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Recognizing the increased demand for public health law skills within the public health workforce, ChangeLab Solutions, in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, conducted a pilot program to increase knowledge of law among public health students. In partnership with a team of curriculum consultants, ChangeLab Solutions developed and piloted a curriculum across eight public health programs that consisted of six modules which focused on defining public health law and explaining its role in shaping health outcomes and inequities. Faculty members that piloted the modules found students had an increased knowledge of public health law concepts after completing the modules. Faculty members also experienced several barriers that might hinder effective delivery of the curriculum. Integration of public health law concepts into public health coursework within SPPH is one method of increasing students’ preparedness and capacity to use legal tools in addressing health outcomes and inequities.
Colonization and ongoing colonial policies and practices are contributing to increased dementia rates in Indigenous populations. This health inequity could be addressed by implementing culturally safe dementia interventions specifically designed for Indigenous people. We conducted a scoping review of culturally safe dementia care interventions for Indigenous populations. Databases searched included OVID (Medline, PsycINFO, Embase, Healthstar), Informit Indigenous Collection, JBI EBP, Scopus/Elsevier and PubMed. Eligibility criteria included studies in English, interventions designed specifically for Indigenous persons living with dementia and evaluative outcomes of the intervention. In total, 2,259 articles were identified. After removing duplicates, 1,394 titles and abstracts were screened and 54 studies were screened for eligibility. Of these, no studies were eligible for inclusion. This empty review reveals a massive and inexcusable gap in knowledge around developing, implementing and evaluating culturally safe Indigenous-specific dementia care interventions. Future directions for research include working with Indigenous peoples to determine what culturally safe interventions for dementia look like, implementing high-quality studies with evidence-based measures and outcomes, and improving efforts to get this important work published to inform future studies.
Evidence-based concussion practices have been codified into legislation, yet implementation has been narrowly evaluated. We examined implementation of concussion practices in Massachusetts high schools and adopted a disproportionality lens to assess the relationship between school sociodemographic and policy implementation and examine whether differences in policy implementation represent systematic disparities consistent with the disproportionality literature.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey was sent to Massachusetts high school nurses (N=304). Responses (n=201; 68.1% response rate) were tallied so that higher scores indicated greater policy implementation. School demographic data were collected using publicly available datasets and were linked to survey responses. Descriptive statistics, correlations, k-means clustering, and groupwise comparisons were conducted.
Results
Policy implementation is varied across schools and is associated with school sociodemographic variables. As percentages of marginalized identities in student population increased, implementation rates decreased. K-means cluster analysis revealed two discrete groups based on policy implementation scores, with significant differences in sociodemographic variables between groups. Schools with low implementation scores had a greater percentage of students who identified as African American/Black and nurses with less experience.
Conclusions
Findings highlight current disparities in the implementation of concussion management policies and support adoption of a disproportionality lens in this sphere.
This chapter analyzes the ideological roots of social medicine in Latin America, its diffusion through institutional and interpersonal networks, and how they translated into social policy. It argues that Latin American social medicine was a movement with two distinct waves, bridged by a mid-century hiatus. First-wave social medicine – whose protagonists included figures such as Salvador Allende of Chile and Ramón Carrillo in Argentina – had its roots in the scientific hygiene movement, gained strength in the interwar period, and left its imprint on Latin American welfare states by the 1940s. Second-wave social medicine, marked by more explicitly Marxist analytical frameworks, took shape in the early 1970s amidst authoritarian pressures and crystallized institutionally in Latin American Social Medicine Association (ALAMES) (regionally) and Brazilian Association of Collective Health (in Brazil, ABRASCO). A dialectical process links these two waves into a single story: early social medicine demands, once institutionalized in welfare states and the international health-and-development apparatus, led to ineffective bureaucratic routines, which in turn sparked critical reflection, agitation for change, and a new wave of social medicine activism.
Health technology assessment (HTA) is a form of policy analysis that informs decisions about funding and scaling up health technologies to improve health outcomes. An equity-focused HTA recommendation explicitly addresses the impact of health technologies on individuals disadvantaged in society because of specific health needs or social conditions. However, more evidence is needed on the relationships between patient engagement processes and the development of equity-focused HTA recommendations.
Objectives
The objective of this study is to assess relationships between patient engagement processes and the development of equity-focused HTA recommendations.
Methods
We analyzed sixty HTA reports published between 2013 and 2021 from two Canadian organizations: Canada’s Drug Agency and Ontario Health.
Results
Quantitative analysis of the HTA reports showed that direct patient engagement (odds ratio (OR): 3.85; 95 percent confidence interval (CI): 2.40–6.20) and consensus in decision-making (OR: 2.27; 95 percent CI: 1.35–3.84) were more likely to be associated with the development of equity-focused HTA recommendations than indirect patient engagement (OR: .26; 95 percent CI: .16–.41) and voting (OR: .44; 95 percent CI: .26–.73).
