Book contents
- Causation in Competition Law Damages Actions
- Global Competition Law and Economics Policy
- Causation in Competition Law Damages Actions
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Acknowledgements
- Table of Cases
- Introduction
- 1 Causation in Competition Law
- 2 Causation Rules in National Courts
- 3 Causation in the European Union Competition Law and Decisions
- 4 Causal Uncertainty in Competition Law Damages Claims
- 5 Proof Rules of Causation
- 6 Proving the Uncertain Causation
- 7 Causation in Indirect and Secondary Antitrust Damages
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Index
- References
Bibliography
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 December 2019
Book contents
- Causation in Competition Law Damages Actions
- Global Competition Law and Economics Policy
- Causation in Competition Law Damages Actions
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Acknowledgements
- Table of Cases
- Introduction
- 1 Causation in Competition Law
- 2 Causation Rules in National Courts
- 3 Causation in the European Union Competition Law and Decisions
- 4 Causal Uncertainty in Competition Law Damages Claims
- 5 Proof Rules of Causation
- 6 Proving the Uncertain Causation
- 7 Causation in Indirect and Secondary Antitrust Damages
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Index
- References
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Causation in Competition Law Damages Actions , pp. 197 - 218Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2020
References
Primary Sources
ABA, Market Power Handbook: Competition Law and Economic Foundations (ABA Publishing, 2005).Google Scholar
Anderson, T, Schum, D and Twining, W, Analysis of Evidence (Cambridge University Press, 2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashton, D, Competition Damages Actions in the EU: Law and Practice, 2nd edn. (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashton, D and Henry, D, Competition Damages Actions in the EU: Law and Practice (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013).Google Scholar
Banakas, EK, Tortious Liability for Pure Economic Loss: A Comparative Study (Hellenic Institute of International and Foreign Law, 1989).Google Scholar
Banakas, EK, (eds), Civil Liability for Pure Economic Loss: Proceedings of the Annual International Colloquium of the United Kingdom National Committee of Comparative Law Held in Norwich, September 1994 (Kluwer Law International, 1996).Google Scholar
Barcellona, M, Inattuazione dello scambio e sviluppo capitalistico: formazione storica e funzione della disciplina del danno contrattuale (Giuffrè, 1980).Google Scholar
Basedow, J, Private Enforcement of EC Competition Law (Kluwer Law International, 2007).Google Scholar
Basedow, J and Wurmnest, W, Structure and Effects in EU Competition Law: Studies on Exclusionary Conduct and State Aid (Kluwer Law International, 2011).Google Scholar
Beebee, H, Hitchcock, C and Menzies, P, The Oxford Handbook of Causation (Oxford University Press, 2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benacchio, GA and Carpagnano, M, Il private enforcement del diritto comunitario della concorrenza: ruolo e competenze dei giudici nazionali : Atti del II Convegno di studio tenuto presso la Facoltà di giurisprudenza di Trento, 8-9 maggio 2009 (Wolters Kluwer Italia, 2009).Google Scholar
Benacchio, GA and Carpagnano, M, I rimedi civilistici agli illeciti anticoncorrenziali. Private Enforcement of Competition Law (CEDAM, 2012).Google Scholar
Bonvicini, E, La responsabilità civile: Responsabilità da accadimento tipico. Parte speciale: Il danno a persona (Giuffrè, 1971).Google Scholar
Boyer, M, Kotchoni, R and CIRANO, The econometrics of cartel overcharges (CIRANO, 2011)Google Scholar
Burrows, AS, Remedies for Torts and Breach of Contract (Oxford University Press, 2004)Google Scholar
Busnelli, FD and Patti, S, Danno e responsabilità civile (G Giappichelli Editore, 2013).Google Scholar
Bussani, M and Palmer, VV, Pure Economic Loss in Europe (Cambridge University Press, 2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buttigieg, E, Competition Law: Safeguarding the Consumer Interest: A Comparative Analysis of US Antitrust Law and EC Competition Law (Kluwer Law International, 2009).Google Scholar
Cafaggi, F, Contractual Networks, Inter-Firm Cooperation and Economic Growth (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2011).Google Scholar
Cafaggi, F and Iamiceli, P, Reti di imprese tra crescita e innovazione organizzativa. Riflessioni da una ricerca sul campo (Il Mulino, 2007).Google Scholar
Calabresi, G, The Costs of Accidents: A Legal and Economic Analysis (Yale University Press, 1970).Google Scholar
Campbell, D, Collins, H and Wightman, J, Implicit Dimensions of Contract: Discrete, Relational and Network Contracts (Hart, 2003).Google Scholar
Campbell, JK, O’Rourke, M and Silverstein, H, Causation and Explanation (MIT Press, 2007).Google Scholar
Cane, P, Honoré, T and Gardner, J, Relating to Responsibility: Essays for Tony Honoré on His Eightieth Birthday (Hart, 2001).Google Scholar
Capecchi, M, Il Nesso Di Causalità: Dalla Condicio Sine qua Non Alla Responsabilità Proporzionale (CEDAM, 2012).Google Scholar
Chalmers, D, Davies, G and Monti, G, European Union Law: Cases and Materials (Cambridge University Press, 2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooter, R and others, Il mercato delle regole: analisi economica del diritto civile (Il Mulino, 2006).Google Scholar
Craig, P and Búrca, GD, EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (Oxford University Press, 2011).Google Scholar
Cseres, KJ and others, Criminalization of Competition Law Enforcement: Economic and Legal Implications for the EU Member States (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2006).Google Scholar
Daintith, T and Teubner, G, Contract and Organisation: Legal Analysis in the Light of Economic and Social Theory (Walter de Gruyter, 1986).Google Scholar
Daintith, T and Teubner, G, Contract and Organisation: Legal Analysis in the Light of Economic and Social Theory (Walter de Gruyter, 1986).Google Scholar
Davidson, D, Essays on Actions and Events (Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press, 1980).Google Scholar
Deakin, S, Johnston, A and Markesinis, B, Markesinis and Deakin’s Tort Law (Oxford University Press, 2012).Google Scholar
de la Torre, FC and Fournier, EG, Evidence, Proof and Judicial Review in EU Competition Law (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2017).Google Scholar
Denozza, F, Norme efficienti: L’analisi economica delle regole giuridiche (Giuffrè, 2002).Google Scholar
Deringer, A and Armengaud, A, The Competition Law of the European Economic Community: A Commentary on the EEC Rules of Competition (Articles 85 to 90) Including the Implementing Regulations and Directives (Commerce Clearing House, 1968).Google Scholar
Dougan, M, National Remedies before the Court of Justice: Issues of Harmonisation and Differentiation (Hart, 2004).Google Scholar
Drahos, M, Convergence of Competition Laws and Policies in the European Community: Germany, Austria, and the Netherlands (Kluwer Law International, 2001).Google Scholar
Duff, RA, Strict Liability, Legal Presumptions, and the Presumption of Innocence (Oxford University Press, 2005).Google Scholar
Dwyer, D, The Judicial Assessment of Expert Evidence (Cambridge University Press, 2009).Google Scholar
Elhauge, E, Research Handbook on the Economics of Antitrust Law (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2012).Google Scholar
Etro, F and Kokkoris, I, Competition Law and the Enforcement of Article 102 (Oxford University Press, 2010).Google Scholar
Ezrachi, A, Research Handbook on International Competition Law (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fagnart, J-L, La responsabilité civile: Chronique de jurisprudence 1985-1995 (Larcier, 1997).Google Scholar
