, 888, 900, 914– 916 , 984, see also aktionsart

aorist, 77, 85, 135, 193, 203, 209, 270, 339, 430, 448, 487, 634, 638, 641, 643– 652 , 655– 656 , 661, 664, 666– 668 , 670, 672– 674 , 699, 705– 707 , 714– 716 , 719– 722 , 727, 729, 734– 737 , 740– 741 , 752– 753 , 755, 757, 763– 766 , 774, 798, 865, 868, 883, 909, 914– 916 , 919, 956, 969, 984, 992, 1016

imperfect, 34, 38, 80, 263, 270, 272– 273 , 333, 335, 407, 416, 635, 638, 641, 643– 651 , 656– 657 , 661– 665 , 667– 671 , 673– 674 , 690– 699 , 701, 703, 705– 719 , 722– 724 , 730, 734– 737 , 741– 742 , 748– 752 , 754– 755 , 757– 758 , 763– 765 , 774, 797, 861, 909, 940, 1017

imperfective, 258, 464, 635, 643, 646– 656 , 661, 664– 665 , 668, 678, 681, 690, 709, 732– 733 , 777, 843, 886, 888, 901, 912, 915– 916 , 936– 937 , 983– 984

perfective, 112, 122, 258, 373, 635, 637, 646– 661 , 665, 675– 676 , 681, 690, 696– 697 , 709, 711, 732, 766, 774, 843, 863, 888, 901, 912– 916 , 933, 937, 963, 982, 984

progressive, 92, 637, 648, 661– 665 , 683, 716, 774, 797, 809, 936– 937

subordinate aspect, 633, 646– 649 , 910, 915

superordinate aspect, 633, 646– 650 , 653, 656– 661 , 732, 901, 912, 915

auxiliary, 271– 272 , 277, 646, 649, 656, 665– 689 , 692– 697 , 700– 702 , 705, 712, 722– 725 , 734– 739 , 747– 748 , 754– 755 , 759, 765, 767, 800, 804, 807– 809 , 862– 864 , 867, 883, 914, 918, 935, 963, 974, 976, 1016, 1026, see also tense, future; tense, perfect

Balkanism, 2, 33, 53, 55, 80– 81 , 84– 88 , 93, 138, 140, 144, 153– 154 , 159, 220, 237, 245– 246 , 296, 320, 346, 361, 366, 368, 376– 497 , 525, 542, 569, 577, 591, 595, 599– 604 , 643, 647, 677, 685, 690– 691 , 723– 725 , 732, 766– 767 , 779, 784, 808– 811 , 836, 858– 860 , 925– 926 , 961, 979, 982, 987– 988 , 1002, 1013, 1023– 1024

definition of, 5, 12, 79, 173– 178 , 389

bilingualism, 41, 98– 99 , 103– 119 , 122, 150, 158– 161 , 168, 172, 176, 178, 189, 216, 223, 228, 240, 249, 255, 266, 282, 304, 326, 346, 361– 375 , 396, 399, 401– 402 , 405, 408, 413, 416, 418– 420 , 424, 426– 427 , 441, 450, 456, 458, 477, 493, 597, 621, 640, 833, 860, 888, 921, 1010, 1013

passive/receptive, 4, 89, 98, 103

productive, 4, 103

bodily functions, 167, 312– 315 , 319, 773

body parts, 126, 191, 312– 315 , 317

borrowing, 4, 12, 18, 20, 23, 34, 43, 77, 81– 82 , 94– 95 , 99– 101 , 106– 107 , 112– 113 , 119– 138 , 141, 144, 151, 157– 158 , 160– 161 , 168, 171– 173 , 176– 177 , 179– 358 , 361– 375 , 380, 389– 392 , 397, 400, 405, 410, 416– 418 , 424, 426– 427 , 431, 437– 440 , 444– 449 , 464, 474– 476 , 479– 488 , 492– 493 , 498, 509, 530, 535, 555, 560– 563 , 580, 584, 588, 593, 595– 597 , 600, 608– 609 , 612– 641 , 651– 652 , 662, 664– 665 , 675, 704, 708, 713– 714 , 731, 740, 742, 770, 781, 801, 841, 844, 846, 853– 854 , 883, 891, 904, 917, 922, 926, 928, 933– 941 , 948– 949 , 956– 957 , 963, 965, 978, 988– 989 , 992– 993 , 996, 1000– 1001 , 1005, 1014, 1022, 1024, 1026

calques, 59, 80, 84– 86 , 94– 95 , 119, 121– 123 , 134, 137, 159, 165– 166 , 172, 176– 177 , 181, 198, 205, 213, 222– 223 , 249, 253, 255– 256 , 268, 272, 283, 297, 300, 306, 326, 329– 331 , 337, 341, 343– 345 , 475, 508– 509 , 518, 537– 538 , 547, 552, 567, 595, 601– 602 , 612– 614 , 619, 627, 630, 633, 649, 652, 654, 662– 664 , 669– 675 , 681, 684– 686 , 721, 724, 727– 729 , 732, 735– 740 , 755, 773, 781, 792– 793 , 824, 842, 845– 846 , 849, 858, 876, 881, 897, 901, 910, 921, 926– 929 , 935– 936 , 940– 945 , 948, 958– 959 , 969, 977, 979, 996, 999, 1001, 1005– 1008 , 1010, 1017, 1019, 1024

