Field experiments were conducted near Beresford and South Shore, South Dakota, in 2023 and 2024, to determine weed control and soybean yield with 2,4-D and glufosinate applied individually, together, and sequentially. Herbicides were sequentially applied 12 d after an initial application. 2,4-D + glufosinate additively controlled and reduced the height of all tested weed species. Sequential applications resulted in greater control of common lambsquarters, waterhemp, redroot pigweed, and velvetleaf compared with 2,4-D or glufosinate applied alone, or 2,4-D + glufosinate applied in a mixture. The order in which herbicides were sequentially applied did not influence broadleaf weed control. Yellow foxtail control was greater with sequential applications of glufosinate. Soybean yield at Beresford was similar across all treatments. Yields were generally greater at South Shore with sequential herbicide applications when glufosinate was initially applied. The experiment results suggest that weed control and soybean yield are greater with 2,4-D + glufosinate or sequential application treatments that include 2,4-D and glufosinate.

Herbicide-resistant Palmer amaranth is a troublesome weed in several agronomic crops and is a relatively new challenge to dry bean production in western Nebraska. Objectives were to evaluate preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) herbicides for control of acetolactate synthase–resistant Palmer amaranth and their effect on Palmer amaranth density and biomass as well as dry bean injury and yield in western Nebraska. Field experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2019 near Scottsbluff, NE. The experiments were arranged as a two-factor strip-plot design. The strip-plot factor consisted of no-PRE or pendimethalin (1,070 g ai ha–1) + dimethenamid-P (790 g ai h–1) applied PRE. The main-plot factor was POST herbicides, which consisted of various mixtures of imazamox, bentazon, or fomesafen applied in a single or sequential application at labeled rates, and reduced rates of imazamox (9 g ai ha–1) + bentazon (314 g ai ha–1) + fomesafen (70 g ai ha–1) applied in single or sequential (two or three) applications. PRE herbicides reduced Palmer amaranth density and biomass during both years and increased dry bean yield in 2017. POST treatments containing fomesafen improved Palmer amaranth control compared with treatments containing imazamox and bentazon only. The sequential-application reduced-rate POST system did not improve Palmer amaranth control compared to one POST application containing fomesafen at a labeled rate in either year. Using pendimethalin + dimethenamid-P PRE followed by POST treatments containing imazamox + bentazon + fomesafen at a labeled rate provided 86% and 99% Palmer amaranth control in 2017 and 2019, respectively.

A field study was conducted twice in Elizabeth, MS, at on-farm sites in 2010–11 and 2011–12, and twice in 2012–13 at Mississippi State University’s Delta Research and Extension Center in Stoneville, MS, to evaluate glyphosate-resistant (GR) Italian ryegrass control and crop response to fall treatments followed by postemergence herbicide treatments in winter and/or spring. Italian ryegrass was controlled ≥92% and 61% following S-metolachlor and tillage 77 d after fall treatments (DA-FT), respectively. S-metolachlor fall treatment provided 33% greater control than clethodim winter treatment at 21 d after winter treatments (DA-WT). Tillage fall treatment followed by (fb) clethodim winter treatment fb paraquat spring treatment provided similar control (93%) to treatments containing S-metolachlor fall treatment fb a winter or spring herbicide treatment (≥93%) 24 d after spring treatments (DA-ST). Greatest soybean and corn density and yield were also observed following programs containing S-metolachlor fall treatment. Sequential postemergence herbicide treatments were not required to increase corn and soybean density and yield when S-metolachlor was used as a fall treatment. Growers have the best opportunity to maximize GR Italian ryegrass control when S-metolachlor fb a winter or spring herbicide treatment is used.

