We begin with the basic economic theory of monopsony. In this chapter, we present the economic models of (1) pure monopsony, (2) the dominant employer, and (3) oligopsony. In these cases, we show that profit maximization results in ill effects for workers. These include reduced compensation, reduced employment, and the redistribution of wealth from workers to employers. We also show that social welfare is reduced below the level that society would have experienced in the absence of monopsony.

Understanding the details of the way public service providers get their market power and use is essential to the design of regulatory supervision. The Lerner index is one of the most basic indicators available to assess the risks of abuses from market power. It measures the percentage of extra profit the firm can earn per unit sold on top of the marginal cost. A laissez-faire monopoly chooses its price to equate this Lerner index to the inverse of demand elasticity. When demand is inelastic, the firm can raise its price without cutting into sales. Prices’ regulation aims to alleviate this problem of rent extraction. But all financially viable pricing strategies delivering financial viability create deadweight losses as compared to marginal cost pricing. The only way in which marginal cost pricing and the financial sustainability of the operator can be reconciled is through subsidies. To compensate for the lack of competition in the market, regulators have tried to introduce competition for the market, but implementation failures have resulted in high prices and low quality. Welfare losses of regulatory failures in the public utilities sector range from 1% to 1.5% of GDP.