Conclusion
The results can inform the development of patient engagement strategies in HTA. These findings have implications for practice, research, and policy. They provide valuable insights into HTA.
Morehouse School of Medicine (MSM) embodies an applied definition of community engagement advanced over four decades. The increased demand for community collaboration requires attention to the institutional contexts supporting community-engaged research. MSM partnered with the University of New Mexico Center for Participatory Research for the Engage for Equity (E2) PLUS Project to assess, ideate, and consider existing and recommended institutional supports for community-engaged research.
Methods:
MSM assembled a community-campus Champion Team. The team coordinated virtual workshops with 18 community and academic research partners, facilitated four interviews of executive leaders and two focus groups (researchers/research staff and patients/community members, respectively) moderated by UNM-CPR. Analyses of the transcripts were conducted using an inductive and deductive process. Once the themes were identified, the qualitative summaries were shared with the Champion Team to verify and discuss implications for action and institutional improvements.
Results:
Institutional strengths and opportunities for systemic change were aligned with equity indicators (power and control, decision-making, and influence) and contextual factors (history, trust, and relationship building) of The continuum of community engagement in research. Institutional advances include community-engagement added as the fourth pillar of the institution’s strategic plan. Action strategies include 1) development a research navigation system to address community-campus research partnership administrative challenges and 2) an academy to build the capacities of community/patient partners to independently acquire, manage, and sustain grants and negotiate equity in dissemination of research.
Conclusions:
MSM has leveraged E2 PLUS to identify systems improvements necessary to ensure that community/patient-centered research and partnerships are amplified and sustained.
Clinical trials have provided evidence for determining treatment effectiveness. However, clinical trial participants have been underrepresented by diverse and special population groups (e.g., younger and older adults, different races/ethnicities), contributing to disparities in our understanding of diseases and treatments in all those affected. Addressing these disparities in clinical trial participation would be critical to achieving health equity in the USA and beyond. To assess enrollment inclusivity in clinical research at a large academic medical center in the southeast, we used administrative information to develop a snapshot of clinical research participation by age, sex, race, ethnicity, and rurality that was accessible to the public. We compared research enrollment statistics with relevant geographic benchmarks (county, state, and national) from the 2020 US Census. Comparisons revealed 1) over-participation by females relative to county, state, and national benchmarks; 2) under-representation of Black/African Americans relative to county, but higher relative to state and national, levels; and 3) underrepresentation of Hispanic/Latino and Asian groups. The ISP Snapshot has promoted accountability and transparency in this institution’s efforts toward health equity. The process has highlighted the need to update and standardize use of outdated categories (e.g., binary gender, rural status) that limit accurate reporting.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, virtual physician visits rapidly increased among community-dwelling older persons living with dementia (PLWD) in Ontario. Rural residents often have less access to medical care compared to their urban counterparts, and it is unclear whether access to virtual care was equitable between PLWD in urban versus rural locations.
Methods:
Using population-based health administrative data and a repeated cross-sectional study design, we identified and described community-dwelling PLWD between March 2020 and August 2022 in Ontario, Canada. Poisson regression was used to calculate rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals comparing rates of virtual visits between rural and urban PLWD by key physician specialties: family physicians, neurologists and psychiatrists/geriatricians.
Results:
Of 122,751 PLWD in our cohort, 9.2% (n = 11,304) resided in rural areas. Rural PLWD were slightly younger compared to their urban counterparts (mean age = 81 vs. 82 years; standardized difference = 0.16). There were no differences across areas by sex or income quintile. In adjusted models, rates of virtual visits were significantly lower for rural compared to urban PLWD across all specialties: family physicians (RR = 0.71 [0.69–0.73]), neurologists (RR = 0.79 [0.75–0.83]) and psychiatrists/geriatricians (RR = 0.72 [0.68–0.76]).
Conclusions:
PLWD in rural areas had significantly lower rates of virtual family physician, neurologist and psychiatrist/geriatrician visits compared to urban dwellers during the study period. This finding raises important issues regarding access to primary and specialist healthcare services for rural PLWD. Future work should explore barriers to care to improve health care access among PLWD in rural communities.
On June 1, 2024, the World Health Assembly reached consensus on a package of amendments to the 2005 International Health Regulations (IHR). These amendments follow nearly two decades of implementation and an intensive multilateral process prompted by the global struggle against COVID-19. This article critically examines whether the amended IHR reflect lessons learned from the pandemic, potentially ushering in a new era for global health law in pandemic preparedness and response, or if they deflect attention from the need for deeper structural reforms. While the IHR remain the only near-universal legal framework for preventing and addressing the international spread of disease, these amendments emphasize equity and solidarity, and potentially shift the IHR from a technical instrument to one focusing on inherently political issues. This analysis examines key IHR amendments and their implications for the future of global health law, particularly in the context of equity, financing, and implementation.