case, 67, 93– 94 , 137, 158, 204, 213– 214 , 220, 256, 495– 567 , 573– 575 , 583, 595, 632, 792, 816– 817 , 819, 827, 832, 840, 895– 896 , 927– 928 , 932, 935, 944, 947, 965, 977, 999– 1000 , 1003, 1005– 1006 , 1022

ablative, 213– 214 , 255– 257 , 343– 344 , 486, 498– 501 , 505– 509 , 523, 528, 531, 538, 550, 563– 567 , 625, 840, 938, 997, 1001, 1008

accusative, 39, 77– 78 , 81, 153, 229, 251, 253, 256, 262, 280, 290, 296, 319, 342, 434, 463, 474, 482, 498– 525 , 527– 529 , 532– 537 , 550– 554 , 557, 561, 563– 565 , 568, 575, 582, 584, 601, 603, 612, 623, 685, 773, 786, 800, 806, 816, 824– 825 , 832– 834 , 837, 839– 840 , 883, 895, 900, 944, 947– 950 , 953– 956 , 958– 959 , 966, 968, 973, 977, 979– 980 , 996– 999 , 1001, 1006

casus generalis, 506– 509 , 518

dative, 70, 77– 78 , 80, 86, 154, 251, 256, 300, 318, 362, 403, 415, 482, 498– 509 , 515– 551 , 554, 560, 563– 566 , 568, 575, 612, 770, 786– 787 , 789, 791, 806, 812, 817, 819, 832– 834 , 836, 840, 883, 900, 938, 948, 951, 966, 972– 973 , 975, 979– 980 , 996, 1000, 1008, see also dative subject; ethical dative

genitive, 39– 40 , 70, 78, 80, 86, 154, 256, 343, 463– 464 , 467, 498– 509 , 515– 517 , 519, 521, 524– 546 , 549– 551 , 553– 554 , 557, 560, 563, 566– 567 , 583– 585 , 590, 623, 770– 771 , 790, 792– 793 , 817, 833, 839, 882, 895, 949, 952, 973, 979, 998, 1000, 1002, 1008, 1023

instrumental, 29, 432– 433 , 498– 501 , 504– 505 , 507, 509, 550, 554– 555 , 563, 947, 997– 999

locative, 213, 246, 272, 318, 486, 497– 501 , 504– 505 , 507– 509 , 522, 527, 531, 550, 552, 563– 567 , 812, 900, 928, 1000, 1003– 1004

nominative, 203– 204 , 229, 262, 265, 288– 290 , 380, 463– 465 , 482, 498– 506 , 508, 528, 531, 533, 557– 563 , 568, 570, 585, 604– 605 , 623, 792, 802, 805, 825, 837, 947– 959 , 968, 979, 1005– 1006 , 1022

oblique, 85, 137, 204, 265, 433, 499– 505 , 521, 531, 562, 568, 570, 574, 596, 601, 604, 665, 792, 928, 955, 966, 1006, 1022

vocative, 85, 226– 227 , 231, 235, 498– 499 , 502, 505, 555– 563 , 733, 950

causative, 317, 495– 567 , 772

Charlemagne sprachbund, 671, 1015– 1020

clitics, 23, 28, 77– 79 , 86, 124– 125 , 136, 138, 220, 251, 274– 275 , 277, 461, 466– 476 , 504, 516, 522, 528, 532, 537, 540– 542 , 544, 562, 564, 577– 595 , 608– 612 , 638, 644, 666, 675, 682, 693, 696, 715– 716 , 724, 733, 767, 784– 791 , 797– 798 , 802– 807 , 810– 840 , 872, 912, 929, 953, 955, 990, 995, 1021, 1026

codeswitching, 4, 81, 90, 116– 119 , 130, 160, 214, 251– 252 , 255, 279, 321, 347, 617, 636, 781, 922, 972, 1010, 1013, 1021

comitative coordination, 1004– 1005

comparative, see adjectival gradation, comparative

comparative method, 4, 131– 132 , 136, 155, 167, 293, 396, 891, 894, 896

complementation, 3, 113, 125, 127, 146, 149, 154, 262– 263 , 784– 786 , 810, 816, 850– 856 , 860– 908 , 975, see also complementizers; subordination

complementizers, 127, 222– 223 , 262– 263 , 282, 335, 660, 663, 704, 711, 721– 722 , 728, 784, 813, 830, 850– 852 , 854, 872, 881– 884 , 889, 904, 908, 917, 926– 929 , 939, 956, 969

conditional, 80, 85, 253, 262– 263 , 270, 496, 633– 634 , 637, 649, 656– 657 , 659, 664, 672, 674– 675 , 677– 678 , 680, 689– 725 , 730, 735, 741, 750– 751 , 759– 766 , 798, 803, 864, 881, 889, 909, 934– 935 , 992– 993 , 1017

