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Politics of Urban Space in the Wartime Habsburg Monarchy: Olmütz/Olomouc, 1914 to 1919
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 December 2025
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to bring provincial and local perspectives into the research of urban space in the wartime Habsburg monarchy. Using the case of Olmütz/Olomouc, a midsize town in central Moravia, it analyzes how various social actors used public space and how they could appropriate its symbolic meaning in wartime. While local urban geography had long been contested by political, most often nationalist actors, World War I introduced fresh themes to the context of the city. Public rituals of loyalty repurposed and intensified some of the old traditions, even as organized and unorganized actors sought to “capture,” “invade,” and potentially “occupy” the same spaces to highlight their agendas in public demonstrations whose form owed much to the traditional public rituals. After October 1918, when the balance of power shifted between nationalist groups, the contest for urban space continued, along with ongoing political unrest, showing strong continuity of wartime practices into the immediate postwar era both in terms of political instability and in terms of the patterns of public ritual.
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- © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Regents of the University of Minnesota
References
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34 Damages report to the city council from November 22, 1915, SOkA Olomouc–AMO, Registratura 1874–1920, M1–1, box 457; and administrative action against the governor’s office, suing for reimbursement, August 20, 1915, ibid.; for the case being dismissed, see the city council meeting protocols, April 17, 1916, SOkA Olomouc–AMO, Knihy, Protokol zasedání městského zastupitelstva, file 2096.
35 “Umístění české reálky v Olomouci,” Pozor, September 21, 1918, 3.
36 Report by Karl Brandhuber to the city council, meeting protocols, October 18, 1915, SOkA Olomouc–AMO, Knihy, Protokol zasedání městského zastupitelstva, file 2095.
37 On Olomouc soup kitchens, see SOkA Olomouc–AMO, Registratura 1874–1920, M1–1, box 491.
38 On the social impact of the confiscations, see Morelon, Claire, “Sounds of Loss: Church Bells, Place, and Time in the Habsburg Empire During the First World War,” Past & Present 244, no. 1 (2019): 195–244 10.1093/pastj/gtz006CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
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40 Ibid., meeting protocols for June 8, 1915.
41 The provincial governor’s office in Brno/Brünn to the district governor’s office in Olmütz/Olomouc, January 14, 1917, SOkA Olomouc–AMO, Registratura 1874–1920, box 4, folder 5. The name of the community was ultimately changed to “Hötzendorf bei Olmütz.”
42 “Polní mše,” Pozor, August 6, 1914, 2.
43 “Z rušných dob,” Našinec, January 5, 1915, 4; “Odjezd vojínů na bojiště,” Pozor, July 2, 1915, 4; “Nové vojenské oddíly na bojiště,” Pozor, January 4, 1915, 2; and “Abmarsch ins Feld,” Mährisches Tagblatt, September 16, 1915, 5.
44 On the discourse of sacrifice, see Healy, Vienna and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire, 36–38.
45 “Všeobecný slavnostní den stavění brance Olomouce ve svátky svatodušní,” Pozor, May 19, 1917, 4.
46 Report on the opening of the exhibition, February 12, 1918; SOkA Olomouc–AMO, M 1–3 Okresní úřad Olomouc – venkov, Presidiální spisy, box 1; see also “Die Kriegsausstellung des Landsturm-Infanterie-Regimentes Olmütz Nr. 13. Die Eröffnung,” Mährisches Tagblatt, February 11, 1918, 4.
47 “Grosse patriotische Kundgebungen in Olmütz,” Mährisches Tagblatt, July 29, 1914, 4.
48 “Manifestace pro válku,” Pozor, July 29, 1914, 4.
49 “Demonstrationen,” Mährisches Tagblatt, July 31, 1914, 3.
50 “Demonstrace,” Pozor, July 31, 1914, 4. For the debate on “Kde domov můj” and other songs being sung as part of military rituals, see Tamara Scheer, Language Diversity and Loyalty in the Habsburg Army, 1868–1918 (habilitation thesis, Universität Wien, 2020), 177–79.
51 Ibid., and “Demonstrationen …,” Mährisches Tagblatt, July 31, 1914, 3.
52 “Pochodňový průvod,” Pozor, August 29, 1914, 2.
