Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T06:14:39.791Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

4 - Individual-Level Dynamics

Beyond Motivation, Identity, and Networks

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 October 2021

Banu Ozkazanc-Pan  and
Susan Clark Muntean
Banu Ozkazanc-Pan
Affiliation:
Brown University, Rhode Island
Susan Clark Muntean
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina, Asheville
Get access

Summary

This chapter focuses on individual-level aspects of inclusion in entrepreneurial ecosystems, using examples from gender-focused ecosystems research in Boston, Massachusetts, as part of broader research carried out by the authors between 2014 and 2017. Using data from fieldwork carried out in Boston, we outline how individual-level gender biases operate in entrepreneurial ecosystems and how they impact women entrepreneurs differently than male entrepreneurs. Our focus is explicitly on the gendering of social capital and trust within entrepreneurial ecosystems, as we highlight their gendered dimensions which lead to exclusion for women, even if ‘unintentionally’.

Keywords

individualidentityBostonsocial capitalsocial networkgenderwomen
Type
Chapter
Information
Entrepreneurial Ecosystems
A Gender Perspective
 , pp. 98 - 140
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adler, P. S., & Kwon, S. W. (2002). Social capital: Prospects for a new concept. Academy of Management Review, 27(1): 17–40.Google Scholar
Ahmed, S. (2007). “You end up doing the document rather than doing the doing”: Diversity, race equality and the politics of documentation. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 30(4): 590–609.Google Scholar
Amezcua, A. S., Grimes, M. G., Bradley, S. W., & Wiklund, J. (2013). Organizational sponsorship and founding environments: A contingency view on the survival of business-incubated firms, 1994–2007. Academy of Management Journal, 56(6): 1628–1654.Google Scholar
Balachandra, L., Briggs, T., Eddleston, K., & Brush, C. (2019). Don’t pitch like a girl!: How gender stereotypes influence investor decisions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 43(1): 116–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, S., Field, J., & Schuller, T. (Eds.). (2000). Social capital: Critical perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bezanson, K. (2006). Gender and the limits of social capital. Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie, 43(4): 427–443.Google Scholar
Blodgett, A. T., Schinke, R. J., Smith, B., Peltier, D., & Pheasant, C. (2011). In indigenous words: Exploring vignettes as a narrative strategy for presenting the research voices of Aboriginal community members. Qualitative Inquiry, 17(6): 522–533.Google Scholar
Bøllingtoft, A., & Ulhøi, J. P. (2005). The networked business incubator – Leveraging entrepreneurial agency?. Journal of Business Venturing, 20(2): 265–290.Google Scholar
Bruegel, I. (2005). Social capital and feminist critique. In Franklin, J. (Ed.), Women and social capital (pp. 4–17). London: Families & Social Capital ESRC Research Group.Google Scholar
Brush, C. G., Carter, N. M., Greene, P. G., Hart, M. M., & Gatewood, E. (2002). The role of social capital and gender in linking financial suppliers and entrepreneurial firms: A framework for future research. Venture Capital: An International Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance, 4(4): 305–323.Google Scholar
Brush, C., Edelman, L. F., Manolova, T., & Welter, F. (2019). A gendered look at entrepreneurship ecosystems. Small Business Economics, 53(2): 393–408.Google Scholar
Calás, M. B., & Smircich, L. (1993). Dangerous liaisons: The “feminine-in-management” meets “globalization”. Business Horizons, 36(2): 71–81.Google Scholar
Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94: S95–S120.Google Scholar
Dacin, M. T., Oliver, C., & Roy, J. P. (2007). The legitimacy of strategic alliances: An institutional perspective. Strategic Management Journal, 28(2): 169–187.Google Scholar
Estrin, S., Mickiewicz, T., & Stephan, U. (2013). Entrepreneurship, social capital, and institutions: Social and commercial entrepreneurship across nations. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(3): 479–504.Google Scholar
Ferber, M. A., & Nelson, J. (Eds.) 1993. Beyond economic man: Feminist theory and economics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferber, M. A., & Nelson, J. (Eds.) (2003). Feminist economics today: Beyond economic man (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Franklin, J. (Ed.). (2005). Women and social capital. London: Families & Social Capital ESRC Research Group.Google Scholar
Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3): 481–510.Google Scholar
Guzman, J., & Kacperczyk, A. O. (2019). Gender gap in entrepreneurship. Research Policy, 48(7): 1666–1680.Google Scholar
Hoang, H., & Antoncic, B. (2003). Network-based research in entrepreneurship: A critical review. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(2): 165–187.Google Scholar
Jack, S., Moult, S., Anderson, A. R., & Dodd, S. (2010). An entrepreneurial network evolving: Patterns of change. International Small Business Journal, 28(4): 315–337.Google Scholar