confirmative, see evidentiality

convergence, 2– 5 , 8– 10 , 12, 16– 18 , 27, 31, 73– 76 , 80– 81 , 89, 94, 110– 111 , 115– 116 , 119– 121 , 133– 134 , 147, 152– 156 , 158– 160 , 162– 163 , 168– 177 , 179, 183, 201, 215– 221 , 244– 248 , 257– 258 , 261, 265, 268, 281, 287, 293– 295 , 329– 345 , 359– 377 , 381, 389, 392, 396, 399– 401 , 407, 412, 418– 424 , 428– 430 , 433– 434 , 441, 447– 449 , 452, 454, 461, 470, 473– 479 , 482, 488, 492– 493 , 495– 496 , 506, 524, 546, 551– 553 , 567, 576, 589, 595, 598, 603, 610, 630– 633 , 643, 655– 656 , 665, 671, 689– 691 , 694, 723– 725 , 766, 771, 775, 781– 797 , 808– 819 , 833– 839 , 842, 847– 848 , 853, 855– 859 , 884, 888, 896– 898 , 903, 909, 914– 923 , 926, 933, 940– 941 , 945– 948 , 955, 959, 961– 962 , 964– 972 , 977– 980 , 988– 1014 , 1019– 1024

coordination, 274, 785– 786 , 853– 859 , 884

copula, 140, 593, 675, 715– 716 , 737– 738 , 745, 812, 935, 950, 959

coreference, 542– 543 , 654, 936, 941– 943

creolization, 6, 100, 112, 115, 130– 131 , 160– 162 , 164, 169, 327, 919

Crusades, 54, 194– 195

cryptoglossia, 30, 90, 117, 222, 229, 323, 355– 356 , 963

dative subject, 781, 885

definiteness, 6, 15, 17, 23, 25, 28, 33, 60, 67– 70 , 73, 78, 80, 85, 118, 123– 125 , 136– 139 , 157, 172, 210– 211 , 226, 229, 256, 264– 265 , 303, 362, 384, 420, 464– 475 , 481– 482 , 486, 495– 505 , 521, 527– 529 , 536, 539– 542 , 549– 550 , 552, 559– 560 , 566– 569 , 573– 603 , 605– 606 , 611, 613, 619, 626, 628, 630– 631 , 788– 792 , 817– 822 , 825– 826 , 835– 836 , 870, 872, 881– 882 , 895, 899, 906– 908 , 930– 932 , 978, 1001– 1004 , 1010, 1021– 1022 , 1026

deixis, 250, 285, 497, 562, 568– 577 , 580– 582 , 585, 588– 589 , 593– 596 , 598– 602 , 731, 949, 956– 957

dejotation, 403, 452

denasalization, 34, 141, 381– 382 , 386– 387 , 451– 455 , 802

depersonalization, 975– 976

devoicing, 315, 380, 455– 458 , 481, 485– 486 , 622, 637

differential object marking, 509– 515 , 609

diffusion, 98– 101 , 107, 120, 124– 126 , 131, 139, 145– 152 , 154, 157– 160 , 167, 169, 171, 197, 200, 220, 237, 266– 269 , 281, 287, 290, 293, 296, 304– 305 , 309, 311, 324, 326, 329, 331, 357, 366– 369 , 373, 391, 542, 593, 595, 603, 638, 640, 677, 845, 922, 935, 939, 1003, 1007– 1007 , 1013– 1014 , 1019

diminutives, 135, 202– 205 , 208, 219, 222, 231– 233 , 235, 240, 280, 305– 311 , 315, 438– 439 , 447, 488– 490 , 525, 557, 559, 562, 615, 623, 625

discourse elements, 222, 265– 266 , 786

connectives, 222, 266– 275 , 786

expressives, 222, 278– 281

interjections, 222, 281

attention-getting particles, 282– 285

exclamations, 281– 282

exhortatives, 285– 288

modifiers, 278

dispalatalization, see dejotation

double determination, 123, 496, 569, 590– 592 , 596, 599– 603 , 1013, 1026, see also definiteness

ecology, 161, 172, 571, 677

Empire, 12, 90– 91 , 169, 198– 199

Austro-Hungarian, 12, 29, 53, 57, 67, 71, 198– 199 , see also Empire, Habsburg

Byzantine, 20, 27– 28 , 32, 48, 53– 54 , 58, 77, 81, 87– 88 , 90– 91 , 112, 128– 129 , 138, 171, 194, 242, 314, 321– 322 , 350– 351 , 413, 505, 532, 672, 694, 712, 881, 1012, 1015

German, 12, 29, 67, 73, 198– 199 , 349, 1015

Habsburg, 28, 49, 67, 295, 342, see also Empire, Austro-Hungarian

Holy Roman, 163, 1015

Ottoman, 5, 12– 14 , 26, 28– 29 , 37, 43– 44 , 46– 47 , 49, 54, 56, 58– 60 , 63, 88, 90– 91 , 95, 97– 98 , 102, 129, 135, 147– 148 , 163, 171, 183, 196, 198– 199 , 218, 229, 236, 250, 255, 260, 262, 264, 269, 278, 283, 285, 288– 289 , 294, 306– 308 , 321, 342, 347, 349– 350 , 370, 373, 380, 386, 407, 413, 423, 428, 435, 452, 502, 571– 573 , 580– 581 , 616, 622, 668, 685, 735, 754– 755 , 766, 771, 789, 874, 919– 920 , 926, 956, 979, 981, 1001, 1003, 1014, 1016, 1019, 1022– 1023