Foer, AA and Cuneo, JW, The International Handbook on Private Enforcement of Competition Law (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franklin, J, The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability before Pascal (Taylor & Francis, 2002).Google Scholar
Frei, MA, Der Rechtlich Relevante Kausalzusammenhang Im Strafrecht Im Vergleich Mit Dem Zivilrecht (Schulthess Juristische Medien AG, 2010).Google Scholar
Gardenfors, P and others, Evidentiary Value: Philosophical, Judicial, and Psychological Aspects of a Theory: Essays Dedicated to Sören Halldén on His Sixtieth Birthday (CWK Gleerups, 1983).Google Scholar
Genovese, A, Il risarcimento del danno da illecito concorrenziale (Edizioni scientifiche italiane, 2005).Google Scholar
Geradin, D, Layne-Farrar, A and Petit, N, EU Competition Law and Economics (Oxford University Press, 2012).Google Scholar
Gerber, D, Global Competition: Law, Markets, and Globalization (Oxford University Press, 2010).Google Scholar
Ghestin, J and others, Traité de droit civil: Les conditions de la responsabilité (LGDJ, 1998).Google Scholar
Ghezzi, F, Polo, M and Preite, D, L’attuazione delle politiche di tutela della concorrenza e l’esperienza italiana di attività antitrust (Università Bocconi, 1994).Google Scholar
Gilead, I and others, Proportional Liability: Analytical and Comparative Perspectives (De Gruyter, 2013).Google Scholar
Goldberg, JCP, Sebok, AJ and Zipursky, BC, Tort Law: Responsibilities and Redress (Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, 2016).Google Scholar
Goldberg, JCP and Zipursky, BC, The Oxford Introductions to U.S. Law: Torts (Oxford University Press, 2010).Google Scholar
Goldstein, WM and Hogarth, RM, Research on Judgment and Decision Making: Currents, Connections, and Controversies (Cambridge University Press, 1997).Google Scholar
Goudkamp, J, Winfield, SPH and Jolowicz, JA, Winfield and Jolowicz on Tort (Sweet & Maxwell, 2014).Google Scholar
Hawk, BE, International Antitrust Law & Policy: Fordham Corporate Law 2005 (Juris Publishing, Inc, 2006).Google Scholar
Ho, HL, A Philosophy of Evidence Law: Justice in the Search for Truth (Oxford University Press, 2008).Google Scholar
Hovenkamp, H, Federal Antitrust Policy: The Law of Competition and Its Practice (Thomson/West, 2005).Google Scholar
Hovenkamp, H and Lemley, MA, IP and Antitrust: An Analysis of Antitrust Principles Applied to Intellectual Property Law (Aspen Publishers Online, 2009).Google Scholar
Hume, D, An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding. A Dissertation on the Passions: An Inquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals. The Natural History of Religion (T Cadell, 1772).Google Scholar
Hüschelrath, K and Schweitzer, H, Public and Private Enforcement of Competition Law in Europe: Legal and Economic Perspectives (Springer, 2014).Google Scholar
Hüschelrath, K and Schweitzer, H, Public and Private Enforcement of Competition Law in Europe: Legal and Economic Perspectives (Springer, 2014).Google Scholar
Indirect Purchaser Litigation Handbook (American Bar Association, 2007).Google Scholar
Infantino, M and Zervogianni, E, Causation in European Tort Law (Cambridge University Press, 2017).Google Scholar
Ioannidou, M, Consumer Involvement in Private EU Competition Law Enforcement (Oxford University Press, 2016) http://oxcat.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:ocl/9780198726432.001.0001/law-ocl-9780198726432, accessed 6 March 2019.Google Scholar
Jones, A and Sufrin, BE, EC Competition Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (Oxford University Press, 2008).Google Scholar
Kalintiri, A, Evidence Standards in EU Competition Enforcement: The EU Approach (Hart, 2019).Google Scholar
Kokott, J, The Burden of Proof in Comparative and International Human Rights Law: Civil and Common Law Approaches with Special Reference to the American and German Legal Systems (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1998).Google Scholar
Komninos, A, EC Private Antitrust Enforcement: Decentralised Application of EC Competition Law by National Courts (Hart, 2008).Google Scholar
Koopmans, TC and Marschak, J, Statistical Inference in Dynamic Economic Models, vol 10 (Wiley New York, 1950).Google Scholar
Koziol, H, Basic Questions of Tort Law from a Germanic Perspective (Jan Sramek Verlag Vienna, 2012).Google Scholar
Koziol, H, Principles of European Tort Law (PETL): Text and Commentary (Springer, 2005).Google Scholar
Koziol, H and Busnelli, FD, Unification of Tort Law: Wrongfulness (Kluwer Law International, 1998).Google Scholar
Landes, WM and Posner, RA, The Economic Structure of Tort Law (Harvard University Press, 1987).Google Scholar
Larouche, P, Competition Law and Regulation in European Telecommunications (Hart, 2000).Google Scholar
Lasok, KPE, The European Court of Justice: Practice and Procedure (Butterworths, 1994).Google Scholar
Legeais, R, Les regles de preuve en droit civil permanences et transformations (Libr. Generale de Droit Et de Jurisprudence, 1955).Google Scholar
Lianos, I, Davis, P and Nebbia, P, Damages Claims for the Infringement of Competition Law (Oxford University Press, 2015).Google Scholar
Lianos, I and Geradin, D, Handbook on European Competition Law: Enforcement and Procedure (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013).Google Scholar
Lianos, I and Geradin, D, Handbook on European Competition Law: Substantive Aspects (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013).Google Scholar
Losee, J, Theories of Causality: From Antiquity to the Present (Transaction Publishers, 2012).Google Scholar
Lunney, M and Oliphant, K, Tort Law: Text and Materials, 5th edn, Oxford University Press, 2013).Google Scholar
Mackie, JL, Truth, Probability and Paradox: Studies in Philosophical Logic (Oxford University Press, 1973).Google Scholar
Macneil, IR, The Relational Theory of Contract: Selected Works of Ian MacNeil (Sweet & Maxwell, 2001).Google Scholar
Macneil, IR and Gudel, PJ, Contracts: Exchange Transactions and Relations: Cases and Materials (Foundation Press, 2001).Google Scholar
Marchetti, GG, Clarich, M, Di Porto e Piergaetano, F, Concorrenza e mercato: Rassegna degli orientamenti dell’autorità garante (Giuffrè, 2010).Google Scholar
Markesinis, BS and Unberath, H, The German Law of Torts: A Comparative Treatise (Hart, 2002).Google Scholar
Marshall, KS, The Economics of Antitrust Injury and Firm-Specific Damages (Lawyers & Judges Publishing Company, 2008).Google Scholar
Mill, JS, A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive: Being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence and the Methods of Scientific Investigation (John W Parker, 1843).Google Scholar
Milutinović, V, The ‘Right to Damages’ Under EU Competition Law: From Courage V. Crehan to the White Paper and Beyond (Kluwer Law International, 2010).Google Scholar
Monateri, PG, Gianti, D and Cinelli, LS, Danno e risarimento (G Giappichelli Editore, 2013).Google Scholar
Moore, MS, Causation and Responsibility: An Essay in Law, Morals, and Metaphysics (Oxford University Press, 2010).Google Scholar
Neyers, JW, Chamberlain, E and Pitel, SGA, Emerging Issues in Tort Law (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2007).Google Scholar
Odudu, O, The Boundaries of EC Competition Law: The Scope of Article 81 (Oxford University Press, 2006).Google Scholar
Özer, Ö and Phillips, R, The Oxford Handbook of Pricing Management (Oxford University Press, 2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmer, VV and Bussani, M, Pure Economic Loss: New Horizons in Comparative Law (Taylor & Francis, 2009).Google Scholar
Parcu, PL, Monti, G and Botta, M, Private Enforcement of EU Competition Law: The Impact of the Damages Directive (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018).Google Scholar