This article describes lessons learned from the incorporation of language justice as an antiracism praxis for an academic Center addressing cardiometabolic inequities. Drawing from a thematic analysis of notes and discussions from the Center’s community engagement core, we present lessons learned from three examples of language justice: inclusion of bilingual team members, community mini-grants, and centering community in community-academic meetings. Facilitating strategies included preparing and reviewing materials in advance for interpretation/translation, live simultaneous interpretation for bilingual spaces, and in-language documents. Barriers included: time commitment and expenses, slow organizational shifts to collectively practice language justice, and institutional-level administrative hurdles beyond the community engagement core’s influence. Strengthening language justice means integrating language justice institutionally and into all research processes; dedicating time and processes to learn about and practice language justice; equitably funding language justice within research budgets; equitably engaging bilingual, bicultural staff and language justice practitioners; and creating processes for language justice in written and oral research and collaborative activities. Language justice is not optional and necessitates buy-in, leadership, and support of community engagement cores, Center leadership, university administrators, and funders. We discuss implications for systems and policy change to advance language justice in research to promote health equity.
The Fred Hutch/University of Washington/Seattle Children’s Cancer Consortium’s (Consortium) Office of Community Outreach & Engagement (OCOE) joined Stanford Medicine and Morehouse School of Medicine in implementing Engage for Equity Plus (E2PLUS), a multi-institutional community of practice to learn and share patient-centered and community-engaged research (P/CEnR) practices. University of New Mexico (UNM) facilitated this collaboration.
Methods:
The Consortium formed a Champion Team of 12 people who participated in two virtual workshops facilitated by UNM. Consortium executive leadership (n = 4) participated in interviews, and investigators (n = 4) and community members/patient advocates (n = 8) participated in focus groups to provide institutional context regarding P/CEnR. This is a paper on the process and findings.
Results:
Through E2PLUS engagement, the Champion Team identified four strategies to address institutional health inequities: 1) increase participation of underrepresented groups at all levels of institutional leadership and advisory boards; 2) create an Office of Patient Engagement to train and support patients who participate in institutional initiatives and advise research teams; 3) expand community engagement training, resources, and institutional commitment to focus on community-identified social and health needs; and 4) establish an umbrella entity for health equity efforts across the Consortium.
Conclusion:
While the Consortium had longstanding community advisory boards and faculty and staff with P/CEnR expertise, it did not have centralized and institutionally supported P/CEnR resources, policies, and infrastructure. By participating in E2PLUS, the Champion Team received technical assistance to leverage qualitative data to influence strategies to guide the development of Consortium health equity infrastructure and capacity for P/CEnR in Washington.
The Physician-Scientist Trainee Diversity Summit, hosted by the American Physician Scientists Association and the Burroughs Wellcome Fund, was conceived in 2019 with the mission of developing strategic plans to diversify the physician-scientist community using human-centered design thinking. In June 2024, the second iteration of this conference was held in Raleigh, North Carolina, and brought together a network of scientific and medical organizations to discuss issues of justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion facing physician-scientist trainees. This article summarizes the progress made from the first meeting, the proceedings of the 2024 Summit, and a thematic analysis of the recent meeting, offering tangible solutions to the physician-scientist community for supporting diversity and accessibility.
Despite the central role that patient and community engagement plays in translational science and health equity research, there remain significant institutional barriers for researchers and their community partners to engage in this work meaningfully and sustainably. The goal of this paper is to describe the process and outcomes of Engage for Equity PLUS at Stanford School of Medicine, which was aimed at understanding and addressing institutional barriers and facilitators for community-engaged research (CEnR).
Methods:
A Stanford champion team of four faculty and two community partners worked with the University of New Mexico team to conduct two workshops (n = 26), focus groups (n = 2), interviews with leaders (n = 4), and an Institutional Multi-Stakeholder Survey (n = 35). These data were employed for action planning to identify strategies to build institutional support for CEnR.
Results:
Findings revealed several key institutional barriers to CEnR, such as the need to modify organizational policies and practices to expedite and simplify CEnR administration, silos in collaboration, and the need for capacity building. Facilitators included several offices devoted to and engaging in innovative CEnR efforts. Based on these findings, action planning resulted in three priorities: 1) Addressing IRB barriers, 2) Addressing barriers in post-award policies and procedures, and 3) Increasing training in CEnR within Stanford and for community partners.
Conclusions:
Addressing institutional barriers is critical for Academic Medical Centers and their partners to meaningfully and sustainably engage in CEnR. The Engage for Equity PLUS process offers a roadmap for Academic Medical Centers with translational science and health equity goals.