Roman, 11, 17, 23, 37, 40– 42 , 77, 190, 412, 431, 453, 532, 586, 629, 669, 881, 977, 1015– 1017

Russian, 12, 29, 45, 63, 67, 76, 163, 198, 371, 1018

epenthetic consonants, 416, 418– 419 , 432– 433 , 437

ERIC loans, 126, 179, 183– 185 , 196, 214– 225 , 241, 244, 258, 261, 265– 266 , 288, 296, 305, 312– 314 , 317, 492, 549, 563, 731, 771, 781, 849, 860, 1010– 1013 , 1023, 1026

ethical dative, 222, 319, 546– 549 , 551, 837, 951– 953 , 1011, 1013, 1026

ethnonyms, 19, 23– 24 , 27, 32, 43– 44 , 47, 52, 321– 323 , 440

ethnophaulisms, 321– 323

etymological inflection, 208, 212– 214

Eurology, 152, 162– 164

evidentiality, 5, 7, 85, 127, 135, 139, 153, 220, 222, 264, 270, 277, 319, 335, 339, 416, 549, 613, 633– 634 , 642– 645 , 649– 650 , 662, 664, 668, 670, 673, 695, 704, 721– 722 , 727, 730, 734– 771 , 774, 804, 808, 831, 871, 909, 1011, 1013, 1024, 1026

exclamatory sentences, 946– 948

experiencers, 962, 965– 967 , 972– 973

expletive, 961, 964– 965 , 967– 968 , 986

expressive phonology, 221– 222 , 224, 283, 292, 309, 487– 494

factivity, 93, 728, 784, 818, 829– 831 , 897, 929

finiteness, 70, 85, 113, 125, 127, 145– 146 , 154, 258, 263, 268, 332, 472– 474 , 662, 675, 678, 682, 685, 690, 692– 693 , 701, 723, 741, 746, 765, 796– 797 , 800, 803, 816, 837, 846, 848, 853, 860– 899 , 903– 908 , 933, 936– 937 , 939– 940 , 943– 945 , 975– 976 , 1020– 1021

focus, 275, 476– 478 , 497, 545– 546 , 608– 609 , 661, 664, 685, 696– 697 , 799, 811– 812 , 818– 820 , 827– 829 , 960, 968, 970

future (mood), see tense, future

gender, 77, 79, 94, 204, 232, 234, 247– 248 , 265, 308, 310, 497, 515– 516 , 528, 541, 559, 609– 614 , 619, 669– 670 , 715, 745, 790, 792, 817, 836, 883, 927– 929 , 950

genetic/genealogical relationships, 6, 12, 22– 23 , 31, 69, 71, 73, 92, 131– 133 , 136, 138, 142, 157– 162 , 167, 169– 170 , 172– 173 , 175, 177, 188, 199– 200 , 293, 775, 817, 895, 962, 1018– 1019

gerund, see verbal adverb

grammatical loans, 120, 124– 127 , 135, 165, 192, 202, 217, 224, 248– 266 , 287– 288 , 324, 498, 632, 641, 729, 733, 1003– 1004 , 1024, 1026

grammaticalization, 93– 94 , 164– 166 , 216, 256, 278, 475, 528, 575, 817– 819 , 825– 826 , 831, 833, 835– 836 , 1024

Great Power languages, 30, 73, 198– 200

hypocoristics, 232, 279, 305– 311 , 489, 556, 560, 619

hypotaxis, 784, 859

imperfect (tense), see aspect, imperfect

impersonal constructions, 588, 633, 682, 718, 725, 730, 861, 921, 959, 961– 988 , 1026

existentials, 260, 676, 682, 686– 687 , 692, 812, 819, 825, 852, 954, 962, 976– 979

modals, 962, 972– 976

necessity, 962, 972, 974– 976

passives, 968– 972

weather, 962– 965 , 967

indefiniteness, 5, 28, 60, 249– 254 , 262, 264– 265 , 335, 481– 482 , 486, 497, 500, 506, 508, 529, 540, 558, 568– 569 , 575, 577, 587, 593, 599, 603– 608 , 619, 632, 657, 659– 660 , 726, 819, 821– 822 , 826– 829 , 836, 873, 891– 892 , 912, 930, 969– 970 , 977– 978 , 1001– 1004

indirect object, 500, 504, 506, 514– 527 , 532, 534– 539 , 542, 550– 551 , 565, 609, 632, 795, 801– 802 , 806, 817, 819, 821– 822 , 825, 832, 941, 951, 973, 996– 997

infinitive, 28, 30, 34, 43, 52, 68, 70, 73, 77– 78 , 85, 87, 92– 93 , 113, 115, 125, 127, 145– 150 , 154, 157, 257– 258 , 263, 403, 472, 572, 590, 606, 633– 635 , 654, 662, 672– 673 , 675– 689 , 691– 694 , 700– 701 , 705, 712– 713 , 722– 723 , 726, 767, 779, 800, 804, 808, 814, 845– 848 , 855– 856 , 860– 903 , 906, 908, 915– 926 , 934, 937– 939 , 943– 945 , 968, 975– 977 , 1013, 1016– 1017 , 1020– 1021 , 1026

dialect retention, 70, 148– 150 , 676, 678, 681, 862– 869 , 874– 880 , 883, 886, 890– 891 , 893– 896 , 898, 921, 924– 925 , 944, 1021