Pitofsky, R, How the Chicago School Overshot the Mark: The Effect of Conservative Economic Analysis on U.S. Antitrust (Oxford University Press, 2008).Google Scholar
Popper, KR, Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972).Google Scholar
Porat, A and Stein, A, Tort Liability under Uncertainty (Oxford University Press, 2001).Google Scholar
Pothier, RJ, Traité des obligations, selon les règles, tant du for de la conscience que du for extérieur (Letellier, 1805).Google Scholar
Prosperetti, L, Pani, E and Tomasi, I, Il danno antitrust: una prospettiva economica (Il Mulino, 2009).Google Scholar
Pucella, R and Santis, GD, Il nesso di causalità: profili giuridici e scientifici (Wolters Kluwer Italia, 2007).Google Scholar
Qin, D, A History of Econometrics: The Reformation from the 1970s (Oxford University Press, 2013).Google Scholar
Quézel-Ambrunaz, C, Essai sur la causalité en droit de la responsabilité civile (Dalloz, 2010).Google Scholar
Realmonte, F, Il problema del rapporto di causalità nel risarcimento del danno (Giuffrè, 1967).Google Scholar
Roberts, P and Zuckerman, AAS, Principles of Criminal Evidence (Oxford University Press, 2003).Google Scholar
Rodger, B, Competition Law, Comparative Private Enforcement and Collective Redress Across the EU (Kluwer Law International, 2014).Google Scholar
Rodger, B, Ferro, MS and Marcos, F, The EU Antitrust Damages Directive: Transposition in the Member States (Oxford University Press, 2018).Google Scholar
Rogers, WVH and van Boom, WH, Unification of Tort Law: Multiple Tortfeasors, vol 9 (Kluwer Law International, 2004).Google Scholar
Salmon, WC, Scientific Explanation and the Causal Structure of the World (Princeton University Press, 1984).Google Scholar
Schulz, J, Sachverhaltsfeststellung und Beweistheorie: Elemente einer Theorie strafprozessualer Sachverhaltsfeststellung (Heymann, 1992).Google Scholar
Seuring, S and Goldbach, M, Cost Management in Supply Chains (Springer Science & Business Media, 2002).Google Scholar
Shavell, S, Foundations of Economic Analysis of Law (Harvard University Press, 2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shubik, M and Levitan, R, Market Structure and Behavior (Harvard University Press, 1980).Google Scholar
Sibony, A-L, Le juge et le raisonnement économique en droit de la concurrence (LGDJ, 2008).Google Scholar
Simon, H and others, Price management. I: Strategia, analisi e determinazione del prezzo (FrancoAngeli, 2013).Google Scholar
Skyrms, B, Causal Necessity: A Pragmatic Investigation of the Necessity of Laws (Yale University Press, 1980).Google Scholar
Spier, J and Busnelli, FD, Unification of Tort Law: Causation (Kluwer Law International, 2000).Google Scholar
Starck, B, Roland, H and Boyer, L, Droit civil – Les Obligations, tome 1: Responsabilité délictuelle (Litec, 1996).Google Scholar
Starck, B, Roland, H and Boyer, L, Droit civil – Les Obligations, tome 1: Responsabilité délictuelle (Litec, 1996).Google Scholar
Stauch, M, The Law of Medical Negligence in England and Germany: A Comparative Analysis (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2008).Google Scholar
Stigum, BP, Econometrics and the Philosophy of Economics: Theory-Data Confrontations in Economics (Princeton University Press, 2003).Google Scholar
Stix, C, Gerichtliche und außergerichtliche Durchsetzung ziviler Rechtsansprüche: Rechtlicher Vergleich und ökonomische Analyse (Springer-Verlag, 2013).Google Scholar
Storskrubb, E, Civil Procedure and EU Law: A Policy Area Uncovered (Oxford University Press, 2008).Google Scholar
Taleb, NN, The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable Fragility (Random House Publishing Group, 2010).Google Scholar
Teubner, G, Networks as Connected Contracts. Edited with an Introduction by Collins, Hugh (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011).Google Scholar
Traeger, L, Der Kausalbegriff Im Straf-Und Zivilrecht: Zugleich Ein Beitrag Zur Auslegung Des BGB (Keip, 1904).Google Scholar
Twining, W, Rethinking Evidence: Exploratory Essays (Northwestern University Press, 1994).Google Scholar
Van Bael, I, Due Process in EU Competition Proceedings (Kluwer Law International, 2011).Google Scholar
Van Bael, I and Bellis, J-F, Competition Law of the European Community (Kluwer Law International, 2005).Google Scholar
Van Gerven, W, Lever, J and Larouche, P, Cases, Materials and Text on National, Supranational and International Tort Law (Hart, 2000).Google Scholar
Vande Walle, S, Private Antitrust Litigation in the European Union and Japan: A Comparative Perspective (Maklu, 2013).Google Scholar
Visintini, G, Trattato Breve Della Responsabilità Civile: Fatti Illeciti, Inadempimento, Danno Risarcibile (CEDAM, 1996).Google Scholar
Vogel, L, Les Actions Civiles de Concurrence: Union Européenne, France, Allemagne, Royaume-Uni, Italie, Suisse, États-Unis (EPA, 2013).Google Scholar
von Bar, C, Non-Contractual Liability Arising Out of Damage Caused to Another (De Gruyter, 2009).Google Scholar
von Bar, C, Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law: Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) (Sellier European Law Publishers, 2009).Google Scholar
Von Kries, J, Die Principien Der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung: Eine Logische Untersuchung (JCB Mohr-Siebeck, 1886).Google Scholar
Williamson, OE, Markets and Hierarchies, Analysis and Antitrust Implications: A Study in the Economics of Internal Organization (Free Press, 1975).Google Scholar
Wils, WPJ, The Optimal Enforcement of EC Antitrust Law: Essays in Law & Economics (Kluwer Law International, 2002).Google Scholar
Wurmnest, W, Grundzüge eines europäischen Haftungsrecht: eine vergleichende Untersuchung des Gemeinschaftsrechts (Mohr Siebeck, 2003).Google Scholar
Secondary Sources
Alpa, G, Bessone, M and Zencovich, Z, ‘I Fatti Illeciti’ in Rescigno, Pietro (ed), Trattato di Diritto Privato (Utet, 1995).Google Scholar
Benson, P, ‘The Basis for Excluding Liability for Economic Loss in Tort Law’ in Owen, David G (ed), Philosophical Foundations of Tort Law (Oxford University Press, 1997).Google Scholar
Brown, JP, ‘Economic Theory of Liability Rules’ in Wittman, Donald A (ed), Economic Analysis of Law: Selected Readings (Blackwell, 2003).Google Scholar
Carbone, SM, ‘Il Rapporto Di Causalità’, in Alpa, Guido and Bessone, Mario (eds), La responsabilità civile (Giuffrè, 2001).Google Scholar
Cartwright, N, ‘Causal Structures in Econometrics’, in Little, D (eds), On the Reliability of Economic Models (Springer, 1995).Google Scholar
Coleman, J, Hershovitz, S and Mendlow, G, ‘Theories of the Common Law of Torts’ in Zalta, Edward N (ed), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Winter 2015 Edition, Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 2015) https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2015/entriesort-theories/, accessed 1 February 2019.Google Scholar
Craufurd Smith, R, ‘Culture and European Union Law’, The Evolution of EU Law (Oxford University Press, 1999).Google Scholar
De Mot, J, ‘Pure Economic Loss’ in Faure, Michael (ed), Tort Law and Economics (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2009).Google Scholar
Duff, RA, ‘Strict Liability, Legal Presumptions, and the Presumption of Innocence’ in Simester, Andrew (ed), Appraising Strict Liability (Oxford University Press, 2005).Google Scholar
Durant, IC, ‘Causation’ in Koziol, Helmut and Schulze, Reiner (ed), Tort Law of the European Community (Springer, 2010).Google Scholar
Fairgrieve, D and G’Sell-Macrez, F, ‘Causation in French Law: Pragmatism and Policy’ in Goldberg, Richard (ed), Perspectives on Causation (Hart, 2011).Google Scholar
Frisch, R, ‘Autonomy of Economic Relations: Statistical versus Theoretical Relations in Economic Macrodynamics’ in Hendry, and Morgan, (eds.), The Foundations of Econometric Analysis (Cambridge University Press, 1995).Google Scholar