Jiang, X., Liu, H., Fey, C., & Jiang, F. (2018). Entrepreneurial orientation, network resource acquisition, and firm performance: A network approach. Journal of Business Research, 87: 46–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kanze, D., Huang, L., Conley, M. A., & Higgins, E. T. (2018). We ask men to win and women not to lose: Closing the gender gap in startup funding. Academy of Management Journal, 61(2): 586–614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khoury, T. A., Junkunc, M., & Deeds, D. L. (2013). The social construction of legitimacy through signaling social capital: Exploring the conditional value of alliances and underwriters at IPO. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(3): 569–601.Google Scholar
Kim, P., & Aldrich, H. (2005). Social capital and entrepreneurship. Boston, MA: Now Publishers Inc.Google Scholar
Knowlton, K., Ozkazanc-Pan, B., Clark Muntean, S., & Motoyama, Y. (2015). Support organizations and remediating the gender gap in entrepreneurial ecosystems: A case study of St. Louis. SSRN. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2685116 (accessed May 15, 2019).Google Scholar
Koka, B. R., & Prescott, J. E. (2008). Designing alliance networks: The influence of network position, environmental change, and strategy on firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 29(6): 639–661.Google Scholar
Kreiser, P. M., Patel, P. C., & Fiet, J. O. (2013). The influence of changes in social capital on firm–founding activities. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(3): 539–567.Google Scholar
Kumra, S., & Vinnicombe, S. (2010). Impressing for success: A gendered analysis of a key social capital accumulation strategy. Gender, Work & Organization, 17(5): 521–546.Google Scholar
Kwon, S. W., & Adler, P. S. (2014). Social capital: Maturation of a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 39(4): 412–422.Google Scholar
Light, I., & Dana, L. P. (2013). Boundaries of social capital in entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(3): 603–624.Google Scholar
Lin, N. (1999). Building a network theory of social capital. Connections, 22(1): 28–51.Google Scholar
Lin, N. (2002). Social capital: A theory of social structure and action (Vol. 19). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mayoux, L. (2001). Jobs, gender and small enterprises: Getting the policy environment right. ILO Working Papers 993467093402676. Available at www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/2001/101B09_94_engl.pdf (accessed July 20, 2019).Google Scholar
McCarthy, L. (2017). Empowering women through corporate social responsibility: A feminist Foucauldian critique. Business Ethics Quarterly, 27(4): 603–631.Google Scholar
Neergaard, H., Shaw, E., & Carter, S. (2005). The impact of gender, social capital and networks on business ownership: A research agenda. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 11(5): 338–357.Google Scholar
Neumeyer, X., Santos, S. C., Caetano, A., & Kalbfleisch, P. (2019). Entrepreneurship ecosystems and women entrepreneurs: A social capital and network approach. Small Business Economics, 53(2): 475–489.Google Scholar
Norris, P., & Inglehart, R. (2003). Gendering social capital: Bowling in women’s leagues. Available at www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/pnorris/Acrobat/Gendering%20Social%20Capital.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ozkazanc-Pan, B., Knowlton, K., & Clark Muntean, S. (2017). Gender inclusion activities in entrepreneurship ecosystems: The case of St. Louis, MO and Boston, MA. SSRN. Available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2982414 (accessed May 15, 2019).Google Scholar
Ozkazanc-Pan, B. (2020). Feminist writing in a gendered transnational world: Women on the move?. In Pullen, A., Helin, J., & Harding, N. (Eds.), Writing differently, dialogues in critical management studies (Vol. 4, pp. 13–24). Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited.Google Scholar
Portes, A., & Landolt, P. (1996). The downside of social capital. The American Prospect, 26: 18–21.Google Scholar
Power, M. (2004). Social provisioning as a starting point for feminist economics. Feminist Economics, 10(3): 3–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital. In Crothers, L. & Lockhart, C. (Eds.), Culture and politics. (pp. 223–234). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Putnam, R. D., Leonardi, R., & Nanetti, R. Y. (1994). Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Siisiainen, M. (2003). Two concepts of social capital: Bourdieu vs. Putnam. International Journal of Contemporary Sociology, 40(2): 183–204.Google Scholar
Slotte-Kock, S., & Coviello, N. (2010). Entrepreneurship research on network processes: A review and ways forward. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34(1): 31–57.Google Scholar
Urwin, P., Di Pietro, G., Sturgis, P., & Jack, G. (2008). Measuring the returns to networking and the accumulation of social capital: Any evidence of bonding, bridging, or linking?. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 67(5): 941–968.Google Scholar
Van Staveren, I. (2002). Social capital: What is in it for feminist economics?. ISS Working Paper Series/General Series, 368, pp. 1–34.Google Scholar
Van Staveren, I. (2010). Feminist economics: Setting out the parameters. In Bauhardt, C. & Caglar, G. (Eds.), Gender and Economics (pp. 18–48). Wiesbaden, Germany: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×