Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Introduction
- 1 The Liao
- 2 The Hsi Hsia
- 3 The Chin dynasty
- 4 The rise of the Mongolian empire and Mongolian rule in north China
- 5 The reign of Khubilai khan
- 6 Mid-Yüan politics
- 7 Shun-ti and the end of Yüan rule in China
- 8 The Yüan government and society
- 9 Chinese society under Mongol rule, 1215–1368
- Bibliographical essays
- Bibliography
- Glossary-Index
- MAP 7. The Liao empire, ca. 1045
- MAP 12. The Hsi Hsia state, IIII
- Map 17. The Chin empire
- MAP 32. The Yüan empire">
- References
9 - Chinese society under Mongol rule, 1215–1368
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 March 2008
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Introduction
- 1 The Liao
- 2 The Hsi Hsia
- 3 The Chin dynasty
- 4 The rise of the Mongolian empire and Mongolian rule in north China
- 5 The reign of Khubilai khan
- 6 Mid-Yüan politics
- 7 Shun-ti and the end of Yüan rule in China
- 8 The Yüan government and society
- 9 Chinese society under Mongol rule, 1215–1368
- Bibliographical essays
- Bibliography
- Glossary-Index
- MAP 7. The Liao empire, ca. 1045
- MAP 12. The Hsi Hsia state, IIII
- Map 17. The Chin empire
- MAP 32. The Yüan empire">
- References
Summary
THE MONGOLIAN PERIOD IN CHINESE HISTORY
The great khan (more properly, khaghan) Khubilai, who had taken that title denoting supreme rule of the Mongolian empire in 1260, took a further step at the end of the year 1271: He proclaimed that starting with the New Year, his government in China would be called the Great Yüan dynasty. He was acting on the advice of Chinese and sinified non-Chinese counselors, and his proclamation employed allusive wordings from Chinese tradition supplied by them. They devised the terminology to place the alien conquest dynasty within the traditions of Chinese statecraft, to express for him benevolent-sounding objectives vis-à-vis his Chinese subjects and their cultural traditions. That gave an appropriate mask to, but did not conceal, the fact that the Mongols had come into China to enrich themselves and sustain their military empire beyond China. They were under pressure to maintain their military and political superiority in China in order to exploit the resources of the world's largest and richest nation. They altered their approaches to that problem successively throughout the 150 years from Chinggis khan's early campaigns against the Jurchen Chin dynasty in 1215 until the Mongols were driven out of China in 1368. Khubilai khan's ceremonious adoption of Chinese dynastic forms in 1272 began the period of greatest Mongolian adaptation to Chinese influences on the patterns of government. Khubilai's long and illustrious reign also marked the fullest regularization of Yüan governing procedures.
Keywords
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Cambridge History of China , pp. 616 - 664Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 1994
References
“Mongolian princes and their merchant partners, 1200–1260.” Asia Major, 3rd series, 2 (1989), pt. 2.Google Scholar
“The Yüan dynasty and the Uighurs of Turfan in the 13th century.” In China among equals: The Middle Kingdom and its neighbors, 10th–14th centuries, ed. . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Mongol imperialism: The policies of the Grand Qan Möngke in China, Russia, and the Islamic lands, 1251–1259. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987.
(). Legitimation in imperial China: Discussions under the Jurchen–Chin dynasty (1115–1234). Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1984.
. Western and Central Asians in China under the Mongols: Their transformation into Chinese. Trans. and . Monumenta Serica Monograph no. 15. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966.
. Shih chia chai yang hsin lu. Pref. 1799. Shanghai: Shang-wu yin-shu kuan, 1935; repr. 1957.
, Tan-mach'ih chiin k'ao, Yuan ihib lun ti'ung, 2 (1983)
. “Government artisans of the Yüan dynasty.” In Chinese social history: Translations of selected studies, trans. and ed. and . Washington, D.C.: American Council of Learned Societies, 1956.Google Scholar
Chinese theater in the days of Kublai khan. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1980.
Conquerors and Confucians: Aspects of political change in late Yüan China. New York: Columbia University Press, 1973.
“Historiography as politics and Yang Wei-chen's ‘Polemic on legitimate succession’.” T'oung Pao, 59 (1983).Google Scholar
. “Merchant associations in Yüan China: The ortogh.” Asia Major, 3rd series, 2 (1989).Google Scholar
. Daily life in China on the eve of the Mongol invasion, 1250–1276. Trans. . New York: Macmillan, 1962.
Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol impact on medieval Russian history. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985.
, comp. Yüan ch'ao shih. 2 vols. Peking: Jen-min ch'u-pan she, 1986.
Crime and punishment in medieval Chinese drama: Three Judge Pao plays. Harvard East Asian Monographs no. 82. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978.
. Studies on the population of China, 1368–1953. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959.
. “An estimate of the total population of Sung-Chin China.” In Études Song in memoriam Étienne Balázs, Ist series, no. I, ed. . Paris: Mouton and École pratique des hautes études, 1970.Google Scholar
. Yüan tai shih hsin t'an. Taipei: Hsin wen-feng ch'u-pan kung-ssu, 1983.
. “Yüan tai te ju hu: Ju shih ti wei yen chin shih shang te i chang.” Tung fang wen hua, 16 (1978). Repr. in , Yüan tai shih hsin t'an. Taipei: Hsin wen-feng ch'u-pan kung-ssu, 1983.Google Scholar
. The military establishment of the Yüan dynasty. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978.
. Yüan tai hu chi chih tu yen chiu. Taipei: Kuo-li T'ai-wan ta-hsüeh wen-hsüeh yüan, 1977.
. Taxation and governmental finance in sixteenth-century Ming China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974.
, and . Chinese theater 1100–1450: A source book. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1982.
, Yuan tai she hut ching chi shih kao (Wuhan, 1985)
, ed. China under Mongol rule. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981.
. “Southern Chinese scholars and educational institutions in early Yüan: Some preliminary remarks.” In China under Mongol rule, ed. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981.Google Scholar
“Confucian eremitism in the Yüan period.” In The Confucian persuasion, ed. . Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1960.Google Scholar
, and , eds. The Ming dynasty, 1368–1644, pt. 1, vol. 7 of The Cambridge history of China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
. “Turks in China under the Mongols: A preliminary investigation of Turco-Mongol relations in the 13th and 14th centuries.” In China among equals: The Middle Kingdom and its neighbors, 10th–14th centuries, ed. . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1983.Google Scholar
. “Yeh-lü Ch'u-ts'ai (1189–1243): Buddhist idealist and Confucian statesman.” In Confucian personalities, ed. and . Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1962.Google Scholar
. Urban networks in Ch'ing China and Tokugawa Japan. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1973.
and . Sō no shin bunka. Vol. 6 of Tōyō no reikishi, ed. . Kyoto: Jimbutsu ōraisha, 1967.Google Scholar
. The Mongols in China during the Hung-wu period. Mélanges Chinois et Bouddhiques no. 11. Bruges: L'Institut Belge des Hautes Études Chinoises, 1959.Google Scholar
. “Yüan tai te wen hsüeh yü she hui.” T'u shu yüeh k'an, 3 (1943). Repr. in Yüan shih lun ts'ung, 1 (1982).Google Scholar
. Sōdai shōgyōshi kenkyū. Tokyo: Kazama shobō, 1968.
. Commerce and society in Sung China. Trans. . Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan, 1970.
. “Sung foreign trade: Its scope and organization.” In China among equals: The Middle Kingdom and its neighbors, 10th–14th centuries, ed. . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1983.Google Scholar
. The golden age of Chinese drama: Yüan Tsa-chü. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1976.
Yuan tai she hut chieh chi chih tu (Peking, 1938)
. Meng-ku Han chün chi Han wen hua yen chiu. Taipei: Wen-hsing shu-tien, 1958.
et al., eds. Yüan shih. 15 vols. Peking: Chung-hua shu-chü, 1976 ed.
et al., eds., Chin shih (Peking, 1975)
“Mongol influence on the development of northern drama.” In China under Mongol rule, ed. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981.Google Scholar
. Yüan shih san lun. Peking: Jen-min ch'u-pan she, 1985.
. “Hu-pi-lieh p'ing Sung i hou te nan jen wen t'i.” In vol. 7 of Yao Ts'ung-wu hsien sheng ch'üan chi, ed. and . Taipei: Cheng-chung shu-chü, 1982.Google Scholar
. “Gen no shotei no bungaku”. In vol. 15 of Yoshikawa Kōjirō zenshū. Tokyo: Chikuma shobō, 1969.Google Scholar
. Gen zatsugeki kenkyū. Tokyo: Iwanami shoten, 1948; 2nd rev. ed. 1958. Trans. by as Yüan tsa chü yen chiu. Taipei: I-wen yin-shu kuan, 1960.
- 5
- Cited by