Fumagalli, C, Padilla, J and Polo, M, ‘Damages for Exclusionary Practices: A Primer’ in Kokkonis, I. and Etro, F. (eds.), Competition Law and the Enforcement of Article 82 (Oxford University Press 2010), 203–220.Google Scholar
Gärdenfors, P, ‘Probabilistic Reasoning and Evidentiary Value’ in P. Gärdenfors (ed) The Dynamics of Thought (Springer, 2005) 1.Google Scholar
Gilead, I and Green, MD, ‘General Report – Causal Uncertainty and Proportional Liability: Analytical and Comparative Report’ in Gilead, Israel, Green, Michael D and Koch, Bernhard A (eds), Proportional Liability: Analytical and Comparative Perspectives (De Gruyter, 2013).Google Scholar
Helmholz, RH and Sellar, WDH, ‘Presumptions in Comparative Legal History’ in Helmholz, Richard H and H Sellar, W David (eds), The Law of Presumptions: Essays in Comparative Legal History, vol 9 (Duncker & Humblot, 2009).Google Scholar
Hitchcock, C, ‘Probabilistic Causation’ in Zalta, Edward N (ed), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2012 Edition (Stanford University Press, 2012) available at http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2012/entries/causation-probabilistic/.Google Scholar
Hoefer, C, ‘Causal Determinism’ in Zalta, Edward N (ed), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2016 Edition) (Stanford University Press, 2016) available at https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/determinism-causal/.Google Scholar
Honoré, A, ‘Causation in the Law’ in Zalta, Edward N (ed), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2010 Edition (Stanford University Press, 2010) available at http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2010/entries/causation-law/, accessed 30 August 2014.Google Scholar
Honoré, AM, ‘Causation and Remoteness of Damage’ in Tunc, A (ed), International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, vol 6 (Mohr Siebeck, 1983).Google Scholar
Hovenkamp, H, ‘Economic Experts in Antitrust Cases’ in Faigman, David and others (eds), Modern Scientific Evidence: The Law and Science of Expert Testimony (West Group, 2002).Google Scholar
Iezzi, MC, ‘La Chance: Nella Morsa Del Danno Emergente e Del Lucro Cessante. Il Danno Da Perdita Di Chance Quale Tecnica Risarcitoria Applicabile Alla Responsabilità Contrattuale, Alla Luce Delle Più Recenti Elaborazioni Giurisprudenziali e Dottrinali’ in Garofoli, R, Bortone, P and Vaccaro, R (eds), Tracce di civile, (Neldiritto, 2008).Google Scholar
Irti, N, ‘Legge e Caso: Diagnosi Giuridica e Diagnosi Medica’ in Irti, Natalino (ed), Il salvagente della riforma (Editori Laterza, 2007).Google Scholar
Jones, A, ‘Drawing the Boundary between Joint and Unilateral Conduct: Parent–Subsidiary Relationships and Joint Ventures’ in Ezrachi, Ariel (ed), Research Handbook on International Competition Law (Edward Elgar, 2012).Google Scholar
Kersting, C, ‘Transposition of the Antitrust Damages Directive into German Law’ in Rodger, Barry, Ferro, Miguel Sousa and Marcos, Francisco (eds), The EU Antitrust Damages Directive (Oxford University Press, 2018).Google Scholar
Koopmans, TC and Hood, WC, ‘The Estimation of Simultaneous Linear Economic Relationships’ in Hood, WC and Koopmans, T (eds), Studies In Econometric Method, Cowles Commission Monograph 14., pp. 112–199 (Yale University Press, 1953).Google Scholar
Koziol, H, ‘Loss of a Chance: Comparative Report’ in Winiger, Bénédict and others (eds), Digest of European Tort Law. Vol.: Essential Cases on Natural Causation (Springer, 2007).Google Scholar
Lianos, I, ‘”Judging” Economists: Economic Expertise in Competition Law Litigation – A European View’ in Ioannis, Lianos,and Ioannis, Kokkoris,(eds), The Reform of EC Competition Law: New Challenges (Kluwer Law International, 2009).Google Scholar
Magnus, U, ‘Causal Uncertainty and Proportional Liability in Germany’ in Gilead, Israel and Green, Michael D (eds), Proportional Liability: Analytical and Comparative Perspectives, De Gruyter (De Gruyter, 2013).Google Scholar
Markesinis, B, ‘Tort Law’, Encyclopædia Britannica, available at www.britannica.com/topic/tort, accessed 1 February 2019.Google Scholar
Miller, D, ‘Justice’ in Zalta, Edward N (ed), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Fall 2017 Edition (Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 2017) https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2017/entries/justice/, accessed 1 February 2019.Google Scholar
Moréteau, O, ‘Causal Uncertainty and Proportional Liability in France’ in Gilead, Israel, Green, Michael D and Koch, Bernhard A (eds), Proportional Liability: Analytical and Comparative Perspectives (De Gruyter, 2013).Google Scholar
Nazzini, R, ‘Potency and Act of the Principle of Effectiveness: The Development of Competition Law Remedies and Procedures in Community Law’ in Barnard, Catherine and Odudu, Okeoghene (eds), The Outer Limits of European Union Law (Hart, 2009).Google Scholar
Oliphant, K, ‘Causal Uncertainty and Proportional Liability in England and Wales’ in Gilead, Israel, Green, Michael D and Koch, Bernhard A (eds), Proportional Liability: Analytical and Comparative Perspectives (De Gruyter, 2013).Google Scholar
Pinori, A, ‘Il Criterio Legislativo Delle Conseguenze Immediate e Dirette’ in Visintini, Giovanna (ed), Il risarcimento del danno contrattuale ed extracontrattuale (Giuffrè, 1984).Google Scholar
Stapleton, J, ‘Unpacking Causation’ in Cane, Peter, Honoré, Anthony M and Gardner, John (eds), Relating to Responsibility: Essays for Tony Honoré on His Eightieth Birthday (Hart, 2001).Google Scholar
Stapleton, J, ‘Causation in the Law’ in Beebee, Helen, Hitchcock, Christopher and Menzies, Peter (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Causation (Oxford University Press, 2009).Google Scholar
Stapleton, J, ‘Reflections on Common Sense Causation in Australia’ in Degeling, Simone and Edelman, James (eds), Torts in Commercial Law (Thomson Reuters, 2011).Google Scholar
Spickhoff, A, ‘Folgenzurechnung Im Schadensersatzrecht: Gründe Und Grenzen’, in Lorenz, E (ed), Karlsruher Forum 2007 (VVW, 2008).Google Scholar
Taruffo, M, ‘La Valutazione delle Prove’ in Taruffo, M (ed.), La Prova nel Processo Civile (Giuffré, 2012) 207.Google Scholar
Teubner, G, ‘Coincidentia Oppositorum: Hybrid Networks Beyond Contract and Organization’ in Amstutz, Marc and Teubner, Gunther (eds), Networks: Legal Issues of Multilateral Co-operation (Hart, 2009).Google Scholar
Townley, C, ‘The Concept of an “Undertaking”: The Boundaries of the Corporation-A Discussion of Agency, Employees and Subsidiaries’, in Amato, G & Ehlermann, C (eds) EC Competition Law: A Critical Assessment (Hart, 2007) available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1358649, accessed 18 February 2015.Google Scholar
von Bar, C, The Common European Law of Torts: Damage and Damages, Liability for and without Personal Misconduct, Causality, and Defences (Clarendon Press, 1998).Google Scholar
Waldron, J, ‘Moments of Carelessness and Massive Loss’ in Owen, David G (ed), The Philosophical Foundations of Tort Law (Oxford University Press, 1997).Google Scholar
Whelan, P, ‘Competition Law and Criminal Justice’, Galloway, (ed), The Intersections of Antitrust: Policy and Regulations (Oxford University Press, 2019).Google Scholar
Wright, RW, ‘The Nightmare and the Noble Dream: Hart and Honore on Causation and Responsibility’ in Kramer, Matthew and others (eds), The Legacy of H.L.A. Hart: Legal, Political and Moral Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 2008).Google Scholar
Wright, RW, ‘Proving Causation: Probability versus Belief’ in Goldberg, Richard (ed), Perspectives on Causation (Hart, 2011).Google Scholar
Wright, RW, ‘The NESS Account of Natural Causation: A Response to Criticisms’ in Goldberg, Richard (ed), Perspectives on Causation (Hart, 2011).Google Scholar
Abele, HA, Kodek, GE and Schaefer, GK, ‘Proving Causation in Private Antitrust Cases’ [2011] 7 Journal of Competition Law and Economics 847.Google Scholar
