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8 - Ming China and the emerging world economy, c. 1470–1650

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

Denis C. Twitchett  and
Frederick W. Mote
By
William Atwell
Denis C. Twitchett
Affiliation:
Princeton University, New Jersey
William Atwell
Affiliation:
Hobart-William Smith College
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Summary

INTRODUCTION

During the Sung (A.D. 960–1279) and early Yüan (1279–c. 1320) dynasties, China's agricultural and industrial production, its domestic commerce, and its economic contacts with the “outside world” all expanded dramatically, reaching levels that far surpassed anything known in earlier periods of Chinese history. In recent years, William H. McNeill, Janet L. Abu-Lughod, and F.W. Mote have been among those who have argued that these developments not only had a profound effect on Chinese civilization, but on that of much of the rest of Eurasia. As Professor McNeill has put it,

“New wealth arising among a hundred million Chinese began to flow out across the seas [and significantly along caravan routes as well] and added new vigor and scope to market-related activity. Scores, hundreds, and perhaps thousands of vessels began to sail from port to port within the Sea of Japan and the South China Sea, the Indonesian Archipelago and the Indian Ocean. Most voyages were probably relatively short, and goods were reassorted at many different entrepôts along the way from original producer to ultimate consumer … [A]n increasing flow of commodities meant a great number of persons moving to and fro on shipboard or sitting in bazaars, chaffering over prices.”

By the time Marco Polo began his seventeen-year stay in China during the mid-1270s, this “increasing flow of commodities” meant that substantial quantities of Chinese raw silk, silk textiles, porcelains, and other goods were being carried by ship and caravan to other parts of Asia, to East Africa, and the Middle East, to the Mediterranean trading area, and even to the major markets of northwestern Europe.

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The Cambridge History of China , pp. 376 - 416
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1998

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