Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T06:48:43.064Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

9 - From Perception to Action: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Influences on Age Differences in Attention

from Part II - Mechanisms of Cognitive Aging

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 May 2020

By
Cindy Lustig  and
Hyesue Jang
Edited by
Ayanna K. Thomas  and
Angela Gutchess
Ayanna K. Thomas
Affiliation:
Tufts University, Massachusetts
Angela Gutchess
Affiliation:
Brandeis University, Massachusetts
Get access

Summary

Discussions of age differences in attention often start with the heuristic that older adults show reductions in top-down, goal-driven controlled attention compared to young adults, but relatively preserved bottom-up, stimulus-driven, and more automatic attentional functions. However, age differences in sensorimotor function can reduce the bottom-up salience of environmental stimuli. This can in turn lead to seemingly paradoxical findings of larger age-related deficits in very simple tasks that rely almost entirely on bottom-up attention than those that make moderate, but still-achievable, demands on top-down attention, and thus present opportunities for compensation. We suggest that just as attention represents the interplay of sensory and cognitive function, some of the most interesting and important age differences in attention occur at the interplay of top-down and bottom-up processes. New directions for the field include an increasing emphasis on the additional interplay between cognitive and motivational processes, and their physiological basis.

Keywords

acetylcholineattentional effortdistractiondopamineenvironmental supportfrontoparietalGABAinformation degradation hypothesisinhibitionnorepinephrineperceptual tuningsensorimotorvigilance
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Cognitive Aging
A Life Course Perspective
 , pp. 161 - 178
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Andrews-Hanna, J. R., Snyder, A. Z., Vincent, J. L., et al. (2007). Disruption of large-scale brain systems in advanced aging. Neuron, 56(5), 924–935. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.10.038Google Scholar
Berry, A. S., Blakely, R. D., Sarter, M., & Lustig, C. (2015). Cholinergic capacity mediates prefrontal engagement during challenges to attention: Evidence from imaging genetics. NeuroImage, 108, 386–395. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.12.036CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berry, A. S., Demeter, E., Sabhapathy, S., et al. (2014). Disposed to distraction: Genetic variation in the cholinergic system influences distractibility but not time-on-task effects. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 26(9), 1981–1991. https://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00607CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, A. S., Sarter, M., & Lustig, C. (2017). Distinct frontoparietal networks underlying attentional effort and cognitive control. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 29(7), 1212–1225. https://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01112Google Scholar
Berry, A. S., Shah, V. D., & Jagust, W. J. (2018). The influence of dopamine on cognitive flexibility is mediated by functional connectivity in young but not older adults. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 30(9), 1330–1344. https://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01286CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birdi, K. S., & Zapf, D. (1997). Age differences in reactions to errors in computer-based work. Behaviour and Information Technology, 16(6), 309–319. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/014492997119716CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, S. W., & Perreault, S. T. (2017). Relation between temporal perception and inhibitory control in the Go/No-Go task. Acta Psychologica, 173, 87–93. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.12.004Google Scholar
Carstensen, L. L. (1995). Evidence for a life-span theory of socioemotional selectivity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4(5), 151–156. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep11512261CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carstensen, L. L., & DeLiema, M. (2018). The positivity effect: A negativity bias in youth fades with age. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 19, 7–12. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.07.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charles, S. T. (2010). Strength and vulnerability integration: A model of emotional well-being across adulthood. Psychological Bulletin, 136(6), 1068–1091. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0021232CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chauvin, J. J., Gillebert, C. R., Rohenkohl, G., Humphreys, G. W., & Nobre, A. C. (2016). Temporal orienting of attention can be preserved in normal aging. Psychology and Aging, 31(5), 442–455. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pag0000105CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christoff, K., Gordon, A. M., Smallwood, J., Smith, R., & Schooler, J. W. (2009). Experience sampling during fMRI reveals default network and executive system contributions to mind wandering. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 106(21), 8719–8724. https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900234106Google Scholar
Cooper, J. A., Blanco, N. J., & Maddox, W. T. (2017). Framing matters: Effects of framing on older adults’ exploratory decision-making. Psychology and Aging, 32(1), 60–68. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pag0000146CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corbetta, M., Patel, G., & Shulman, G. L. (2008). The reorienting system of the human brain: From environment to theory of mind. Neuron, 58(3), 306–324 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.017Google Scholar