innovative creation, 676, 692, 726, 878, 881– 882 , 891, 893– 896 , 922

loss, 78, 80, 83, 93, 113, 146– 148 , 150, 155, 220, 461, 675, 678, 860– 871 , 878– 890 , 903, 917– 926 , 944, 976, 1020– 1021

inheritance, 23, 94, 108, 112, 129, 133– 137 , 139, 141– 142 , 158, 168, 174– 177 , 188– 189 , 203, 205, 212, 223, 226– 227 , 231, 233, 236, 242, 251, 256– 257 , 260, 262, 265, 274, 298– 299 , 301, 315, 386, 390, 394, 397, 401, 412, 418, 427, 431, 436– 437 , 444, 447– 452 , 456, 462, 473– 474 , 479, 494– 500 , 505– 506 , 513, 517, 524, 530– 531 , 542, 544, 547, 549, 556– 557 , 560– 565 , 569, 583– 585 , 595, 600, 606, 624– 630 , 643– 644 , 650, 654, 662, 665, 668, 671, 674– 675 , 694– 696 , 698– 699 , 720– 721 , 724, 732, 736, 773, 775, 779, 786– 787 , 814– 815 , 834, 841– 843 , 845, 851– 852 , 878, 883, 891, 896– 897 , 912, 932– 933 , 944, 948, 960– 962 , 975, 977– 980 , 991, 995– 997 , 1001, 1005, 1008

insults, 311– 314 , 317– 320 , 323, 348, 353– 354

interference, 40, 82, 99, 106– 110 , 161, 364– 365 , 390, 442, 613

reverse interference, 108– 110 , 177, 185, 362– 366 , 402, 410, 416– 417 , 421, 428, 442– 443 , 470, 518, 833, 857, 996

internationalisms, 200– 201 , 209– 211

interrogatives, see questions

intonation, 41, 321, 460– 462 , 477– 479 , 547, 558, 608, 742, 805, 818, 820, 930, 989

intransitive, 325, 668, 670, 673, 715, 735– 736 , 740, 747, 772– 779 , 877, 933, 960, 967– 968 , 970– 971

Islam, 35– 36 , 39– 40 , 43, 49– 51 , 54, 57, 61– 63 , 88– 91 , 167, 182, 195– 198 , 206, 231, 235, 238, 242, 260, 282, 307, 311– 312 , 322– 323 , 372, 418, 431, 436, 439, 616, 618, 640, 864, 921

isosemy, 222– 223 , 329– 345 , 849, 928

jargon, 30, 120, 184, 195, 222, 353– 357 , 657

kinship terminology, 126, 167, 216– 217 , 222, 225– 241 , 289, 346, 502, 539– 545 , 583, 790– 791

fictive kinship, 237– 238

lability, 633, 772, 776– 780 , 836, 967

language/linguistic ideology, 12, 88, 128– 131 , 135, 137, 166, 208, 284, 348, 359– 360 , 366, 490, 833, 835, 888, 1018– 1020

laterals, 341, 364, 433– 440

modality, 253, 273, 483, 633, 648, 657, 672, 675– 725 , 779, 795– 811 , 863– 868 , 873– 874 , 878, 881, 888, 891, 897– 898 , 903– 908 , 916– 920 , 923, 934, 956, 962, 971– 976 , 979– 980 , 991, 1011, see also mood

mood, 94, 340, 472, 633– 634 , 656– 661 , 675– 725 , 767– 768 , 785, 794, 800, 802– 803 , 841– 842 , 888

hortative, 556, 657, 659, 674, 725– 726 , 728, 730– 731 , 912– 913 , 957

imperative, 85, 253, 258, 270, 274– 275 , 280, 282– 288 , 290, 317– 319 , 337– 338 , 340, 414, 466– 468 , 555– 556 , 559, 633, 650, 659, 675, 713, 725– 734 , 774, 796– 797 , 800, 802– 807 , 837– 838 , 843– 846 , 848, 861, 865– 868 , 873, 886– 887 , 947– 948 , 953, 956– 957 , 962, 988, see also narrative imperatives

indicative, 92– 93 , 180, 182, 319, 466, 635, 640, 649, 656, 660, 662– 663 , 672, 674, 683, 685, 701, 714– 715 , 717– 718 , 721– 722 , 732, 751– 756 , 768, 800, 802– 803 , 805, 809– 810 , 841– 843 , 848– 852 , 865, 880, 903– 908 , 923

optative, 87, 253, 263, 270, 318– 319 , 633, 635, 686– 687 , 690, 695, 704– 705 , 707– 708 , 713, 718, 725– 730 , 744, 750, 763– 764 , 774, 796, 843, 878, 897, 904, 966, 992

subjunctive, 2, 68, 77– 78 , 92– 93 , 115, 127, 253, 263, 268, 272– 273 , 319, 631, 633– 635 , 640, 651, 656– 658 , 661, 671, 676, 679– 686 , 690– 691 , 699, 705– 706 , 711– 712 , 714– 715 , 717– 719 , 722, 725– 728 , 730, 734, 750, 753, 759– 760 , 763– 766 , 784, 795, 800– 801 , 809, 843– 844 , 861– 862 , 872, 874– 875 , 878, 880, 889, 893, 897, 899, 909– 915 , 919– 923 , 945, 993, 1021, 1026

