With limited studies on antecedents and consequences of work engagement with special reference to NGOs, two novel antecedents of work engagement, namely workload (job demand) and proactive personality (job resource) are introduced in the study. By drawing on the revised JD-R model, the study empirically examines the indirect effects of job demands, job resources, personal resources, and ideological resources on organizational outcomes, i.e. intention to quit and organizational citizenship behaviour through work engagement in NGOs. The data collected from paid employees of registered NGOs operating in India were analysed using structural equation modelling. The study reveals that workload does not decrease employees' work engagement in NGOs. Whereas employment insecurity was negatively associated with work engagement. Besides, transformational leadership, intrinsic rewards, community service self-efficacy, proactive personality, and public service motivation played a vital role in fostering work engagement in NGOs. Furthermore, work engagement was negatively associated with the intention to quit and positively associated with organizational citizenship behaviour.

With limited studies on the relative effectiveness of different leadership styles in NPOs, the purpose of this paper is to propose a model in which work engagement mediates the effects of transformational leadership and transactional leadership simultaneously on affective commitment and organizational citizenship behavior among NPOs employees. Furthermore, the paper aims to investigate whether transformational leadership better explains work engagement and the aforesaid outcomes than transactional leadership. Relying on large scale data collected from employees working in two types of NPOs categories (human service organizations and charities) in the north of Italy, structural equation modeling was utilized to verify the aforesaid linkages. Among others, the indirect effect of transformational leadership on affective commitment and organizational citizenship behavior, through work engagement, was stronger than the indirect effect of transactional leadership. Implications, limitations, and future research are provided.

The work of non-profit organisations (NPOs) in non-democratic country contexts tends to be judged on their contribution to the democratisation process rather than the activities they undertake.This neglects the potential impact NPOs have on societies within such contexts. In this study, we highlight that NPOs can influence public policy deployment in the Russian Federation even if they cannot affect public policy itself. By operationalising the very restrictions placed upon them, NPOs use their relationships with the state to effect change within their immediate environment and scope of their operational remit, even if they cannot hold authorities to account or influence policy development. The key to this is strong organising capabilities and engagement with the Russian public. We reflect on the implications of our findings to the understanding of civil society development and NPOs in Russia and in other similar non-democratic contexts.

Nonprofit organizations (NPOs) have a moral obligation to act in the public interest and are thus expected to lead by example in transparency. Yet, by focusing on the benefits that NPOs derive from being transparent (i.e., the instrumental approach), prior literature has tended to neglect the view of transparency as a moral responsibility regardless of the associated benefits (i.e., the normative approach). We suggest that embracing a normative approach may enable a more comprehensive conceptualization and operationalization of NPO transparency. Based on a systematic literature review, this study conceptualizes NPO transparency as a three-dimensional construct, comprising completeness, accessibility, and inferability. Such conceptualization is then translated into an extensive transparency index that NPOs, with sufficient staff and resources, can use to monitor their practices. Finally, we assess the appropriateness of the conceptualization and the index through a content analysis of 432 NPO websites in Belgium. By highlighting inferability as an important but understudied dimension, we contribute to a more comprehensive normative understanding of NPO transparency.