Craik, F. I. M., & Byrd, M. (1982). Aging and cognitive deficits: The role of attentional resources. In Craik, F. I. M. & Trehub, S. (Eds.), Aging and cognitive processes (Advances in the study of communication and affect) (Vol. 8, pp. 199–211). Boston, MA: Springer.Google Scholar
Cronin-Golomb, A., Gilmore, G. C., Neargarder, S., Morrison, S. R., & Laudate, T. M. (2007). Enhanced stimulus strength improves visual cognition in aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Cortex, 43(7), 952–966. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70693-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Damoiseaux, J. S., Beckmann, C. F., Arigita, E. J. S., et al. (2008). Reduced resting-state brain activity in the “default network” in normal aging. Cerebral Cortex, 18(8), 1856–1864. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhm207CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, S. W., Dennis, N. A., Daselaar, S. M., Fleck, M. S., & Cabeza, R. (2008). Que PASA? The posterior-anterior shift in aging. Cerebral Cortex, 18(5), 1201–1209. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhm155Google Scholar
Demeter, E., Hernandez-Garcia, L., Sarter, M., & Lustig, C. (2011). Challenges to attention: A continuous arterial spin labeling (ASL) study of the effects of distraction on sustained attention. NeuroImage, 54(2), 1518–1529. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.09.026CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dumas, J. A., & Newhouse, P. A. (2011). The cholinergic hypothesis of cognitive aging revisited again: Cholinergic functional compensation. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 99(2), 254–261. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2011.02.022Google Scholar
Fabiani, M. (2012). It was the best of times, it was the worst of times: A psychophysiologist’s view of cognitive aging. Psychophysiology, 49(3), 283–304. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01331.xGoogle Scholar
Ford, J. M., Roth, W. T., Isaacks, B. G., et al. (1995). Elderly men and women are less responsive to startling noises – N1, P3 and blink evidence. Biological Psychology, 39(2–3), 57–80. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-0511(94)00959-2Google Scholar
Ford, J. M., Roth, W. T., Isaacks, B. G., et al. (1997). Automatic and effortful processing in aging and dementia: Event-related brain potentials. Neurobiology of Aging, 18(2), 169–180. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0197-4580(96)00072-3Google Scholar
Giambra, L. M. (1989). Task-unrelated thought frequency as a function of age: A laboratory study. Psychology and Aging, 4(2), 136–143. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.4.2.136CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grady, C. L., Springer, M. V., Hongwanishkul, D., McIntosh, A. R., & Winocur, G. (2006). Age-related changes in brain activity across the adult lifespan. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(2), 227–241. https://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.2.227Google Scholar
Gutchess, A., & Samanez-Larkin, G. R. (2019). Social function and motivation in the aging brain. In Samanez-Larkin, G. (Ed.), The aging brain: Functional adaptation across adulthood (pp. 165–184). Washington: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1979). Automatic and effortful processes in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108(3), 356–388. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.108.3.356Google Scholar
Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1988). Working memory, comprehension, and aging: A review and a new view. In Bower, G. H. (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 22, pp. 193–225). San Diego: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Heideman, S. G., Rohenkohl, G., & Chauvin, J. J., et al. (2018). Anticipatory neural dynamics of spatial-temporal orienting of attention in younger and older adults. NeuroImage, 178, 46–56. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.002Google Scholar
Henry, J. D., MacLeod, M. S., Phillips, L. H., & Crawford, J. D. (2004). A meta-analytic review of prospective memory and aging. Psychology and Aging, 19(1), 27–39. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.19.1.27Google Scholar
Hess, T. M., Smith, B. T., & Sharifian, N. (2016). Aging and effort expenditure: The impact of subjective perceptions of task demands. Psychology and Aging, 31(7), 653–660. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pag0000127CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, W. ([1890]1950). The principles of psychology. New York: Dover Publications.Google Scholar
Jang, H., & Lustig, C. (2019). Losing money and motivation: Effects of loss incentives on motivation and metacognition in younger and older adults. PsyArXiv Preprints. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/uwb7vGoogle Scholar
Jennings, J. M., & Jacoby, L. L. (1993). Automatic versus intentional uses of memory: Aging, attention, and control. Psychology and Aging, 8(2), 283–293. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.8.2.283CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kennedy, B. L., & Mather, M. (2019). Neural mechanisms underlying age-related changes in attentional selectivity. In Samanez-Larkin, G. (Ed.), The aging brain: Functional adaptation across adulthood (pp. 45–72). Washington: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Kim, K., Bohnen, N., Mueller, M., & Lustig, C. (2019). Compensatory dopaminergic-cholinergic interactions in conflict processing: Evidence from patients with Parkinson’s disease. NeuroImage, 190, 94–106. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.01.021Google Scholar
