Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T03:24:18.620Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

11 - Bilingual Speech and Exemplar Theory

from Part II - Theoretical Models of Bilingual Phonetics and Phonology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 November 2024

By
Molly Babel ,
Michelle Kamigaki-Baron  and
Rachel Soo
Edited by
Mark Amengual
Mark Amengual
Affiliation:
University of California, Santa Cruz
Get access

Summary

Evidence that listeners attend to and track subphonemic phonetic details is indicated by listeners’ ability to reliably connect subphonemic variation and, often, socio-indexical associations in ways that align with the patterns realized in production. Bilinguals are presented with the task not only of associating within-language variation (e.g., social group X is connected to a particular range of phonetic realizations within language Y) but also of attending to how ethnolects and bilingually accented speech index social categories across languages. Having access to multiple languages also gives bilingual speakers a larger repertoire with which to index language- and community-specific social meaning. This chapter outlines the linguistic structures bilinguals may connect across their languages and then presents a specific exemplar model, noting the opportunities within the model’s structure for bilingual dynamics. The heterogeneity of bilingual individuals and speech communities is necessarily addressed, as this dynamic adds to the complexity and intrigue of studying bilingual populations.

Keywords

exemplar theoriesbilingualismmultilingualismbidialectalismspeech perceptionspeech productioncross-linguistic influencecross-linguistic similarity
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingual Phonetics and Phonology , pp. 241 - 260
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amengual, M. (2016a). Cross-linguistic influence in the bilingual mental lexicon: Evidence of cognate effects in the phonetic production and processing of a vowel contrast. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amengual, M. (2016b). The perception of language-specific phonetic categories does not guarantee accurate phonological representations in the lexicon of early bilinguals. Applied Psycholinguistics, 37(5), 1221–1251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amengual, M. (2018). Asymmetrical interlingual influence in the production of Spanish and English laterals as a result of competing activation in bilingual language processing. Journal of Phonetics, 69, 12–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antoniou, M., Best, C. T., Tyler, M. D., & Kroos, C. (2010). Language context elicits native-like stop voicing in early bilinguals’ productions in both L1 and L2. Journal of Phonetics, 38(4), 640–653.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Antoniou, M., Tyler, M. D., & Best, C. T. (2012). Two ways to listen: Do L2-dominant bilinguals perceive stop voicing according to language mode? Journal of Phonetics, 40(4), 582–594.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, W. & Trofimovich, P. (2005). Interaction of native- and second-language vowel system(s) in early and late bilinguals. Language and Speech, 48(1), 1–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barlow, J. A. (2014). Age of acquisition and allophony in Spanish-English bilinguals. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Best, C. T. & Tyler, M. D. (2007). Nonnative and second-language speech perception: Commonalities and complementarities. In Bohn, O.-S. & Munro, M. J., eds., Language Experience in Second Language Speech Learning: In Honor of James Emil Flege, Vol. 17. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 13–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, E. K. & Copple, M. T. (2018). Constructing two phonological systems: A phonetic analysis of /p/, /t/, /k/ among early Spanish-English bilingual speakers. International Journal of Bilingualism, 22(1), 51–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruggeman, L. (2016). Nativeness, dominance, and the flexibility of listening to spoken language. [Doctoral dissertation, Western Sydney University].Google Scholar
Bruggeman, L. & Cutler, A. (2020). No L1 privilege in talker adaptation. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23(3), 681–693.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bullock, B. E. & Toribio, A. J. (2009). Trying to hit a moving target: On the sociophonetics of code-switching. In Isurin, L., Winford, D., & deBot, K., eds., Studies in Bilingualism, Vol. 41. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 189–206.Google Scholar
Canseco-Gonzalez, E., Brehm, L., Brick, C. A., et al. (2010). Carpet or cárcel: The effect of age of acquisition and language mode on bilingual lexical access. Language and Cognitive Processes, 25(5), 669–705.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caramazza, A., Yeni-Komshian, G. H., Zurif, E. B., & Carbone, E. (1973). The acquisition of a new phonological contrast: The case of stop consonants in French-English bilinguals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 54(2), 421–428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casillas, J. V. (2021). Interlingual interactions elicit performance mismatches not “compromise” categories in early bilinguals: Evidence from meta-analysis and coronal stops. Languages, 9(6), 1–20.Google Scholar