53 A traditional military procession through the city streets, led by a military band or bands, with stops at important locations, practiced on the eve of various important occasions such as the emperor’s birthday and name day.
54 Similar transfer of traditional patterns is shown in Cole, Laurence, Horejs, Marlene, and Rybak, Jan, “When the Music Stopped: Reactions to the Outbreak of World War I in an Austrian Province,” Austrian History Yearbook 52 (2021): 159 10.1017/S0067237821000023CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
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56 “Die Siegesnachricht!” Mährisches Tagblatt, August 28, 1914, 4.
57 “Die Wiedereinnahme Przemysls. Eine grosse patriotische Kundgebung in Olmütz,” Mährisches Tagblatt, June 4, 1915, 5.
58 “Oslava znovudobytí města Lvova v Olomouci,” Pozor, June 23, 1915, 4; and “Pochodňový průvod městem,” Pozor, June 24, 3.
59 “Oslava pádu Varšavy and Ivangorodu v Olomouci,” Pozor, August 5, 1915, 4.
60 “Na oslavu vítězství spojenecké armády v západní Haliči,” Pozor, May 5, 3.
61 Ibid.
62 “Pochodňový průvod …,” Pozor, June 24, 1915, 3.
63 “Oslava dobytí …,” Našinec, June 24, 1915, 4.
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68 “Patriotische Kundgebung der Mittelschüler,” Mährisches Tagblatt, May 5, 1915, 5. “Imperial colors … covered the archbishop’s palace as well as the canons’ houses,” “Oslava haličského vítězství,” Našinec, May 5, 1915, 3.
69 Wingfield, Flag Wars and Stone Saints, 58.
70 Such as using the black, gold, and red of Belgium by mistake. See “Zur vorgestrigen Beflaggung unserer Stadt,” Deutsches Nordmährerblatt, June 5, 1915, 4.
71 Ordinance of the governor’s office in Brno to improve decoration during victory celebrations, September 2, 1915, Öesterreichisches Staatsarchiv (OeSTA) – Allgemeine Verwaltungsarchiv Wien (AVA), Kriegsministerium – Präsidiale, box 1789, file 18245.
72 The Czech nationalist press sometimes pointed out that “many houses, Národní dům in particular, were covered in festive lightning,” in an apparent effort to dissipate any notions of the local Czech-speaking elites’ disloyalty; “Oslava pádu Varšavy …,” Pozor, August 6, 1915, 4.
73 See communication between the Moravian governor’s office in Brno and the central government offices in Vienna from 1915 and 1916, OestA – Kriegsarchiv, Kriegsüberwachungsamt, box 80, files 43657 and 43828; and OestA – AVA, Ministerium des Innern, Präsidiale, box 2058, file 5127.
74 “Die Wiedereinnahme Przemysls …,” Mährisches Tagblatt, June 4, 1915, 5; “Oslava vítězství nad Rusy,” Pozor, December 19, 1914, 4.
75 For a detailed analysis of the prewar repertoire, see Eva Vičarová, Rakouská vojenská hudba 19. století a Olomouc (Olomouc, 2002), 121–29; on the symbolic importance of the Radetzky March, see Cole, Military Culture and Popular Patriotism, 67–68.
76 For example, “Die Wacht am Rhein” had been banned from public space before the war for its pan-German context and it was merely “tolerated” because of the German ally during the war. Scheer, Language Diversity and Loyalty in the Habsburg Army, 223–24.
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80 Every major local newspaper covered the visit extensively. All the quotations above are from “Kaiser Karl in Olmütz,” Mährisches Tagblatt, December 17, 1917, 1–2.
81 Gefreiter Jaroslav Nejedlý to the municipal supply office, April 22, 1918, SOkA Olomouc – AMO, Registratura 1874–1920, box 480.
82 “Kaisers Geburtstag,” Mährisches Tagblatt, August 17, 1918, 4.
83 “Verluste für das Deutschtum,” Mährisches Tagblatt, July 22, 1918, 4.
84 “Deputace venkovských žen v Olomouci,” Pozor, October 12, 1915, 4.