Afferni, G, ‘Azione Di Classe e Danno Antitrust’ (2010) 3 Mercato concorrenza e regole 491.Google Scholar
Afferni, G, ‘”Opt-In” Class Actions in Italy: Why Are They Failing?’ [2016] 7 Journal of European Tort Law 82.Google Scholar
Afferni, G, ‘Il Risarcimento dei Danni per Violazioni del Diritto della Concorrenza: Prescrizione e Responsabilità Solidale’ [2018] Nuove leggi civili commentate 171.Google Scholar
Allen, RJ, ‘A Reconceptualization of Civil Trials’ [1986] 66 Boston University Law Review 401.Google Scholar
Allen, RJ, ‘Factual Ambiguity and a Theory of Evidence’ [1993] 88 Northwestern University Law Review 604.Google Scholar
Allen, RJ and Callen, CR, ‘The Juridical Management of Factual Uncertainty’ [2003] 7 International Journal of Evidence & Proof 1.Google Scholar
Allen, RJ and Leiter, B, ‘Naturalized Epistemology and the Law of Evidence’ [2001] Virginia Law Review 1491.Google Scholar
Allen, RJ and Stein, A, ‘Evidence, Probability, and Burden of Proof’ [2013] 55 Arizona Law Review 557.Google Scholar
Bailey, D, ‘Presumptions in EU Competition Law’ [2010] European Competition Law Review 20.Google Scholar
Bailey, SH, ‘Causation in Negligence: What Is a Material Contribution?’ [2010] 30 Legal Studies 167.Google Scholar
Baker, JB and Bresnahan, TE, ‘Empirical Methods of Identifying and Measuring Market Power’ [1997] 27 Journal of Reprints for Antitrust Law and Economics 743.Google Scholar
Ball, VC, ‘The Moment of Truth: Probability Theory and Standards of Proof’ [1960] 14 Vanderbilt Law Review 807.Google Scholar
Bastianon, S, ‘Tutela risarcitoria antitrust, nesso causale e danni “lungolatenti”’ [2007] Il Corriere Giuridico 4.Google Scholar
Bear, A and Knobe, J, ‘Normality: Part Descriptive, Part Prescriptive’ [2017] 167 Cognition 25.Google Scholar
Bitterich, K, ‘Elements of an Autonomous Concept of Causation in European Community Law Concerning Liability’ [2007] Zeitschrift für vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft 12.Google Scholar
Botta, M, ‘The Principle of Passing on in EU Competition Law in the Aftermath of the Damages Directive’ [2017] 25 European Review of Private Law 881.Google Scholar
Brealey, M, ‘The Burden of Proof before the European Court’ [1985] 10 European Law Review 254.Google Scholar
Brennan, TA, ‘Causal Chains and Statistical Links: The Role of Scientific Uncertainty in Hazardous-Substance Litigation’ [1987] 73 Cornell Law Review 469.Google Scholar
Broadbent, A, ‘Fact and Law in the Causal Inquiry’ [2009] 15 Journal Legal Theory 173.Google Scholar
Buhart, J and Lesur, L, ‘France: Private Antitrust Litigation’ Getting the Deal Through [2014] Global Competition Review 60.Google Scholar
Buxton, R, ‘The Human Rights Act and the Substantive Criminal Law’ [2000] Criminal Law Review 331.Google Scholar
Calabresi, G, ‘Concerning Cause and the Law of Torts: An Essay for Harry Kalven, Jr.’ [1975] 43 The University of Chicago Law Review 69.Google Scholar
Carbonelli, V, ‘Private Enforcement of EU Competition Law between Public and Private Issues’ [2012] 2 International Journal of Public Law and Policy 335.Google Scholar
Carnelutti, F, ‘Perseverare Diabolicum: A Proposito Del Limite Della Responsabilità per Danni’ [1952] 75 Il Foro Italiano 97.Google Scholar
Carrier, MA, ‘A Tort-Based Causation Framework for Antitrust Analysis’ [2011] 77 Antitrust Law Journal 991.Google Scholar
Cartwright, N, ‘Causation: One Word, Many Things’ [2004] 71 Philosophy of Science 805.Google Scholar
Cartwright, N, ‘Counterfactuals in Economics: A Commentary’ [2007] 4 Causation and Explanation 191.Google Scholar
Cartwright, N and Reiss, J, ‘Uncertainty in Econometrics: Evaluating Policy Counterfactuals’ [2004] Economic Policy.Google Scholar
Castelli, L, ‘La Causalità Giuridica Nel Campo Degli Illeciti Anticoncorrenziali’ [2013] 18 Danno e responsabilità 1049.Google Scholar
Cengiz, F, ‘Passing-On Defense and Indirect Purchaser Standing in Actions for Damages against the Violations of Competition Law: What Can the EC Learn from the US?’ [2007] University of East Anglia Centre for Competition Policy, Working Paper 07.Google Scholar
Chabas, F, ‘La Perte d’une Chance En Droit Français, Colloque Sur Les Développements Récents Du Droit de La Responsabilité Civile’ [1991] Centre d’études européennes 131 ss.Google Scholar
Chen, Z, ‘Dominant Retailers and the Countervailing-Power Hypothesis’ [2003] 34(4) RAND Journal of Economics 612.Google Scholar
Clermont, KM and Sherwin, E, ‘A Comparative View of Standards of Proof’ [2002] 50(2) The American Journal of Comparative Law 243.Google Scholar
Collingwood, RG, ‘Causation in Practical Natural Science’ [1937] 38 Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 85.Google Scholar
Connor, JM, ‘Forensic Economics: An Introduction with Special Emphasis on Price Fixing’ [2008] 4 Journal of Competition Law and Economics 31.Google Scholar
Connor, JM and Lande, RH, ‘Cartels as Rational Business Strategy: Crime Pays’ [2012] 34 Cardozo Law Review 427.Google Scholar
Cooter, R, ‘Torts as the Union of Liberty and Efficiency: An Essay on Causation’ [1987] 63 Chicago-Kent Law Review 523.Google Scholar
Cowling, K and Waterson, M, ‘Price-Cost Margins and Market Structure’ [1976] 43 Economica 267.Google Scholar
Craswell, R, ‘Passing on the Costs of Legal Rules: Efficiency and Distribution in Buyer-Seller Relationships’ [1991] 43 Stanford Law Review 361.Google Scholar
Demougin, D and Fluet, C, ‘Preponderance of Evidence’ [2006] 50 European Economic Review 963.Google Scholar
Denozza, F and Toffoletti, L, ‘Compensation Function and Deterrence Effects of Private Actions for Damages: The Case of Antitrust Damage Suits’ http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1116324, accessed 12 May 2014.Google Scholar
Dewey, J, ‘The Historic Background of Corporate Legal Personality’ [1926] 35 Yale Law Journal 655.Google Scholar
Dittrich, LB, ‘L’assunzione Delle Prove Nel Processo Civile Italiano’ [2016] (3) Rivista di diritto processuale 589.Google Scholar
Dougan, M, ‘Addressing Issues of Protective Scope within the Francovich Right to Reparation’ [2017] 13 European Constitutional Law Review 124.Google Scholar
Edgerton, HW, ‘Legal Cause’ [1924] 72 University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register 211.Google Scholar
Engel, C, ‘Preponderance of the Evidence versus Intime Conviction: A Behavior Perspective on a Conflict between American and Continental European Law’ [2008] 33 Vermont Law Review 435.Google Scholar
Epstein, RA, ‘Causation and Corrective Justice: A Reply to Two Critics’ [1979] 8 The Journal of Legal Studies 477.Google Scholar
Ezrachi, A, ‘Buying Alliances and Input Price Fixing: In Search of a European Enforcement Standard’ [2012] 8 Journal of Competition Law and Economics 47.Google Scholar
Ferrari, F, ‘Burden of Proof under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for International Sale of Goods (CISG)’ [2000] Spring International Business Law Journal 665.Google Scholar
Fox, E and Sirkis, P, ‘Antitrust Remedies–Selected Bibliography and Annotations’ [2005] American Antitrust Institute Working Paper No. 06-01, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1103601, accessed 12 May 2014.Google Scholar
Fox, EM, ‘What Is Harm to Competition-Exclusionary Practices and Anticompetitive Effect’ (2002) 70 Antitrust Law Journal 371.Google Scholar
Friedman, RD, ‘Economic Analysis of Evidentiary Law: An Underused Tool, an Underplowed Field’ [1997] 19 Cardozo Law Review 1531.Google Scholar
Frignani, A, ‘La Difesa Disarmata Nelle Cause Follow on per Danno Antitrust. La Cassazione in Guerra Con Se Stessa’ [2013] 41 Mercato Concorrenza Regole 429.Google Scholar
Gavil, AI, ‘The Challenges of Economic Proof in a Decentralized and Privatized European Competition Policy System: Lessons from the American Experience’ [2008] 4 Journal of Competition Law and Economics 177.Google Scholar
Geistfeld, MA, ‘The Doctrinal Unity of Alternative Liability and Market-Share Liability’ [2006] 155 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 447.Google Scholar