Yellow nutsedge is one of the most widely distributed and troublesome weeds in the world. Field and greenhouse studies were conducted to optimize strategies for increased yellow nutsedge control in turfgrass with halosulfuron and sulfentrazone. In the field study in yellow nutsedge and perennial ryegrass mixture, single or sequential applications (3 wk after initial) of halosulfuron or sulfentrazone were made on June 3, June 23, July 15, or August 5 in 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016. Percent yellow nutsedge control was rated within the same growing season on September 17 and the following year on June 3 for carryover control. Field and greenhouse studies confirm that sequential applications of halosulfuron with a 3-wk interval resulted in >95% control in a yellow nutsedge–turfgrass mixture. In a greenhouse study, both herbicides reduced yellow nutsedge root and rhizome dry mass from 39% to 98%, reduced number of new tubers and tuber fresh weight from 38% to 100%, and prevented re-emergence. Sequential applications of either herbicide within a 3-wk interval early postemergence is recommended for optimal control. Herbicide application to yellow nutsedge using halosulfuron and sulfentrazone should be made as early as possible postemergence, preferably at the three- to five-leaf stage or 200 to 250 growing degree days (GDD, 10 C base). Mowing can be an effective method to reduce yellow nutsedge growth. Mowing at 7.6 cm weekly reduced yellow nutsedge rhizome dry mass by 55% and number of new tubers formed by 63% in the greenhouse study. Physical removal of yellow nutsedge plants such as hand-pulling can be an effective method to manage yellow nutsedge and is most effective at the three- to five-leaf stage (200 to 250 GDD). End-users can maximize yellow nutsedge control by integrating early herbicide treatments and cultural practices such as mowing and hand-pulling.

Junglerice is becoming more prevalent in Tennessee, Arkansas, and Mississippi row crop fields. The evolution of glyphosate-resistant (GR) junglerice populations is one reason for the increase. Another possible explanation is that glyphosate and clethodim grass activity is being antagonized by dicamba. This question has led to research to examine whether sequential applications alleviate antagonism observed with dicamba plus glyphosate and/or clethodim mixtures and determine whether sequential treatments with those herbicides at 24 h, 72 h, or 168 h can improve junglerice control. Glyphosate + clethodim applications provided >90% junglerice control. The observed levels of antagonism varied by whether the location of the test was in the greenhouse or the field, and the timing of applications. In the greenhouse, clethodim + dicamba provided excellent control, whereas in the field, the same treatment showed a greater than 30% reduction in junglerice control compared with clethodim alone. However, control was restored by using a mixture of glyphosate + clethodim without dicamba. The environment at the time of application and relative GR level of the junglerice influenced the overall control of these sequential applications. When clethodim applied first followed by dicamba at 72 h or 168 h, better control was observed compared with applying dicamba followed by clethodim. Overall, mixing glyphosate + clethodim provided the most complete junglerice control regardless of timing. These data confirm that leaving dicamba out of the spray tank will mitigate herbicide antagonism on junglerice control. These data would also indicate that avoiding dicamba and glyphosate mixtures will also improve the consistency of control with glyphosate-susceptible junglerice.

Information on performance of sequential treatments of quizalofop-P-ethyl with florpyrauxifen-benzyl on rice is lacking. Field studies were conducted in 2017 and 2018 in Stoneville, MS, to evaluate sequential timings of quizalofop-P-ethyl with florpyrauxifen-benzyl included in preflood treatments of rice. Quizalofop-P-ethyl treatments were no quizalofop-P-ethyl; sequential applications of quizalofop-P-ethyl at 120 g ha−1 followed by (fb) 120 g ai ha−1 applied to rice in the 2- to 3-leaf (EPOST) fb the 4-leaf to 1-tiller (LPOST) growth stages or LPOST fb 10 d after flooding (PTFLD); quizalofop-P-ethyl at 100 g ha−1 fb 139 g ha−1 EPOST fb LPOST or LPOST fb PTFLD; quizalofop-P-ethyl at 139 g ha−1 fb 100 g ha−1 EPOST fb LPOST and LPOST fb PTFLD; and quizalofop-P-ethyl at 85 g ha−1 fb 77 g ha−1 fb 77 g ha−1 EPOST fb LPOST fb PTFLD. Quizalofop-P-ethyl was applied alone and in mixture with florpyrauxifen-benzyl at 29 g ai ha−1 LPOST. Visible rice injury 14 d after PTFLD (DA-PTFLD) was no more than 3%. Visible control of volunteer rice (‘CL151’ and ‘Rex’) 7 DA-PTFLD was similar and at least 95% for each quizalofop-P-ethyl treatment. Barnyardgrass control with quizalofop-P-ethyl at 120 fb 120 g ha−1 LPOST fb PTFLD was greater (88%) in mixture with florpyrauxifen-benzyl. The addition of florpyrauxifen-benzyl to quizalofop-P-ethyl increased rough rice yield when quizalofop-P-ethyl was applied at 100 g ha−1 fb 139 g ha−1 EPOST fb LPOST. Sequential applications of quizalofop-P-ethyl at 120 g ha−1 fb 120 g ha−1 EPOST fb LPOST, 100 g ha−1 fb 139 g ha−1 EPOST fb LPOST, or 139 g ha−1 fb 100 g ha−1 EPOST fb LPOST controlled grass weed species. The addition of florpyrauxifen-benzyl was not beneficial for grass weed control. However, because quizalofop-P-ethyl does not control broadleaf weeds, florpyrauxifen-benzyl could provide broad-spectrum weed control in acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase–resistant rice.