Casillas, J. V. & Simonet, M. (2016). Production and perception of the English /æ/–/a/ contrast in switched-dominance speakers. Second Language Research, 32(2), 171–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casillas, J. V. & Simonet, M. (2018). Perceptual categorization and bilingual language modes: Assessing the double phonemic boundary in early and late bilinguals. Journal of Phonetics, 71, 51–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, L., Johnson, K., & Babel, M. (2020). Lexically-guided perceptual learning in early Cantonese-English bilinguals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 147(3), EL277–EL282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chang, C. B. (2012). Rapid and multifaceted effects of second-language learning on first-language speech production. Journal of Phonetics, 40(2), 249–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, C. B. (2019). The phonetics of second language learning and bilingualism. In Katz, W. F. and Assmann, P. F., eds., The Routledge Handbook of Phonetics. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 427–447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, C. B., Yao, Y., Haynes, E. F., & Rhodes, R. (2011). Production of phonetic and phonological contrast by heritage speakers of Mandarin. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 129(6), 3964–3980.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chevrot, J.-P. & Ghimenton, A. (2018). Bilingualism and bidialectalism. In De Houwer, A. & Ortega, L., eds., The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingualism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 510–523.Google Scholar
Cutler, A., Burchfield, L. A., & Antoniou, M. (2019). A critical interlocutor tally for successful talker adaptation? In Calhoun, S., Escudero, P., Tabain, M., & Warren, P., eds., Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS 2019). Canberra: Australasian Speech Science and Technology Association, pp. 1485–1489.Google Scholar
Drozdova, P., Van Hout, R., & Scharenborg, O. (2016). Lexically-guided perceptual learning in non-native listening. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(5), 914–920.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisner, F. & McQueen, J. M. (2006). Perceptual learning in speech: Stability over time. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 119(4), 1950–1953.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ettlinger, M. (2007). An exemplar-based model of chain shifts. In Trouvain, J. & Barry, W. J., eds., Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of the Phonetic Science. Dudweiler: Pirrot, pp. 685–688.Google Scholar
Flege, J. E. (1987). The production of “new” and “similar” phones in a foreign language: Evidence for the effect of equivalence classification. Journal of Phonetics, 15(1), 47–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flege, J. E. (1995). Second-language speech learning: Theory, findings, and problems. In Strange, W., ed., Speech Perception and Linguistic Experience: Issues in Cross-Language Research. Timonium, MD: York Press, pp. 229–273.Google Scholar
Flege, J. E. & Bohn, O.-S. (2021). The revised Speech Learning Model. In Wayland, R., ed., Second Language Speech Learning: Theoretical and Empirical Progress. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 3–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flege, J. E. & Liu, S. (2001). The effect of experience on adults’ acquisition of a second language. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 23(4), 527–552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flege, J. E., Munro, M. J., & MacKay, I. R. (1995). Effects of age of second-language learning on the production of English consonants. Speech Communication, 16(1), 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flege, J. E., Yeni-Komshian, G. H., & Liu, S. (1999). Age constraints on second-language acquisition. Journal of Memory and Language, 41(1), 78–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fricke, M., Kroll, J. F., & Dussias, P. E. (2016). Phonetic variation in bilingual speech: A lens for studying the production–comprehension link. Journal of Memory and Language, 89, 110–137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garcia-Sierra, A., Diehl, R. L., & Champlin, C. (2009). Testing the double phonemic boundary in bilinguals. Speech Communication, 51(4), 369–378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
García-Sierra, A., Ramírez-Esparza, N., Silva-Pereyra, J., Siard, J., & Champlin, C. A. (2012). Assessing the double phonemic representation in bilingual speakers of Spanish and English: An electrophysiological study. Brain and Language, 121(3), 194–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gertken, L. M., Amengual, M., & Birdsong, D. (2014). Assessing language dominance with the bilingual language profile. In Leclercq, P., Edmonds, A., & Hilton, H., eds., Measuring L2 proficiency: Perspectives from SLA. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters, pp. 208–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldinger, S. D. (1996). Words and voices: Episodic traces in spoken word identification and recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22(5), 1166–1183.Google ScholarPubMed
Goldinger, S. D. (1998). Echoes of echoes? An episodic theory of lexical access. Psychological Review, 105(2), 251–279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gonzales, K. & Lotto, A. J. (2013). A bafri, un pafri: Bilinguals’ pseudoword identifications support language-specific phonetic systems. Psychological Science, 24(11), 2135–2142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grosjean, F. (1998). Transfer and language mode. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1(3), 175–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grosjean, F. (2008). Studying Bilinguals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guion, S. G. (2003). The vowel systems of Quichua-Spanish bilinguals. Phonetica, 60(2), 98–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gullifer, J. W. & Titone, D. (2020). Characterizing the social diversity of bilingualism using language entropy. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23(2), 283–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrington, J., Kleber, F., Reubold, U., Schiel, F., & Stevens, M. (2018). Linking cognitive and social aspects of sound change using agent-based modeling. Topics in Cognitive Science, 10(4), 707–728.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrington, J. & Schiel, F. (2017). /u/-fronting and agent-based modeling: The relationship between the origin and spread of sound change. Language, 93(2), 414–445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hay, J., Warren, P., & Drager, K. (2006). Factors influencing speech perception in the context of a merger-in-progress. Journal of Phonetics, 34(4), 458–484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henriksen, N., Coetzee, A. W., García-Amaya, L., & Fischer, M. (2021). Exploring language dominance through code-switching: Intervocalic voiced stop lenition in Afrikaans–Spanish bilinguals. Phonetica, 78(3), 201–240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hintzman, D. L. (1986). Schema abstraction in a multiple-trace memory model. Psychological Review, 93(4), 411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, J. (2005). Using Māori English in New Zealand. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 172, 91–115.Google Scholar