Geradin, D and Girgenson, I, ‘The Counterfactual Method in EU Competition Law: The Cornerstone of the Effects-Based Approach’ [2011] (December 11, 2011) available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1970917, accessed 25 August 2014.Google Scholar
Gilbert, CL, ‘LSE and the British Approach to Time Series Econometrics’ [1989] 41 Oxford Economic Papers 108.Google Scholar
Gippini-Fournier, E, ‘The Elusive Standard of Proof in EU Competition Cases’ [2009] 33 World Competition.Google Scholar
Goldberg, R, ‘The Role of Scientific Evidence in the Assessment of Causation in Medicinal Product Liability Litigation: A Probabilistic and Economic Analysis’ [1998] 1 Current Legal Issues 55.Google Scholar
Gorla, G, ‘Sulla Cosiddetta Causalità Giuridica: Fatto Dannoso e Conseguenze’ [1951] I (11) Rivista di diritto commerciale 405.Google Scholar
Gottwald, P, ‘Civil Procedure Reform in Germany’ [1997] 45(4) The American Journal of Comparative Law 753.Google Scholar
Graziano, TK, ‘Loss of a Chance in European Private Law-All or Nothing or Partial Liability in Cases of Uncertain Causation’ [2008] 16 European Review of Private Law 1009.Google Scholar
Gregory, CO, ‘Proximate Cause in Negligence: A Retreat from “Rationalization”’ [1938] 6 The University of Chicago Law Review 36.Google Scholar
Haavelmo, T, ‘The Probability Approach in Econometrics’ [1944] 12 Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society 43.Google Scholar
Hansberry, D and others, ‘Umbrella Effect: Damages Claimed by Customers of Non-Cartelist Competitors’ (2014) 5 Journal of European Competition Law & Practice 196.Google Scholar
Harris, RG and Sullivan, LA, ‘Passing on the Monopoly Overcharge: A Comprehensive Policy Analysis’ [1979] 128 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 269.Google Scholar
Harvard Law Review Association, ‘Is the Incidence of the Burden of Proof a Matter of Substantive or Procedural Law?’ [1915] 29 Harvard Law Review 95.Google Scholar
Heckman, JJ, ‘Causal Parameters and Policy Analysis in Economics: A Twentieth Century Retrospective’ [2000] 115 The Quarterly Journal of Economics 45.Google Scholar
Heckman, JJ, LaLonde, RJ and Smith, JA, ‘The Economics and Econometrics of Active Labor Market Programs’ [1999] 3 Handbook of Labor Economics 1865.Google Scholar
Hellner, J, ‘Causality and Causation in the Law’ (2000) 40 Scandinavian Studies in Law 111.Google Scholar
Hellstrom, P, ‘A Uniform Standard of Proof in EU Competition Proceedings’ [2009] European Competition Law Annual , available at http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2147705, accessed 20 November 2014.Google Scholar
Hoover, KD, ‘The Methodology of Econometrics’ [2006] 1 New Palgrave Handbook of Econometrics 61.Google Scholar
Hovenkamp, H, ‘The Indirect Purchaser Rule and Cost-Plus Sales’ [1995] 25 Journal of Reprints for Antitrust Law and Economics 949.Google Scholar
Hovenkamp, H, ‘American Needle and the Boundaries of the Firm in Antitrust Law’ [2010], available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1616625.Google Scholar
Hovenkamp, HJ, ‘American Needle and the Boundaries of the Firm in Antitrust Law’ [2010], available at SSRN: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1616625, accessed 18 February 2015.Google Scholar
Inderst, R, Maier-Rigaud, FP and Schwalbe, U, ‘Umbrella Effects’ [2014] 10 Journal of Competition Law and Economics 739.Google Scholar
Inderst, R and Valletti, TM, ‘Buyer Power and the “Waterbed Effect”’ [2011] 59 The Journal of Industrial Economics 1.Google Scholar
Jenny, F, ‘A Judge’s Perspective on the Role of Economic Analysis in Damages Actions’ Oxera www.oxera.com/Latest-Thinking/Agenda/2010/A-judge’s-perspective-on-the-role-of-economic-anal.aspx, accessed 24 August 2014.Google Scholar
Kadner, TG, ‘Loss of a Chance in European Private Law “All or Nothing” or Partial Liability in Cases of Uncertain Causation’ [2008] 16 European Review of Private Law 1009.Google Scholar
Kalintiri, A, ‘The Allocation of the Legal Burden of Proof in Article 101 TFEU Cases: A ‘Clear’Rule with Not-So-Clear Implications’ [2015] 34 Yearbook of European Law 232Google Scholar
Karner, E, ‘The Function of the Burden of Proof in Tort Law’ [2009] 2008 European Tort Law 68.Google Scholar
Kaye, D, ‘The Limits of the Preponderance of the Evidence Standard: Justifiably Naked Statistical Evidence and Multiple Causation’ [1982] 7 Law & Social Inquiry 487.Google Scholar
Koenig, C, ‘An Economic Analysis of the Single Economic Entity Doctrine in EU Competition Law’ [2017] 13 Journal of Competition Law & Economics 281.Google Scholar
Kortmann, J and others, ‘The Draft Directive on Antitrust Damages and Its Likely Effects on National Law’ [2014] Serie onderneming en recht.Google Scholar
Kosicki, G and Cahill, MB, ‘Economics of Cost Pass through and Damages in Indirect Purchaser Antitrust Cases’ [2006] 51 Antitrust Bull 599.Google Scholar
Landes, WM and Posner, RA, ‘Should Indirect Purchasers Have Standing to Sue under the Antitrust Laws? An Economic Analysis of the Rule of Illinois Brick’ [1979] 46 The University of Chicago Law Review 602.Google Scholar
Landes, WM and Posner, RA, ‘The Positive Economic Theory of Tort Law’ [1980] 15 Georgia Law Review 851.Google Scholar
Landes, WM and Posner, RA, ‘Causation in Tort Law: An Economic Approach’ [1983] 12 The Journal of Legal Studies 109.Google Scholar
Landes, WM and Posner, RA, ‘Tort Law as a Regulatory Regime for Catastrophic Personal Injuries’ [1984] 13 The Journal of Legal Studies 417.Google Scholar
Legal, H, ‘Standards of Proof and Standards of Judicial Review in EU Competition Law’ (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2006), available at https://groupes.renater.fr/sympa/d_read/creda-concurrence/Art/Legal-Fordham2005.pdf, accessed 20 November 2014.Google Scholar
Lempert, R, ‘The New Evidence Scholarship: Analyzing the Process of Proof’ (1986) 66 Boston University Law Review 439.Google Scholar
Leuken, RV, ‘Parental Liability for Cartel Infringements Committed by Wholly Owned Subsidiaries: Is the Approach of the European Court of Justice in Akzo Nobel Also Relevant in a Private-Law Context?’ [2016] 24 European Review of Private Law 513.Google Scholar
Lianos, I, ‘Competition Law Remedies in Europe: Which Limits for Remedial Discretion?’ [2013] CLES Research Paper No. 2/2013, available at http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2235817, accessed 12 May 2014.Google Scholar
Lianos, I, ‘Some Reflections on the Question of the Goals of EU Competition Law’ [2013] CLES Working Paper Series 3/2013, available at http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2235875, accessed 12 May 2014.Google Scholar
Lianos, I, ‘Causal Uncertainty and Damages Claims for the Infringement of Competition Law in Europe’ [2015] 34 Yearbook of European Law 170.Google Scholar
Lianos, I and Genakos, C, ‘Econometric Evidence in EU Competition Law: An Empirical and Theoretical Analysis’ [2012] CLES Research Paper series 06/12, available at http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2184563, accessed 26 August 2014.Google Scholar
Lombardi, C, ‘The Passing-On of Price Overcharges in European Competition Damages Actions: A Matter of Causation and an Issue of Policy’ [2015] Discussion Paper, Europa-Kolleg Hamburg, Institute for European Integration, available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2700042 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2700042.Google Scholar
Luminoso, A, ‘Possibilità o Necessità Della Relazione Causale’ [1991] 1991(2) Rivista giuridica sarda 533.Google Scholar
Maier-Rigaud, FP, ‘Toward a European Directive on Damages Actions’ [2014] 10 Journal of Competition Law and Economics 341.Google Scholar
Majumdar, AN, ‘Waterbed Effects and Buyer Mergers’ [2005] CCP Working Paper No. 05-7, available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=911574, accessed 15 July 2015.Google Scholar