Doveweed is a problematic weed species in many agricultural ecosystems as well as on roadsides and rights-of-way. Effective POST chemical control options for doveweed are limited in many cropping systems. Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of metsulfuron-methyl dose and the impact of mixtures and sequential applications of either trifloxysulfuron-sodium or bentazon with metsulfuron-methyl for doveweed control. By 14 d after the initial treatment, applying 0.04 kg ai ha−1 metsulfuron-methyl, either once or sequentially, provided 100% control of doveweed. Application of trifloxysulfuron-sodium at 0.04 kg ai ha−1 alone or in mixture with metsulfuron-methyl (0.04 kg ha−1) did not provide consistent doveweed control nor did it reduce biomass. Trifloxysulfuron-sodium applied alone at 0.08 kg ha−1 or in a mixture with metsulfuron-methyl (0.04 kg ha−1) provided consistent doveweed control (>80%). A single application of bentazon (0.56 kg ai ha−1) was ineffective at controlling doveweed. A single application of the bentazon and metsulfuron-methyl mixture (0.56 + 0.04 kg ha−1, respectively) or sequential applications of either bentazon alone (0.56 kg ha−1) or in mixture with metsulfuron-methyl (0.04 kg ha−1) provided excellent doveweed control (100%) by 35 d after treatment. Overall, single applications of metsulfuron-methyl (0.02 to 0.17 kg ha−1) or mixtures of metsulfuron-methyl with trifloxysulfuron-sodium (0.04 + 0.08 kg ha−1, respectively) or bentazon (0.04 + 0.56 kg ha−1, respectively) controlled doveweed and may be useful for enhancing the control spectrum for other weeds. Sequential applications of the bentazon and metsulfuron-methyl mixture (0.56 + 0.04 kg ha−1, respectively) provided doveweed control and are a resistance-management strategy for doveweed.

Sugarbeet growers only recently have combined ethofumesate, S-metolachlor, and dimethenamid-P in a weed control system for waterhemp control. Sugarbeet plant density, visible stature reduction, root yield, percent sucrose content, and recoverable sucrose were measured in field experiments at five environments between 2014 and 2016. Sugarbeet stand density and stature reduction occurred in some but not all environments. Stand density was reduced with PRE application of S-metolachlor at 1.60 kg ai ha–1 and S-metolachlor at 0.80 kg ha–1 + ethofumesate at 1.68 kg ai ha–1 alone or followed by POST applications of dimethenamid-P at 0.95 kg ai ha–1. Sugarbeet visible stature was reduced when dimethenamid-P followed PRE treatments. Stature reduction was greatest with ethofumesate at 1.68 or 4.37 kg ha–1 PRE and S-metolachlor at 0.80 kg ha–1 + ethofumesate at 1.68 kg ha–1 PRE followed by dimethenamid-P at 0.95 kg ha–1 POST. Stature reduction ranged from 0 to 32% 10 d after treatment (DAT), but sugarbeet recovered quickly and visible injury was negligible 23 DAT. Although root yield and recoverable sucrose were similar across herbicide treatments and environments, we caution against the use of S-metolachlor at 0.80 kg ha–1 + ethofumesate at 1.68 kg ai ha–1 PRE followed by dimethenamid-P at 0.95 kg ha–1 in sugarbeet.

Field and greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the antagonism potential of glufosinate applied sequentially or mixed with graminicides on barnyardgrass control. Applications of glufosinate alone provided variable control throughout the growing season in both field and greenhouse experiments. In the field, barnyardgrass control was not adversely affected by glufosinate- and clethodim-mix applications or sequential applications of glufosinate before or after clethodim. Soybean yield was not affected by application timing or clethodim rate, with yield ranging from 1,748 to 2,733 kg ha−1. In the greenhouse, glufosinate applied 1 and 3 d before graminicides generally reduced barnyardgrass control compared with the graminicides applied alone. The response with quizalofop-P was not as dramatic as with the other graminicides. Although significant visual barnyardgrass control differences were detected due to application timing of glufosinate, barnyardgrass biomass with fluazifop-P and quizalofop-P did not differ between the application timings of glufosinate. However, glufosinate applied 1 and 3 d before clethodim had significantly greater biomass compared with glufosinate applied 1 and 3 d after clethodim. The differences in environmental conditions and growth stages at the time of application may have contributed to barnyardgrass control response differences between the field and greenhouse experiments. Although barnyardgrass control in the field was not affected by glufosinate application timing, data from the greenhouse indicate potential exists for reduced control if glufosinate is applied 1 or 3 d before graminicides.