The COVID-19 pandemic laid bare the inequities in U.S. healthcare in ways that captured public attention and reinforced the need to view all of healthcare through an equity lens. It also exposed global inequities in access to healthcare technologies. At Rockefeller University, we participate in the entire spectrum of translational research, but our focus is in the areas of basic research and new methods to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease, extending to proof of concept preclinical and Phase 1 studies. Since we believe that all phases of translational research should have an equity lens, we have instituted an initiative to encourage thought and planning about global equitable access to discoveries made by our trainee Clinical Scholars and faculty, even at the earliest phases of basic research. Assuring global equitable access to new technologies requires addressing at least 3 different aspects of new technology: 1. Patenting and licensing, 2. Manufacturing, and 3. Dissemination and implementation in low- and middle-income countries. In this review, I focus on patenting and licensing and offer ten questions for inventors to consider in discussing licensing their technologies with technology transfer officers to maximize equitable global access to the technologies they create.
The Students Participating as Ambassadors for Research in Kentucky (SPARK) program provides novel health equity research training and targeted mentorship for undergraduates, particularly those from groups underrepresented in the biomedical and behavioral research and workforce. SPARK aims to address inadequate diversity in the medical and scientific research fields by providing comprehensive research mentorship and skill-building. Unlike most existing research training programs that are brief, focus on laboratory research, or are limited to graduate students and junior faculty, SPARK delivers a 16-month intensive behavioral and population health science training, equipping students with needed tools to conceptualize, plan, execute, and analyze their own health equity research study. Trainees complete didactic coursework on health equity, study design and proposal development, data analysis, and ethics. Students receive a stipend and research expenses, and multiple mentors guide them in creating original research projects for which they serve as Principal Investigator. Students disseminate their findings annually at an academic research conference as a capstone. Evaluation data from the first three cohorts suggest SPARK has been pivotal in preparing students for graduate studies and research careers in health equity and behavioral and population health sciences, providing strong support for further investments in similar undergraduate research training models.
The perspective article explores systemic issues in psychiatric care, particularly the barriers to timely treatment and the ethical dilemmas involved in involuntary interventions. It further examines the impact of anosognosia—lack of disease insight—on treatment, noting the difficulties in managing care for those unaware of their illness, and scrutinizes training materials from international organizations that might mislabel necessary psychiatric practices as human rights violations, thereby complicating the care landscape. The discussion extends to the legal and societal implications of psychiatric interventions, using Massachusetts’ Rogers Guardianship as a case study to highlight the consequences of legalistic approaches to mental health treatment.
The article calls for destigmatizing psychiatric treatment and integrating robust, evidence-based practices to improve patient outcomes and healthcare equity. The global mental health policy landscape is urged to recognize the critical role of psychiatric care in restoring health and dignity to individuals with serious mental illnesses, advocating for a more nuanced understanding and application of human rights in mental health.
This chapter offers insights, stories, reflections, and practical examples of hope amid turbulent times. Given the constant need to reimagine our social-legal systems and teach new legal education strategies, we must codesign solutions with movement leaders and other advocates working to shift narratives and power structures in the legal system. As we seek to reimagine our world within the framework of health, equity, healing, human rights, and transformative justice, we must find new methods to develop students’ imaginations and build strategies to reimagine our social-legal systems in educational institutions. By codesigning solutions with movement leaders and other advocates, we can work to shift narratives and power structures in the legal system and beyond.
This chapter critically evaluates, from the standpoint of the capability approach and the human development paradigm, the reliance on market-driven forces and mechanisms in the vaccine development and distribution pillar of ACT-A (COVAX), and the significance of complementary (or supplementary) developments such as the establishment of mRNA technology transfer hubs and the waiver of certain provisions of the international intellectual property (IP) regime. In hope of regaining some ground lost in global health equity, this chapter highlights the need to appropriately situate IP rights, not by maintaining the status quo but to advance deeper relationality in terms of the technological capability of health systems, particularly those of the "Global South."
Mental health is deteriorating quickly and significantly globally post-COVID. Though there were already over 1 billion people living with mental disorders pre-pandemic, in the first year of COVID-19 alone, the prevalence of anxiety and depression soared by 25% worldwide. In light of the chronic shortages of mental health provider and resources, along with disruptions of available health services caused by the pandemic and COVID-related restrictions, technology is widely believed to hold the key to addressing rising mental health crises. However, hurdles such as fragmented and often suboptimal patient protection measures substantially undermine technology’s potential to address the global mental health crises effectively, reliably, and at scale. To shed light on these issues, this paper aims to discuss the post-pandemic challenges and opportunities the global community could leverage to improve society’s mental health en masse.