subordinate mood, 908

morphophonemics, xxxii, xxxiii, 115– 116 , 203, 361, 383, 479– 487 , 556, 640

multiple causation, 666, 922, 1013

narrative imperatives, 5, 221– 222 , 633, 962, 980– 988 , 1026

negation, 5, 81, 112, 129, 165, 180– 182 , 222– 223 , 250, 254, 258– 261 , 266, 269, 282– 283 , 332, 466– 467 , 470, 474, 476, 635, 657, 660, 676, 681– 682 , 685– 686 , 692, 694, 697, 722, 732, 744, 765– 766 , 785– 786 , 794– 802 , 807, 809, 841– 842 , 856– 858 , 861, 865– 866 , 868– 869 , 886, 912– 913 , 937, 948, 951, 971, 977– 979

modal negation, 283, 659– 660 , 730– 732 , 796, 807, 841– 852 , 864– 865 , 867, 873, 887, 912, 947, 990– 993

negative fusion, 802, 852– 853

nonfiniteness, 3, 127, 212, 473, 496, 654, 672, 687, 690, 765, 802, 807, 837, 847– 848 , 853, 860– 898 , 918, 920, 923– 926 , 933– 934 , 939– 940 , 962, 981

null subject, 794, 959, 961

number, 146, 251, 468, 497, 528, 533, 611– 625 , 669, 678, 733– 734 , 792, 795, 817, 861– 863 , 877, 903, 919, 927, 960, 966

numerals, 78, 85, 126, 167, 192, 221– 224 , 241– 248 , 298, 497, 567, 603– 608 , 614, 901

object reduplication, 80, 85, 101, 145, 164, 251, 295, 461, 504, 513, 529, 536, 545, 569, 575, 600, 607, 609– 610 , 784, 811, 817– 836 , 929– 932 , 981, 987, 1011, 1013

onomatopoeia, 132, 182, 221– 222 , 293– 295 , 315, 432, 487– 488 , 490– 492 , 494

orthography, xxvii, xxxi–xxxv, 11– 64 , 67, 196, 201, 251, 262, 276, 364, 369, 383, 398, 407, 425, 430, 435– 437 , 439, 464, 466, 489, 620, 673, 758, 794, 804, 852, 882

parataxis, 81, 551, 727, 784, 786, 853– 860

participles, 38, 93, 127, 199, 253, 257, 270, 324, 333, 362, 506, 583, 587, 611, 613, 643, 645, 650, 653, 661– 662 , 665– 674 , 680– 683 , 690, 692, 695– 696 , 700– 701 , 720–726, 734– 736 , 740, 742, 747– 748 , 754– 755 , 758– 760 , 763, 765, 774, 798, 802, 807– 809 , 848, 853, 861, 863, 875– 877 , 894– 897 , 926– 927 , 932– 939 , 941, 943, 975, 992, 1017

partitive, 497, 501, 505, 525, 553– 554 , 822

perfect (tense), see tense, perfect

phonological borrowing, 122, 361– 368

phonosymbolism, see sound symbolism

pidginization, 6, 109, 113– 116 , 160– 161 , 164, 169, 919

pluperfect (tense), see tense, pluperfect

politeness, 119, 251, 306– 307 , 337, 544, 614, 624– 625 , 732– 733 , 951

possession, 40, 78, 80, 86, 250– 251 , 277, 306, 384, 468, 497, 501, 516– 517 , 524– 525 , 527, 530, 535– 546 , 550, 554, 559, 561, 566, 582, 600, 617, 665, 668, 675, 685, 781, 788– 793 , 795, 800, 817, 825, 833– 834 , 878, 932, 962, 973, 976– 979 , 996

presentational sentences, 283– 285 , 466, 734, 812, 837, 948– 957 , 959

presumptive, 662, 692, 720, 735, 759– 767 , 871, 937

pro-drop, 959– 962 , 966, 982, see also null subject

prohibitive, 165, 258– 259 , 274, 282– 283 , 633, 684, 725, 731– 732 , 801, 843– 846 , 865– 866 , 868, 883, 886, 947– 948

pronouns, 28, 33, 70, 77– 81 , 126, 136– 138 , 145, 223– 224 , 249– 254 , 258, 262, 274, 282, 306, 347, 384, 467– 468 , 473– 476 , 504– 506 , 508, 512– 513 , 515– 519 , 522– 523 , 526– 532 , 534– 548 , 554, 558, 562– 563 , 565, 570– 576 , 580, 585, 589, 593– 594 , 599– 600 , 606, 608, 613, 622, 624, 657– 659 , 726, 740, 743, 763, 771, 773, 779, 788– 791 , 796, 817– 836 , 839, 873, 907, 912, 919, 927– 932 , 949, 955, 959– 961 , 964, 972– 973 , 978– 979 , 986, 995, 997, 999

prosody, 4, 76, 125, 158, 275, 361, 384, 460– 479 , 577, 579, 585, 590, 593, 595, 600, 608, 632, 786, 790, 797, 799, 805– 806 , 808, 813– 814 , 816, 818, 820, 989, 1012– 1013 , 1018, see also intonation; stress