The effects of sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino) butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexene-1-one} rate, order, and timing of sequential herbicide applications, and the addition of oil concentrate on sethoxydimbentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H-one 2,2-dioxide] antagonism were studied on broadleaf signalgrass [Brachiaria platyphylla (Griseb.) Nash. ♯3 BRAPP], fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. ♯ PANDI), and large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. ♯ DIGSA] in field experiments during 1980 and 1981. Tank-mixing bentazon with sethoxydim reduced control of these species compared to applications of sethoxydim alone. Sequential applications of the herbicides prevented the antagonism. Variations in time between and order of sequential applications had no consistent effect on efficacy. Increases in sethoxydim rate reduced the severity of the antagonism in some cases, while the addition of oil concentrate had no effect.

Glufosinate at 1.1 and 2.2 kg/ha injured ‘Koshihikari’ rice lines that were transformed with the BAR gene from 0 to 53%. However, transgenic ‘Gulfmont’ rice was not injured. Rice yields of transgenic ‘Gulfmont’ lines and six of nine ‘Koshihikari’ lines were not affected by 2.2 kg/ha glufosinate. In field studies, flooding reduced the efficacy of glufosinate in controlling red rice, and greenhouse tests determined that glufosinate efficacy was reduced when red rice was submerged between 25 and 50% of its height. Plant heights and dry weights of red rice increased as flood water depth increased at all rates of glufosinate.

Field studies were conducted over 2 yr to evaluate rhizome johnsongrass control with tank mixtures and sequential applications of bromoxynil at 1.7 kg ai/ha and the graminicides clethodim, fluazifop-P, and quizalofop-P. When compared with the graminicide alone, bromoxynil reduced johnsongrass control 28 days after treatment (DAT) 20, 36, and 55% when applied in combination with clethodim, fluazifop-P, and quizalofop-P, respectively. Application of bromoxynil 7, 3, and 1 d before or 1, 3, and 7 d after all graminicides reduced antagonism when compared with the bromoxynil plus graminicide mixtures. Based on johnsongrass control 28 DAT, antagonism was precluded when bromoxynil was applied 3 d before clethodim and 7 d before fluazifop-P and quizalofop-P. Application of bromoxynil 3 and 7 d after quizalofop-P and 7 d after clethodim also precluded antagonism. The antagonistic tank mixtures of bromoxynil and graminicides reduced cotton yield 17% because of reduced johnsongrass control compared with graminicides alone. A 3-d or greater application interval between bromoxynil and the graminicides was necessary to maximize cotton yield.

Field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of tank-mix and sequential postemergence (POE) applications of the insecticides carbaryl and dimethoate with sethoxydim on large crabgrass control and cotton tolerance. Large crabgrass control was similar with sethoxydim and sethoxydim-dimethoate tank mixtures. Although tank mixing carbaryl with sethoxydim reduced control, it was not reduced when carbaryl was applied 2 days before or 2 days after applying sethoxydim. Neither the insecticides nor sethoxydim applied alone or as tank mixtures injured cotton or affected lint yield, percent lint, fiber length, fiber length uniformity, fiber strength, or micronaire.

Fenoxaprop, fluazifop-P, haloxyfop, quizalofop, and sethoxydim applied postemergence reduced johnsongrass populations in soybeans over a 3-yr period. The selective postemergence herbicides were more effective as split applications than as single, high-rate applications for controlling heavy infestations of johnsongrass. Fluchloralin applied preplant incorporated decreased the number of postemergence applications required to maintain johnsongrass control above 80%, although control depended primarily upon the selective, postemergence herbicides. Glyphosate applied by ropewick reduced johnsongrass populations more when used in conjunction with fluchloralin than when used alone.