Marcheis, CB, ‘La Vicinanza Della Prova’ [2015] 16 Revista Eletrônica de Direito Processual-Procedural Law Electronic Review.Google Scholar
McNaughton, JT, ‘Burden of Production of Evidence: A Function of a Burden of Persuasion’ [1955] 68 Harvard Law Review 1382.Google Scholar
Ménard, C, ‘The Economics of Hybrid Organizations’ [2004] 160 Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE) 345.Google Scholar
Meyer, J and Cramon-Taubadel, S, ‘Asymmetric Price Transmission: A Survey’ [2004] 55 Journal of Agricultural Economics 581.Google Scholar
Moréteau, O, ‘France: French Tort Law in the Light of European Harmonization’ [2013] 6 Journal of Civil Law Studies 15.Google Scholar
Moréteau, O, ‘French Tort Law in the Light of European Harmonization’ [2013] 6 Journal of Civil Law Studies 759.Google Scholar
Newberg, JA, ‘The Narrative Construction of Antitrust’ [2002] 12 Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal 181.Google Scholar
Odudu, O, ‘The Wider Concerns of Competition Law’ [2010] 30 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 599.Google Scholar
OECD, ‘The Objectives of Competition Law and Policy and the Optimal Design of a Competition Agency’ [2003] 5 OECD Journal: Competition Law and Policy 7.Google Scholar
Oliphant, K, ‘Causation in Cases of Evidential Uncertainty: Juridical Techniques and Fundamental Issues’ [2016] 91 Chicago-Kent Law Review 587.Google Scholar
Orbach, BY, ‘The Antitrust Consumer Welfare Paradox’ [2010] 7 Journal of Competition Law and Economics 133.Google Scholar
Ottolenghi, S, ‘From Peeping behind the Corporate Veil, to Ignoring It Completely’ [1990] 53 The Modern Law Review 338.Google Scholar
Page, WH, ‘Antitrust Damages and Economic Efficiency: An Approach to Antitrust Injury’ [1980] 47 The University of Chicago Law Review 467.Google Scholar
Papineau, D, ‘Causal Asymmetry’ [1985] 36 British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 273.Google Scholar
Parlak, S, ‘Passing-on Defence and Indirect Purchaser Standing: Should the Passing-on Defence Be Rejected Now the Indirect Purchaser Has Standing after Manfredi and the White Paper of the European Commission?’ [2010] 33 World Competition 31.Google Scholar
Parmentier, H and Descôte, M, ‘The French Commercial Supreme Court Validates the Passing-on Defence in a Follow-on Action Based on the Lysine Cartel’ (Doux Aliments/Ajinomoto Eurolyne)’ [2010] e-Competitions.Google Scholar
Patti, S, ‘La Responsabilità Degli Amministratori: Il Nesso Causale’ [2002] 67(3) Responsabilità civile e previdenziale.Google Scholar
Pickering, MA, ‘The Company as a Separate Legal Entity’ [1968] 31 The Modern Law Review 481.Google Scholar
Pollock, EE, ‘Injury and Causation Elements of a Treble–Damage Antitrust Action’ (1962) 57 Northwestern University Law Review 691.Google Scholar
Pollock, EE, ‘The "Injury" and "Causation" Elements of a Private Antitrust Action’ [1962] 21 Section of Antitrust Law 341.Google Scholar
Pollock, EE, ‘Standing to Sue, Remoteness of Injury, and the Passing-On Doctrine’ [1966] 32 Antitrust Law Journal 5.Google Scholar
Posner, RA, ‘The Law and Economics of the Economic Expert Witness’ [1999] 13 The Journal of Economic Perspectives 91.Google Scholar
Posner, RA, ‘An Economic Approach to the Law of Evidence’ [1999] University of Chicago Law School, John M. Olin Law & Economics Working Paper No. 66, available at SSRN: http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=165176, accessed 21 January 2015.Google Scholar
Posner, RA, ‘Common-Law Economic Torts: An Economic and Legal Analysis’ (2006) 48 Arizona Law Review 735.Google Scholar
Powell, W, ‘Neither Market nor Hierarchy’ [2003] 315 The Sociology of Organizations: Classic, Contemporary, and Critical Readings 104.Google Scholar
‘Quantifying Antitrust Damages: Towards Non-binding Guidance for Courts Study Prepared for the European Commission’ [2009] Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union.Google Scholar
Rabin, RL, ‘The Pervasive Role of Uncertainty in Tort Law: Rights and Remedies’ [2010] 60 DePaul Law Review 431.Google Scholar
Reddick, EN, ‘Joint Ventures and Other Competitor Collaborations As Single Entity – “Undertakings” Under US Law’ [2012] 8 European Competition Journal 333.Google Scholar
Reiss, J, ‘Causation in the Social Sciences: Evidence, Inference, and Purpose’ [2009] 39 Philosophy of the Social Sciences 20.Google Scholar
Ritter, C, ‘Presumptions in EU Competition Law’ [2018] 6 Journal of Antitrust Enforcement 189.Google Scholar
Rizzo, MJ, ‘The Imputation Theory of Proximate Cause: An Economic Framework’ [1980] 15 Georgia Law Review 1007.Google Scholar
Robins, J and Greenland, S, ‘The Probability of Causation under a Stochastic Model for Individual Risk’ [1989] Biometrics 1125.Google Scholar
Rodger, BJ and MacCulloch, A, ‘Wielding the Blunt Sword: Interim Relief for Breaches of EC Competition Law before the UK Courts’ [1996] 17 European Competition Law Review 393.Google Scholar
Rubin, DB, ‘Causal Inference Using Potential Outcomes’ [2005] 100 Journal of the American Statistical Association.Google Scholar
Sacco, R, ‘Legal Formants: A Dynamic Approach to Comparative Law (Installment I of II)’ [1991] 39 The American Journal of Comparative Law 1.Google Scholar
Sacco, R, ‘Legal Formants: A Dynamic Approach to Comparative Law (Installment II of II)’ [1991] 39 The American Journal of Comparative Law 343.Google Scholar
Samuelson, PA, Koopmans, TC and Stone, JR, ‘Report of the Evaluative Committee for Econometrica’ [1954] 22 Econometrica 141.Google Scholar
Sanders, J, Green, MD and Powers, WC Jr, ‘The Insubstantiality of the Substantial Factor Test for Causation’ [2008] 73 Missouri Law Review 399.Google Scholar
Savatier, R, ‘La Responsabilité Médicale En France (Aspects de Droit Privé)’ [1976] 28 Revue internationale de droit comparé 493.Google Scholar
Schulin, B, ‘Der Natürliche, Vorrechtliche Kausalitätsbegriff Im Zivilen Schadensersatzrecht’.Google Scholar
Schwartz, A, ‘Causation in Private Tort Law: A Comment on Kelman’ [1987] 63 Chicago-Kent Law Review 639.Google Scholar
Schwartz, A and Scott, RE, ‘Contract Theory and the Limits of Contract Law’ [2003] Yale Law Journal 541.Google Scholar
Severi, C, ‘Perdita Di Chance e Danno Patrimoniale Risarcibile’ [2003] Resp. civ. e prev 296.Google Scholar
Shavell, S, ‘An Analysis of Causation and the Scope of Liability in the Law of Torts’ [1980] The Journal of Legal Studies 463.Google Scholar
Shavell, S, ‘Uncertainty over Causation and the Determination of Civil Liability’ [1985] 28 Journal of Law and Economics 587.Google Scholar
Sibony, A-L and Barbier de La Serre, E, ‘Charge de La Preuve et Théorie Du Contrôle En Droit Communautaire de La Concurrence: Pour Un Changement de Perspective’ [2007] 43 Revue Trimestrielle de Droit Européen 205.Google Scholar
Singh, N and Vives, X, ‘Price and Quantity Competition in a Differentiated Duopoly’ [1984] 15 The RAND Journal of Economics 546.Google Scholar
Siragusa, M, ‘Action for Damages and Imposition of Fines’ [2015] 2 Rivista Italiana di Antitrust/Italian Antitrust Review 103.Google Scholar
Siragusa, M, ‘Private Damages Claims: Questions Relating to the Passing-on Defence’ [2011] Oxera http://www.oxera.com/Oxera/media/Oxera/downloads/Agenda/Private-damages-claims-%28Mario-Siragusa%29_1.pdf?ext=.pdf.Google Scholar
Smiley, M, ‘Collective Responsibility’ [2017] The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, available at https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/collective-responsibility/, accessed 15 March 2019.Google Scholar
Spickhoff, A, ‘Folgenzurechnung Im Schadensersatzrecht: Gründe Und Grenzen’ [2007] 39 Karlsruher Forum.Google Scholar
Stapleton, J, ‘Law, Causation and Common Sense’ [1988] 8 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 111.Google Scholar