questions, 216, 249– 250 , 253– 254 , 259, 267, 280, 285, 323, 325, 338, 351, 466– 467 , 473, 477, 504, 528– 529 , 605, 608, 632, 659– 660 , 721, 725, 730, 738, 743, 764– 766 , 768, 784, 798– 799 , 807, 820, 826– 828 , 837, 847, 849– 850 , 868, 874, 913, 920, 926– 927 , 939, 943, 952, 955, 958– 959 , 961, 988– 993

multiple WH-words, 994– 996

question intonation, 477– 478 , 742, 989– 990

question marker, 263– 264 , 476, 608, 657, 659, 730, 742– 745 , 798– 799 , 807, 868, 889, 990– 991

redundancy, 545, 601– 603 , 678, 862, 919, 976

reduplication, 77– 78 , 222, 228, 233, 294– 305 , 326, 335, 355, 488– 489 , 491, 784, 834

referentiality, 101, 170, 249, 497, 505, 536, 568– 609 , 826, 833– 834 , 961, 968

reflexive, 251, 467, 541– 545 , 547, 551– 552 , 569, 571, 729, 747, 772– 773 , 775, 779, 804, 831, 833– 835 , 921, 969, 970

register, 95, 100, 128, 130, 176, 181, 184, 196, 226– 227 , 275, 316, 319, 344, 346– 358 , 365– 366 , 383, 402, 535, 546, 599, 677, 680, 731, 811, 830, 835, 869, 875, 927, 938

relative clause, see adjectival clause

rhotics, xxxiv, 109, 432, 438– 444 , 451

schwa, 34, 46, 61, 70, 80, 85, 153, 155, 207, 236, 318, 359– 360 , 377, 382, 385, 389– 392 , 420, 426, 452– 455 , 460, 483, 493, 673, 758

secret languages, see cryptoglossia

selection of variants, 110– 113

Septuagint, 149, 298, 532, 915, 998

shared innovation, 33– 34 , 43, 142, 253, 462, 580, 647, 788, 836, 849, 933, 991

shared retention, 142, 173, 177, 555, 610, 775

simplification, 14, 80, 94, 111, 113– 116 , 365, 369, 385, 389, 427, 432, 481, 497, 500– 501 , 506, 542, 550, 564, 568– 569 , 575, 581– 582 , 612, 648, 932– 933

slang, 82, 90, 184, 195, 206, 233, 240, 284, 307, 312, 315, 319– 320 , 323, 348, 352– 358 , 366, 488

sound symbolism, 321, 487– 490 , 493

speaker-plus-dialect approach, 98– 101 , 151– 156 , 215

sprachbund, 2– 8 , 14– 17 , 24– 25 , 32, 49– 50 , 55, 76, 81, 88– 92 , 94– 95 , 97, 100– 101 , 117, 120– 121 , 124, 128– 129 , 133, 137, 141– 142 , 144, 147, 151– 184 , 198, 201, 211, 214– 225 , 231, 249, 285, 288, 320, 345– 346 , 359– 361 , 367– 368 , 377– 378 , 385, 404– 406 , 447, 460– 462 , 480, 493, 495– 497 , 549, 625, 775– 776 , 781– 783 , 786, 811, 817, 853, 875, 878, 924, 977– 978 , 1007, 1009– 1020 , 1024– 1025 , see also Charlemagne sprachbund

circumstantialist basis, 139

definition of, xvii, 2, 74– 76 , 130, 152, 156, 167, 173, 396, 1012, 1020– 1024

determination, 3, 13, 15– 17 , 28– 31 , 69, 75, 92, 155, 178

non-Balkan, 3, 31, 76, 128, 133, 152, 157– 160 , 172, 175, 182, 240, 781

Amazonia, 3, 128, 1019

Araxes-Iran, 3

Caucasus, 3, 159, 360, 1019

Circum-Baltic region, 3

Ethiopia, 3

Mainland Southeast Asia, 3, 112

Mekong-Mamberamo, 172

Meso-America, 3, 172, 385, 404, 781

Northwest Coast of North America, 158, 360

Papua New Guinea, 3

South Asia, 3, 147, 157, 171, 175, 293, 360, 781, 853, 933

stress, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxvii, 23, 34, 44, 48, 50, 70, 80, 85, 112– 113 , 143– 144 , 153, 226, 228, 250– 251 , 253, 255, 260– 261 , 274, 276, 286, 289, 360, 362– 364 , 377– 378 , 381– 382 , 384, 387– 391 , 400– 401 , 404, 408– 409 , 413, 420, 422–426, 433, 452– 453 , 455, 460– 470 , 476, 478, 481– 483 , 525, 540, 558, 561, 603– 608 , 619, 628, 632, 641, 666, 673, 684, 755, 839, 852, 948, 1023, see also prosody

style, 256, 298, 346– 358 , 383, 398, 456, 570, 635, 678, 863, 875, 893, 936

subjectless sentences, 959– 988

subordination, 113, 127, 657, 718, 720, 785– 786 , 853– 857 , 859– 908 , 1020, see also complementation