Field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of tank-mixing fluometuron {N,N-dimethyl-N′-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] urea} or MSMA (monosodium salt of methylarsonic acid) with sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} or the butyl ester of fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy] phenoxy] propanic acid} on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) tolerance and large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. # DIGSA] control. Postemergence (over-the-top) application of 1.7 kg ai/ha of fluometuron reduced cotton lint yield 17 to 23% in three of four tests. No yield reduction resulted from postemergence application of 1.1 kg ae/ha of MSMA. Tank-mixing 0.1 or 0.2 kg ai/ha of sethoxydim or 0.1 or 0.2 kg ae/ha of fluazifop with fluometuron or MSMA did not alter the effect of fluometuron or MSMA on cotton yield. Tank mixtures of 1.1 to 2.2 kg/ha of fluometuron plus sethoxydim or fluazifop were antagonistic. No antagonism was observed when fluometuron was applied 3 days before or 6 h following sethoxydim or fluazifop application. Tank-mixing 1.1 or 2.2 kg/ha of MSMA with sethoxydim or fluazifop initially reduced control of large crabgrass. Antagonism was not observed at 4 weeks after tank-mix application of MSMA plus sethoxydim, and was observed in only one of three experiments 4 weeks following tank-mix application of MSMA plus fluazifop. When antagonism was observed with tank mixtures of fluazifop plus MSMA, sequential application of MSMA 1 to 7 days before application of fluazifop did not overcome the antagonism. No antagonism occurred when MSMA was applied 6 or more hours after fluazifop application.

In 1982 and 1983, CGA 82725 {2-propynyl-2-[4-[(3,5-dichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid}, fenoxaprop {(±)-2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl)oxy]phenoxyl]propanoic acid}, fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy]phenoxy] propanoic acid}, haloxyfop {2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid}, and sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino-(butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} were evaluated as postemergence treatments for the control of rhizome johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. # SORHA] in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Acala SJ-2′). Applications of fluazifop or haloxyfop, and the higher rates of sethoxydim or CGA 82725 or fenoxaprop, controlled 90% or more johnsongrass 20 and 52 weeks after application and prevented cotton yield losses.

Amine formulations of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] and MCPA {[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy] acetic acid} caused a reduction in paraquat (1,1-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) phytotoxicity to barley (Hordeum vulgare L. 'Summit′), wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Neepawa′), and wild oats (Avena fatua L.). Dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) reduced paraquat activity in barley only. Paraquat phytotoxicity was antagonized more by 2,4-D amine at high than at low rates. Higher rates of paraquat relative to a fixed rate of 2,4-D amine overcame the antagonism. Paraquat phytotoxicity was not antagonized by 2,4-D or MCPA amine applied as a separate treatment. The technical components of the 2,4-D- or MCPA-amine formulations were solely responsible for the antagonism. Ester formulations did not affect paraquat phytotoxicity.

Economical combinations of herbicides and hand labor for weeding sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L.) in high and low weed densities were determined for irrigated production in the southern Great Plains. Ethofumesate [(±)-2-ethoxy-2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-benzofuranyl methanesulfonate] preplant incorporated, a 50:50 mixture of phenmedipham (methyl m-hydroxycarbanilate m-methylcarbanilate) and desmedipham (ethyl m-hydroxycarbanilate carbanilate (ester)] sprayed postemergence on small weeds, and trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) incorporated at layby controlled pigweed (Amaranthus spp.) and kochia [Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.] with acceptable selectivity in sugarbeets. Sucrose yield was identical for all methods of weed control. Using herbicides did not lower, and in some cases doubled, the total cost of weed control in an area with a low weed density. On the other hand, effective herbicide combinations saved $298 to $966/ha compared to total reliance on hand labor in an area with a high weed density. Elaborate combinations of herbicides were not justified even with heavy weed density. The last few weeds remaining in a field can be most economically removed by hand labor.

Glufosinate at 2.2 kg ai/ha injured rice transformed with the BAR gene more when applied to one- to two-leaf (23 to 26%) than to three- to four-leaf (13 to 19%) plants. Visible injury was least when applications were made at boot stage (3 to 14%). However, applications at boot stage caused an average grain yield reduction of 16%. Most treatments did not influence rice plant height. Among single applications (0.3, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.1 kg/ha), 1.1 kg/ha glufosinate at three- to four-leaf stage of red rice resulted in greater control (91%) than at panicle initiation (74%) or at boot stage (77%). Injury to red rice was two to 11 times greater than the injury to BAR-transformed rice depending on glufosinate rate and application timing.