85 For the socialist perspective of the affair, see “první květen v Olomouci,” Hlas lidu, April 20, 1918, 4, and “První máj v Olomouci,” Hlas lidu, May 4, 1918, 2.
86 “Na frontách v Olomouci panuje neobyčejně čilý ruch,” Pozor, February 13, 1918, 4; “Fronty jsou zakázány!” Pozor, March 22, 1918, 4; “Na frontách v Olomouci bývá každý den rušno,” Pozor, April 15, 1918, 4; “Aprovisace v Olomouci,” Pozor, August 26, 1918, 3.
87 Report on the protest, including the angry telegram of Mayor Brandhuber from June 15, 1918, Zemský archiv v Brně, Moravské místodržitelství, box 409, file 11569. On “the politics of blame-games” between municipal authorities and the state, see, for example, Pojar, Vojtěch, “Nedostatek potravin za první světové války a legitimita komunálních elit v Praze,” Hospodářské dějiny 28, no. 2 (2013): 177–225 Google Scholar.
88 James Jasper, The Emotions of Protest (Chicago, 2018), 178.
89 The progressive-nationalist press has welcomed Lenin’s “Decree on Peace” with a cry “Ex oriente lux!” “do nového roku,” Pozor, January 1, 1918, 1.
90 “Národní svátek v Olomouci,” Pozor, October 29, 1918, 6.
91 “Červenobílý převrat,” Pozor, October 30, 1918, 1.
92 “Radostné vzkříšení české Olomouce,” Pozor, October 30, 1918, 2.
93 “Druhá oslava samostatnosti československé v Olomouci,” Našinec, November 5, 1918, 3; “Die tschechische Volksversammlung am Oberring,” Mährisches Tagblatt, November 4, 1918, 4.
94 “Oslava příchodu presidenta Masaryka na českou půdu v Olomouci,” Hlas lidu, December 19, 1918, 4.
95 “Druhá oslava samostatnosti …,” Našinec, November 5, 1918, 3.
96 “Radostné vzkříšení …,” Pozor, October 30, 1918, 2.
97 “Obrovské manifestace v Olomouci,” Hlas lidu, November 6, 1918, 4.
98 “Die tschechische Volksversammlung …,” Mährisches Tagblatt, November 4, 1918, 4.
99 “Der sinkende Doppeladler,” Mährisches Tagblatt, November 2, 1918, 2.
100 For the Czech press supporting these actions, see “Rakouští orlíci byli už téměř všude odstraněni,” Pozor, November 24, 1918, 3; “Očista olomouckých ulic,” Pozor, December 6, 1918, 3.
101 City council meeting protocols, December 16, 1918, SOkA Olomouc–AMO, Knihy, Protokol zasedání městského zastupitelstva, sign. 2098.
102 “Übernennung von Gassen und Plätzen,” Mährisches Tagblatt, December 31, 1918, 5.
103 City council meeting protocols, December 30, 1918, SOkA Olomouc–AMO, Knihy, Protokol zasedání městského zastupitelstva, sign. 2098.
104 “Socha císaře Františka Josefa,” Našinec, December 18, 1918, 3.
105 “České občanstvo olomucké nemile nese,” Pozor, December 14, 1918, 4; and “Pomník France Josefa,” Pozor, March 21, 1919, 3.
106 “Der Denkmal des Kaisers Franz Josef vor dem Olmützer Rathause,” Mährisches Tagblatt, December 17, 1918, 5.
107 “Demonstrační protest proti lichvě,” Pozor, January 13, 1919, 3.
108 On the economy of the transition period, see Šmidrkal, Václav and Stergar, Rok, “Food Shortages during the Post-Habsburg Transition in the Bohemian Lands and Slovenia,” Austrian History Yearbook 55 (2024): 243–5310.1017/S0067237823000875CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
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110 Heumos, Petr, “‘Dejte nám brambory, nebo bude revoluce.’ Hladové nepokoje, stávky a masové protesty v českých zemích v období 1914–1918,” in První světová válka a vztahy mezi Čechy, Slováky a Němci, ed. Mommsen, Hans, Kováč, Dušan, Malíř, Jiří, and Marková, Michaela (Brno, 2000), 207–32Google Scholar.
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