Stapleton, J, ‘Choosing What We Mean by Causation in the Law’ [2008] 73 Missouri Law Review 433.Google Scholar
Stapleton, J, ‘The Two Explosive Proof-of-Causation Doctrines Central to Asbestos Claims,’ [2008] 74 Brooklyn Law Review 1011.Google Scholar
Stapleton, J, ‘Cause-in-Fact and the Scope of Liability for Consequences’ [2003] 119 Law Quarterly Review 388.Google Scholar
Strand, M, ‘Indirect Purchasers, Passing-on and the New Directive on Competition Law Damages’ [2014] 10 European Competition Journal 361.Google Scholar
Stucke, ME, ‘Reconsidering Antitrust’s Goals’ [2012] 53 Boston College Law Review 551.Google Scholar
Stucke, ME, ‘Should Competition Policy Promote Happiness?’ [2013] 81 Fordham Law Review 2575.Google Scholar
Summers, A, ‘Common-Sense Causation in the Law’ [2018] 38 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 793.Google Scholar
Taruffo, M, ‘Rethinking the Standards of Proof’ [2003] 51 The American Journal of Comparative Law 659.Google Scholar
‘Towards a Coherent European Approach on Collective Redress’ (2011) SEC (2011) 4.2.201 173.Google Scholar
Utzschneider, Y and Parmentier, H, ‘The New Frontier of Antitrust: Damages Actions by Indirect Purchasers and the Passing on Defence in France and California’ [2011] 32 European Competition Law Review 266.Google Scholar
Valcavi, G, ‘Sulla causalità giuridica nella responsabilità civile da inadempienza e da illecito’ [2001] II Rivista di diritto civile 409.Google Scholar
Valente, , ‘Appunti in Tema Di Fatto, Nesso Causale e Danno’ [1955] Diritto e Giurisprudenza 372.Google Scholar
Van den Bergh, R, ‘Private Enforcement of European Competition Law and the Persisting Collective Action Problem’ [2013] 20 Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 12.Google Scholar
Van Gerven, W, ‘Harmonization of Private Law: Do We Need It?’ [2004] 41 Common Market Law Review 505.Google Scholar
Veljanovski, C, ‘Counterfactual Tests in Competition Law’ [2010] 9(4) Competition Law Journal 436.Google Scholar
Veljanovski, C, ‘Market Power and Counterfactuals in New Zealand Competition Law’ [2013] 9(1) Journal of Competition Law and Economics 171.Google Scholar
Verboven, F and Van Dijk, T, ‘Cartel Damages Claims and the Passing-on Defense*’ [2009] 57 The Journal of Industrial Economics 457.Google Scholar
Volpin, C, ‘The Ball Is in Your Court: Evidential Burden of Proof and the Proof-Proximity Principle in EU Competition Law’ [2014] 51 Common Market Law Review 1159.Google Scholar
Wagner-von Papp, F, ‘Implementation of the Damages Directive in England & Wales’ (2015) 2 Concurrences 29.Google Scholar
Weinstein, JB, ‘Some Difficulties in Devising Rules for Determining Truth in Judicial Trials’ [1966] 66 Columbia Law Review 223.Google Scholar
Whelan, P, ‘An Argument in Favour of the Passing-On Defence: A Response to Private Actions in Competition Law: A Consultation on Options for Reform’ [2012] Competition Law Journal 211.Google Scholar
Whelan, P, ‘A Principled Argument for Personal Criminal Sanctions as Punishment under EC Cartel Law’ [2007] 4 Competition L Rev 7.Google Scholar
Williamson, J, ‘Causal Pluralism versus Epistemic Causality’ [2006] 77 Philosophica-Gent 69.Google Scholar
Williamson, OE, ‘The Economics of Governance’ [2005] 95(2) American Economic Review 1.Google Scholar
Wils, WP, ‘The Undertaking as Subject of E.C. Competition Law and the Imputation of Infringements to Natural or Legal Persons’ [2000] 25 European Law Review 99.Google Scholar
Wils, WP, ‘Is Criminalization of EU Competition Law the Answer’ [2005] 28 World Competition 117.Google Scholar
Wils, WPJ, ‘The Undertaking as Subject of EC Competition Law and the Imputation of Infringements to Natural or Legal Persons’ [2000] 25 European Law Review 99.Google Scholar
Wils, WPJ, ‘Ten Years of Regulation 1/2003 – A Retrospective’ [2013] Journal of European Competition Law and Practice, available at http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2274013, accessed 12 May 2014.Google Scholar
Wright, CA, ‘The Law of Remedies as a Social Institution, The’ (1954) 18 University of Detroit Law Journal 376.Google Scholar
Wright, RW, ‘Actual Causation vs. Probabilistic Linkage: The Bane of Economic Analysis’ [1985] 14(2) The Journal of Legal Studies 435.Google Scholar
Wright, RW, ‘Causation, Responsibility, Risk, Probability, Naked Statistics, and Proof: Pruning the Bramble Bush by Clarifying the Concepts’ [1987] 73 Iowa Law Review 1001.Google Scholar
Wright, RW, ‘The Grounds and Extent of Legal Responsibility’ [2003] 41 San Diego Law Review 1425.Google Scholar
Wright, RW and Puppe, I, ‘Causation: Linguistic, Philosophical, Legal and Economic’ [2016] 91 Chicago-Kent Law Review 461.Google Scholar
Young, R, Faure, M and Fenn, P, ‘Causality and Causation in Tort Law’ [2004] 24 International Review of Law and Economics 507.Google Scholar
Zöttl, J and Schlepper, L, ‘Die Private Durchsetzung von Kartellrechtlichen Schadensersatzansprüchen – Status Quo in Deutschland’ [2012] Europäische Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsrecht 573.Google Scholar
Zygimantas, J, ‘Obstacles in European Competition Law Enforcement: A Potential Solution from Collective Redress’ [2014] European Journal of Legal Studies, available at http://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/32274, accessed 26 January 2015.Google Scholar
Català, P, ‘Avant-Projet de Réforme Du Droit Des Obligations et Du Droit de La Prescription’ (Documentation française, 2005), available at www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/054000622/.Google Scholar
Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS), Erasmus University Rotterdam (EUR) and Luiss Guido Carli (LUISS), ‘Making Antitrust Damages Actions More Effective in the EU: Welfare Impact and Potential Scenarios’, available at http://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/actionsdamages/files_white_paper/impact_study.pdf, accessed 8 May 2014.Google Scholar
Chagny, M and Fourgoux, J-L, Competition Law, Private Enforcement and Collective Redress in France, in AHRC Project on Competition Law: Comparative Private Enforcement and Consumer Redress, Led by Prof. Barry Rodger, available at www.clcpecreu.co.uk.Google Scholar
ESMA, ‘Comparison of Liability Regimes in Member States in Relation to the Prospectus Directive’ (2013) 619, available at www.esma.europa.eu/document/comparison-liability-regimes-in-member-states-in-relation-prospectus-directive, accessed 19 October 2017.Google Scholar
Gerner-Beuerle, C and others, ‘Study on the Law Applicable to Companies – Final Report’ (2016), available at https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/259a1dae-1a8c-11e7-808e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en, accessed 8 July 2019.Google Scholar
Komninos, AP and Oxera, ‘Quantifying Antitrust Damages: Towards Non-Binding Guidance for Courts’ Oxera, available at www.oxera.com/Latest-Thinking/Publications/Reports/2010/Quantifying-antitrust-damages-Towards-non-binding.aspx, accessed 20 March 2014.Google Scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, ‘Safe Harbours and Legal Presumptions in Competition Law, Background Note by the Secretariat’ (2017) DAF/COMP (2017) 9.Google Scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Monopsony and Buyer Power (OECD, 2008).Google Scholar
Renda, A, van den Bergh, RJ and Pardolesi, R, ‘Making Antitrust Damages Actions More Effective in the EU: Welfare Impact and Potential Scenarios: Final Report’ (2007) Contract DG COMP/2006/A3/012, available at http://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/actionsdamages/files_white_paper/impact_study.pdf.Google Scholar
Waelbroeck, D, Slater, D and Even-Shoshan, G, ‘Study on the Conditions of Claims for Damages in Case of Infringement of EC Competition Rules (Ashurst Study)’ (2004), available at http://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/actionsdamages/comparative_report_clean_en.pdf.Google Scholar