taboo expressions, 159, 222, 301, 311– 323 , 352, 354, 449

taxis, 633, 643, 646, 665– 675 , 697, 740, 910

tense, 94, 180, 633– 646 , 785, 794, 861, 880, 936, 974

absolute/relative tense, 641– 643 , 646

future, 2, 8, 14, 16, 53, 80, 85, 88, 111, 148, 164, 170, 220, 253, 270, 461, 472– 473 , 475– 476 , 483, 496, 633– 635 , 641– 643 , 651, 656– 660 , 670, 672, 675– 717 , 722– 724 , 735, 741, 759– 768 , 795– 797 , 799– 801 , 803, 806– 810 , 841– 842 , 863, 867– 868 , 871, 873, 881– 883 , 886, 891– 892 , 898, 909, 911, 919, 974– 979 , 1013, 1016– 1017

have-future, 70, 92– 93 , 172, 651, 666, 672, 675– 689 , 691– 695 , 705, 708, 712, 723, 762, 795, 800, 807, 876, 881, 891, 979, 1016– 1017 , 1024, 1026

want-future, 68, 70, 78, 80, 85, 92– 93 , 111, 149, 164, 172, 475– 476 , 606, 634, 641, 651, 672, 675– 689 , 692– 694 , 708, 712– 713 , 722, 767, 808– 809 , 816, 842, 867, 876, 881, 886– 887 , 891, 918, 975– 976 , 1024, 1026

perfect, 80, 85, 135, 139– 140 , 153, 163, 263, 270, 277, 303, 319, 339, 610, 613, 633, 641– 651 , 656, 665– 675 , 678, 690– 692 , 699– 700 , 705, 707, 709– 712 , 719– 722 , 726, 729– 730 , 734– 742 , 744, 747– 756 , 763– 766 , 803, 807– 809 , 816, 863, 881– 883 , 886, 909, 916, 969, 976, 1012, 1016– 1017

pluperfect, 270, 633, 635, 643, 649– 651 , 665– 675 , 690– 691 , 697, 704– 706 , 708– 710 , 712, 714, 717, 722, 735– 736 , 739– 741 , 747– 756 , 763– 765 , 863, 881, 909– 910 , 976, 1017

subordinate tense, 908

Tobler-Mussafia Law, 805, 808, 810

topic, 497, 580, 586, 608– 609 , 811– 812 , 818, 820– 822 , 824, 826– 833 , 929, 979

typology, 69, 80, 95, 119, 121, 130– 132 , 136, 150, 153– 156 , 158– 160 , 162– 164 , 170, 174, 182, 214– 215 , 217– 221 , 223– 224 , 241, 255, 292, 305, 312, 315, 326, 378, 409, 436, 458, 466, 478, 480, 482– 483 , 497, 515, 535, 538, 563– 564 , 567– 568 , 597, 601, 603, 626, 656, 661, 664, 677, 690, 716, 731– 732 , 735, 742, 744– 745 , 769– 771 , 782– 783 , 787, 810– 811 , 836– 837 , 856, 859, 862, 869, 895, 934, 939, 944, 948, 966, 978, 981, 987, 995, 1001, 1013, 1015, 1018– 1019 , 1022

univerbation, 257, 287, 302, 733, 916

valency, 495– 567 , 633

verba dicendi, 300, 968– 969

verbal adjective, 271, 613, 650, 665, 668– 671 , 735– 736 , 932– 934 , 938

verbal adverb, 199, 212, 384, 465– 468 , 474, 639– 640 , 654, 658, 661– 664 , 700, 720, 759, 797– 798 , 802, 807, 848, 863, 877, 901, 932, 934– 943 , 985

verbal complex, 472, 724, 785, 794– 811 , 836, 960

verbal noun, 93, 127, 498, 590, 653– 656 , 662, 857, 866, 870, 876, 878– 879 , 889, 894– 897 , 899– 902 , 937– 939 , 941, 944, 975, 988

vocatives, 221– 222 , 224, 226, 285– 286 , 288– 291 , 306, 580, 615, 617, 655, 805

voice, 495– 567 , 633, 861, 880, 933

active, 199, 654, 662, 670, 748, 772– 775 , 802, 807, 848, 861, 863, 877, 880, 889, 921, 937– 938 , 966– 971 , 974

mediopassive, 324– 325 , 666– 667 , 705, 848, 970, 975

middle, 772– 773 , 861

nonactive, 495– 567 , 863, 877, 880, 966, 969– 971 , 973– 974

passive, 298, 645, 650, 665, 668, 670– 673 , 681, 735, 861, 877, 932– 934 , 962, 968– 973 , 1017

volitionals, 92, 220, 633, 675, 690, 702, 725– 734 , 795, 800, 887, 975

Wackernagel’s Law, 472– 474 , 579, 804– 805 , 808, 814– 817

weak object pronouns, 40, 283, 328– 329 , 415, 461, 466– 468 , 471, 473– 474 , 504, 507, 509, 515– 516 , 519, 527, 536, 539– 542 , 545– 548 , 577, 609– 610 , 612, 631, 733, 776, 786– 787 , 789, 796– 798 , 800– 810 , 814– 840 , 861, 877, 914, 929– 932 , 948– 959 , 966, 969, 973, 1013

weather verbs, see impersonal constructions, weather

word order, 16, 86, 109, 255, 275, 478, 582, 594, 608, 625, 675, 781– 814 , 820– 821 , 827– 828 , 838, 953, 961, 994– 995

writing systems, see orthography

zero marking, 551– 555 , 559, 606

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