La Fleur, C. G., Meyer, M. J., & Dodson, C. (2018). Exploring dedifferentiation across the adult lifespan. Psychology and Aging, 33(5), 855–870. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pag0000274Google Scholar
Lalwani, P. S., Gagnon, H., Cassady, K., et al. (2019). Neural distinctiveness declines with age in auditory cortex and is associated with auditory GABA levels, 201, p. 116033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116033Google Scholar
Lee, S. J. (2018). The relationship between hearing impairment and cognitive function in middle-aged and older adults: A meta-analysis. Communication Sciences and Disorders, 23(2), 378–391. https://dx.doi.org/10.12963/csd.18492Google Scholar
Li, S. C., & Rieckmann, A. (2014). Neuromodulation and aging: Implications of aging neuronal gain control on cognition. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 29, 148–158. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2014.07.009Google Scholar
Lin, Z., Berry, A. S., & Lustig, C. (submitted). Don’t pay attention! Paradoxical effects of incentive on attention and mind-wandering in older adults.Google Scholar
Lindenberger, U., & Mayr, U. (2014). Cognitive aging: Is there a dark side to environmental support? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(1), 7–15. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.10.006Google Scholar
Lustig, C. (2003). Grandfather’s clock: Attention and interval timing in older adults. In Meck, W. H. (Ed.), Functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing (pp. 261–293). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203009574.ch10Google Scholar
Lustig, C., & Jantz, T. (2015). Questions of age differences in interference control: When and how, not if? Brain Research, 1612, 59–69. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2014.10.024Google Scholar
Lustig., C., & Sarter, M. (2016). Attention and the cholinergic system: Relevance to schizophrenia. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, 28, 327–362. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7854_2015_5009hCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lustig, C., Snyder, A. Z., Bhakta, M., et al. (2003). Functional deactivations: Change with age and dementia of the Alzheimer type. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 100(24), 14504–14509. https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2235925100Google Scholar
Madden, D. J. (2007). Aging and visual attention. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(2), 70–74. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00478.xGoogle Scholar
Madden, D. J., Parks, E. L., Tallman, C. W., et al. (2017). Frontoparietal activation during visual conjunction search: Effects of bottom-up guidance and adult age. Human Brain Mapping, 38(4), 2128–2149. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23509Google Scholar
Madden, D. J., Spaniol, J., Bucur, B., & Whiting, W. L. (2007). Age-related increase in top-down activation of visual features. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60(5), 644–651. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210601154347CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madden, D. J., Whiting, W. L., Provenzale, J. M., & Huettel, S. A. (2004). Age-related changes in neural activity during visual target detection measured by fMRI. Cerebral Cortex, 14(2), 143–155. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhg113Google Scholar
Mather, M. (2016). The affective neuroscience of aging. Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 213–238. https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033540Google Scholar
Mather, M., & Harley, C. W. (2016). The locus coeruleus: Essential for maintaining cognitive function and the aging brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(3), 214–226. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.01.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayr, U., Spieler, D. H., & Hutcheon, T. G. (2015). When and why do old adults outsource control to the environment? Psychology and Aging, 30(3), 624–633. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0039466CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monge, Z. A., Geib, B. R., Siciliano, R. E., et al. (2017). Functional modular architecture underlying attentional control in aging. NeuroImage, 155, 257–270. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.05.002Google Scholar
Monge, Z. A., & Madden, D. J. (2016). Linking cognitive and visual perceptual decline in healthy aging: The information degradation hypothesis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 69, 166–173. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.031Google Scholar
Park, J., Carp, J., Kennedy, K. M., et al. (2012). Neural broadening or neural attenuation? Investigating age-related dedifferentiation in the face network in a large lifespan sample. Journal of Neuroscience, 32(6), 2154–2158. https://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.4494-11.2012Google Scholar
Persson, J., Lustig, C., Nelson, J. K., & Reuter-Lorenz, P. A. (2007). Age differences in deactivation: A link to cognitive control? Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19(6), 1021–1032. https://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.6.1021Google Scholar
Poldrack, R. A., Kittur, A., Kalar, D. J., et al. (2011). The Cognitive Atlas: Toward a knowledge foundation for cognitive neuroscience. Frontiers in Neuroinformatics, 5, 17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fninf.2011.00017Google Scholar
Porto, F. H. G., Tusch, E. S., Fox, A. M., et al. (2016). One of the most well-established age-related changes in neural activity disappears after controlling for visual acuity. NeuroImage, 130, 115–122. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.01.035Google Scholar