Jesse, A. (2021). Sentence context guides phonetic retuning to speaker idiosyncrasies. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 47(1), 184.Google ScholarPubMed
Jiang, N. & Forster, K. I. (2001). Cross-language priming asymmetries in lexical decision and episodic recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 44(1), 32–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, K. (1997). Speech perception without speaker normalization: An exemplar model. In Johnson, K. & Mullennix, J., eds., Talker Variability in Speech Processing. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 145–165.Google Scholar
Johnson, K. A. & Babel, M. (2023). Language contact within the speaker: Phonetic variation and crosslinguistic influence. Language and Speech, 0(0), 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/00238309231182592.Google Scholar
Jusczyk, P. W. (1993). From general to language-specific capacities: The WRAPSA model of how speech perception develops. Journal of Phonetics, 21(1–2), 3–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, D., Clayards, M., & Goad, H. (2018). A longitudinal study of individual differences in the acquisition of new vowel contrasts. Journal of Phonetics, 67, 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraljic, T. & Samuel, A. G. (2007). Perceptual adjustments to multiple speakers. Journal of Memory and Language, 56(1), 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maclagan, M., King, J., & Gillon, G. (2008). Māori English. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 22(8), 658–670.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacLeod, A. A. N., Stoel-Gammon, C., & Wassink, A. B. (2009). Production of high vowels in Canadian English and Canadian French: A comparison of early bilingual and monolingual speakers. Journal of Phonetics, 37(4), 374–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Major, R. C. (1992). Losing English as a first language. Modern Language Journal, 76(2), 190–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marian, V. & Hayakawa, S. (2021). Measuring bilingualism: The quest for a “bilingualism quotient.” Applied Psycholinguistics, 42(2), 527–548.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marslen-Wilson, W. D. (1984). Function and process in spoken word recognition. In Bouma, H. & Bouwhuis, D. G., eds., Attention and Performance: Control of Language Processes. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 125–150.Google Scholar
Marslen-Wilson, W. D. (1987). Functional parallelism in spoken word-recognition. Cognition, 25(1–2), 71–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McClelland, J. L. & Elman, J. L. (1986). The trace model of speech perception. Cognitive Psychology, 18(1), 1–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McQueen, J. M., Cutler, A., & Norris, D. (2006). Phonological abstraction in the mental lexicon. Cognitive Science, 30(6), 1113–1126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mennen, I., Scobbie, J. M., de Leeuw, E., Schaeffler, S., & Schaeffler, F. (2010). Measuring language-specific phonetic settings. Second Language Research, 26(1), 13–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mesgarani, N., Cheung, C., Johnson, K., & Chang, E. F. (2014). Phonetic feature encoding in human superior temporal gyrus. Science, 343(6174), 1006–1010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montrul, S. & Foote, R. (2014). Age of acquisition interactions in bilingual lexical access: A study of the weaker language of L2 learners and heritage speakers. International Journal of Bilingualism, 18(3), 274–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, D. (1994). Shortlist: A connectionist model of continuous speech recognition. Cognition, 52(3), 189–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, D., McQueen, J. M., & Cutler, A. (2003). Perceptual learning in speech. Cognitive Psychology, 47(2), 204–238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nosofsky, R. M. (1986). Attention, similarity, and the identification–categorization relationship. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115(1), 39–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nosofsky, R. M. (1992). Similarity scaling and cognitive process models. Annual Review of Psychology, 43(1), 25–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olson, D. J. (2016). The role of code-switching and language context in bilingual phonetic transfer. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 46(3), 263–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pallier, C., Colomé, A., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2001). The influence of native-language phonology on lexical access: Exemplar-based versus abstract lexical entries. Psychological Science, 12(6), 445–449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palmeri, T. J., Goldinger, S. D., & Pisoni, D. B. (1993). Episodic encoding of voice attributes and recognition memory for spoken words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19(2), 309–328.Google ScholarPubMed