Raz, N., & Lindenberger, U. (2011). Only time will tell: Cross-sectional studies offer no solution to the age–brain–cognition triangle: Comment on Salthouse (2011). Psychological Bulletin, 137(5), 790–795. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0024503Google Scholar
Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., & Cappell, K. A. (2008). Neurocognitive aging and the compensation hypothesis. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(3), 177–182. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00570.xGoogle Scholar
Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., & Lustig, C. (2005). Brain aging: Reorganizing discoveries about the aging mind. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 15(2), 245–251. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2005.03.016CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., & Park, D. C. (2014). How does it STAC up? Revisiting the scaffolding theory of aging and cognition. Neuropsychology Review, 24(3), 355–370. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11065-014-9270-9Google Scholar
Roper, Z. J. J., Vecera, S. P., & Vaidya, J. G. (2014). Value-driven attentional capture in adolescence. Psychological Science, 25(11), 1987–1993. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797614545654Google Scholar
Rugg, M. D. (2016). Interpreting age-related differences in memory-related neural activity. In Cabeza, R., Nyberg, L., & Park, D. C. (Eds.), Cognitive neuroscience of aging: Linking cognitive and cerebral aging (pp. 183–204). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Samanez-Larkin, G. R., & Knutson, B. (2015). Decision making in the ageing brain: Changes in affective and motivational circuits. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(5), 278–289. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3917CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmitt, H., Ferdinand, N. K., & Kray, J. (2015). The influence of monetary incentives on context processing in younger and older adults: An event-related potential study. Cognitive Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 15(2), 416–434. https://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13415-015-0335-xGoogle Scholar
Schmitt, H., Kray, J., & Ferdinand, N. K. (2017). Does the effort of processing potential incentives influence the adaption of context updating in older adults? Frontiers in Psychology, 8. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01969CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, S. B., Ram, N., Smyth, J. M., Almeida, D. M., & Sliwinski, M. J. (2017). Age differences in negative emotional responses to daily stressors depend on time since event. Developmental Psychology, 53(1), 177–190. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dev0000257Google Scholar
Staub, B., Doignon-Camus, N., Bacon, E., & Bonnefond, A. (2014a). The effects of aging on sustained attention ability: An ERP study. Psychology and Aging, 29(3), 684–695. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037067Google Scholar
Staub, B., Doignon-Camus, N., Bacon, E., & Bonnefond, A. (2014b). Investigating sustained attention ability in the elderly by using two different approaches: Inhibiting ongoing behavior versus responding on rare occasions. Acta Psychologica, 146, 51–57. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.12.003Google Scholar
Staub, B., Doignon-Camus, N., Marques-Carneiro, J. E., Bacon, E., & Bonnefond, A. (2015). Age-related differences in the use of automatic and controlled processes in a situation of sustained attention. Neuropsychologia, 75, 607–616. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.07.021Google Scholar
Stevens, W. D., Hasher, L., Chiew, K. S., & Grady, C. L. (2008). A neural mechanism underlying memory failure in older adults. Journal of Neuroscience, 28(48), 12820–12824. https://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2622-08.2008Google Scholar
Turgeon, M., Lustig, C., & Meck, W. H. (2016). Cognitive aging and time perception: Roles of Bayesian optimization and degeneracy. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 8. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2010.00102Google Scholar
Westbrook, A., Kester, D., & Braver, T. S. (2013). What is the subjective cost of cognitive effort? Load, trait, and aging effects revealed by economic preference. PLoS One, 8(7). https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068210Google Scholar
Williams, R. S., Biel, A. L., Dyson, B. J., & Spaniol, J. (2017). Age differences in gain- and loss-motivated attention. Brain and Cognition, 111, 171–181. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2016.12.003Google Scholar
Williams, R. S., Kudus, F., Dyson, B. J., & Spaniol, J. (2018). Transient and sustained incentive effects on electrophysiological indices of cognitive control in younger and older adults. Cognitive Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 18(2), 313–330. https://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13415-018-0571-yGoogle Scholar
Wood, J., Chaparro, A., Anstey, K., et al. (2010). Simulated visual impairment leads to cognitive slowing in older adults. Optometry and Vision Science, 87(12), 1037–1043. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0b013e3181fe64d7Google Scholar
Yee, D. M., & Braver, T. S. (2018). Interactions of motivation and cognitive control. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 19, 83–90. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.11.009Google Scholar
Zhuang, J., Madden, D. J., Duong-Fernandez, X., et al. (2018). Language processing in age-related macular degeneration associated with unique functional connectivity signatures in the right hemisphere. Neurobiology of Aging, 63, 65–74. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.11.003Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×