Pierrehumbert, J. B. (2001). Exemplar dynamics: Word frequency, lenition, and contrast. In Bybee, J. & Hopper, P. J., eds., Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 137–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierrehumbert, J. B. (2002). Word-specific phonetics. In Gussenhoven, C. & Warner, N., eds., Laboratory Phonology 7. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 101–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierrehumbert, J. B. (2003). Phonetic diversity, statistical learning, and acquisition of phonology. Language and Speech, 46(2–3), 115–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pierrehumbert, J. B. (2016). Phonological representation: Beyond abstract versus episodic. Annual Review of Linguistics, 2, 33–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reinisch, E., Weber, A., & Mitterer, H. (2013). Listeners retune phoneme categories across languages. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 39(1), 75–86.Google Scholar
Samuel, A. G. (2016). Lexical representations are malleable for about one second: Evidence for the non-automaticity of perceptual recalibration. Cognitive Psychology, 88, 88–114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Samuel, A. G. (2020). Psycholinguists should resist the allure of linguistic units as perceptual units. Journal of Memory and Language, 111, 104070.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuel, A. G. & Frost, R. (2015). Lexical support for phonetic perception during nonnative spoken word recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22(6), 1746–1752.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sancier, M. L. & Fowler, C. A. (1997). Gestural drift in a bilingual speaker of Brazilian Portuguese and English. Journal of Phonetics, 25(4), 421–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simonet, M. (2011). Production of a Catalan-specific vowel contrast by early Spanish-Catalan bilinguals. Phonetica, 68(1–2), 88–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simonet, M. (2014). Phonetic consequences of dynamic cross-linguistic interference in proficient bilinguals. Journal of Phonetics, 43, 26–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simonet, M. & Amengual, M. (2020). Increased language co-activation leads to enhanced cross-linguistic phonetic convergence. International Journal of Bilingualism, 24(2), 208–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sjerps, M. J., Fox, N. P., Johnson, K., & Chang, E. F. (2019). Speaker-normalized sound representations in the human auditory cortex. Nature Communications, 10(1), 1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skousen, R. (1989). Analogical Modeling of Language. New York: Springer Science & Business Media.Google Scholar
Soo, R. & Monahan, P. J. (2023). Language dominance and order of acquisition affect auditory translation priming in heritage speakers. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 76(2), 284–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soo, R., Sidiqi, A., Shah, M., & Monahan, P. J. (2020). Lexical bias in second language perception: Word position, age of arrival, and native language phonology. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 148(4), EL326–EL332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sóskuthy, M. (2015). Understanding change through stability: A computational study of sound change actuation. Lingua, 163, 40–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sumner, M., Kim, S. K., King, E., & McGowan, K. B. (2014). The socially weighted encoding of spoken words: A dual-route approach to speech perception. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 1015.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sundara, M., Polka, L., & Baum, S. (2006). Production of coronal stops by simultaneous bilingual adults. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9(1), 97–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szakay, A. (2012). Voice quality as a marker of ethnicity in New Zealand: From acoustics to perception. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 16(3), 382–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szakay, A., Babel, M., & King, J. (2016). Social categories are shared across bilinguals’ lexicons. Journal of Phonetics, 59, 92–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Todd, S., Pierrehumbert, J. B., & Hay, J. (2019). Word frequency effects in sound change as a consequence of perceptual asymmetries: An exemplar-based model. Cognition, 185, 1-20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tupper, P. F. (2015). Exemplar dynamics and sound merger in language. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics Journal on Applied Mathematics, 75(4), 1469–1492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weber, A. & Scharenborg, O. (2012). Models of spoken-word recognition. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 3(3), 387–401.Google ScholarPubMed
Wedel, A. (2006). Exemplar models, evolution and language change. Linguistic Review, 23(3), 247–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wedel, A. (2012). Lexical contrast maintenance and the organization of sublexical contrast systems. Language and Cognition, 4(4), 319–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wedel, A. & Fatkullin, I. (2017). Category competition as a driver of category contrast. Journal of Language Evolution, 2(1), 77–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wells, J. C. (1982). Accents of English: An Introduction, Vol. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, I. & Gick, B. (2014). Bilinguals use language-specific articulatory settings. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 57(2), 361–373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yao, Y. & Chang, C. B. (2016). On the cognitive basis of contact-induced sound change: Vowel merger reversal in Shanghainese. Language, 92(2), 433–467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zheng, Y. & Samuel, A. G. (2017). Does seeing an Asian face make speech sound more accented? Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 79(6), 1841–1859.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×