Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T05:52:18.805Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 5 - New Perspectives in Eating Disorders

Updates in Diagnosis, Risk Factors, Psychopathology, and Social Aspects

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 February 2024

By
Alessio Maria Monteleone ,
Loretta Sala ,
Philip Gorwood ,
Janet Treasure  and
Palmiero Monteleone
Edited by
Andrea Fiorillo ,
Peter Falkai  and
Philip Gorwood
Andrea Fiorillo
Affiliation:
University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Naples
Peter Falkai
Affiliation:
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Philip Gorwood
Affiliation:
Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris
Get access

Summary

Eating disorders (ED) are complex psychiatric disorders associated with high morbidity and mortality. Medical complications are relatively frequent and may involve all organs and systems, and although most remit when a regular food intake and/or a normal body weight are resumed, others are severe enough to cause the death of the individual. Despite this relevance for public health, there is no conclusive knowledge about their etiopathogenesis. Current diagnostic criteria are unable to address all clinical presentations of these syndromes, since they are focused on eating-related psychopathology and miss the presence of general psychopathological symptoms, which have been shown to have a central role in the disorders. Moreover, although social processes and connection with others have been recognized to be a cornerstone of clinical recovery, they are rarely considered in the therapeutic planning. This chapter reviews the recent literature on emerging issues related to the etiopathogenetic risk factors, focusing especially on reward processes. Psychopathology and diagnostic problems are addressed through the illustration of new methodological approaches such as the network analysis and the staging model. Finally, we consider the impact of an ED on interpersonal functioning of close others, parents, partners, and siblings of the individual with an ED.

Keywords

anorexia nervosabulimia nervosacaregiverseating disorderspsychopathologynetwork analysisrisk factorssocial processes
Type
Chapter
Information
Mental Health Research and Practice
From Evidence to Experience
 , pp. 68 - 88
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Gull, W.. Anorexia nervosa. Lancet 1888; 131: 597.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruch, H.. The Golden Cage: The Enigma of Anorexia Nervosa. Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Press, 1978.Google Scholar
Treasure, J., Duarte, T. A., Schmidt, U. Eating disorders. Lancet 2020; 395: 899–911.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5®). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association Ed. (5th ed.), 2013.Google Scholar
Stice, E., Marti, C., Rohde, P.. Prevalence, incidence, impairment, and course of the proposed DSM-5 eating disorder diagnoses in an 8-year prospective community study of young women. J Abnormal Psychol 2013; 122: 445–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fairweather-Schmidt, A. K., Wade, T. D.. DSM-5 eating disorders and other specified eating and feeding disorders: is there a meaningful differentiation? Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47: 524–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, J., Vartanian, L. R., Brownell, K.. The relationship between eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) and officially recognized eating disorders: meta-analysis and implications for DSM. Psychol Bull 2009; 135: 407–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keel, P. K., Brown, T. A., Holm-Denoma, J., et al. Comparison of DSM-IV versus proposed DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for eating disorders: reduction of eating disorder not otherwise specified and validity. Int J Eat Disord 2011; 44: 553–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eddy, K. T., Dorer, D., Franko, D. L., Diagnostic crossover in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: implications for DSM-V. Am J Psychiatry 2008; 165: 245–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stice, E., Marti, C., Shaw, H., et al. An 8-year longitudinal study of the natural history of threshold, subthreshold, and partial eating disorders from a community sample of adolescents. J Abnorm Psychol 2009; 118: 587–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Castellini, G., Lo Sauro, C., Mannucci, E., et al. Diagnostic crossover and outcome predictors in eating disorders according to DSM-IV and DSM-V proposed criteria: a 6-year follow-up study. Psychosom Med 2011; 73: 270–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hudson, J. I., Hiripi, E., Pope, H. G., et al. The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 61: 348–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keski-Rahkonen, A., Mustelin, L.. Epidemiology of eating disorders in Europe: prevalence, incidence, comorbidity, course, consequences, and risk factors. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2016; 29: 340–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Volpe, U., Tortorella, A., Manchia, M., et al. Eating disorders: what age at onset? Psychiatry Res 2016; 238: 225–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lock, J., La Via, M. C.. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) Committee on Quality Issues (CQI). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with eating disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015; 54: 412–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cañas, L., Palma, C., Molano, A., et al. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder: psychopathological similarities and differences in comparison to anorexia nervosa and the general population. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2021; 29: 245–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Couturier, J, Lock, J. What is recovery in adolescent anorexia nervosa? Int J Eat Disord 2006; 39: 550–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Bardone-Cone, A., Hunt, R., Watson, H.. An overview of conceptualizations of eating disorder recovery, recent findings, and future directions. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2018; 20: 79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, S. B., Loeb, K. L., Le Grange, D.. Treatment outcome reporting in anorexia nervosa: time for a paradigm shift? Eat Disord 2018; 6: 10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Franko, D. L., Tabri, N., Keshaviah, A., et al. Predictors of long-term recovery in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: Data from a 22-year longitudinal study. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 96: 183–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wildes, J. E., Marcus, M. D., Cheng, Y., et al. Emotion acceptance behavior therapy for anorexia nervosa: a pilot study. Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47: 870–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Treasure, J., Schmidt, U.. The cognitive-interpersonal maintenance model of anorexia nervosa revisited: a summary of the evidence for cognitive, socio-emotional and interpersonal predisposing and perpetuating factors. J Eat Disord 2013; 1: 13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kan, C., Cardi, V., Stahl, D., et al. Precision psychiatry – what it means for eating disorders? Eur Eat Disord Rev 2019; 27: 3–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gorwood, P., Kipman, A., Foulon, C.. The human genetics of anorexia nervosa. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 480: 163–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trace, S. E., Baker, J. H., Peñas-Lledó, E., et al. The genetics of eating disorders. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2013; 9: 589–620.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strober, M., Freeman, R., Lampert, C., et al. Controlled family study of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: evidence of shared liability and transmission of partial syndromes. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157: 393–401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bould, H., Koupil, I., Dalman, C., et al. Parental mental illness and eating disorders in offspring. Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48: 383–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Treasure, J., Claudino, A. M., Zucker, N.. Eating disorders. Lancet 2010; 375: 583–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaite, C., Schneider, N., Hilbert, A., et al. Etiological role of childhood emotional trauma and neglect in adolescent anorexia nervosa: a cross-sectional questionnaire analysis. Psychopathology 2012; 45: 61–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Connan, F., Campbell, I. C., Katzman, M., et al. A neurodevelopmental model for anorexia nervosa. Physiol Behav 2003; 79: 13–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Favaro, A., Tenconi, E., Santonastaso, P.. Perinatal factors and the risk of developing anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63: 82–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raevuori, A., Linna, M. S., Keski-Rahkonen, A.. Prenatal and perinatal factors in eating disorders: a descriptive review. Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47: 676–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garner, D. M.. Pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa. Lancet 1993; 341: 1631–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Godart, N. T., Legleye, S., Huas, C., et al. Epidemiology of anorexia nervosa in a French community-based sample of 39,542 adolescents. Open J Epidemiol 2013; 3: 53–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, A., Heshmati, A., Malki, N., et al. Associations between birth characteristics and eating disorders across the life course: findings from 2 million males and females born in Sweden, 1975–1998. Am J Epidemiol 2014; 179: 852–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaetani, S., Romano, A., Provensi, G., et al. Eating disorders: from bench to bedside and back. J Neurochem 2016; 139: 691–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klump, K. L., Miller, K. B., Keel, P. K., et al. Genetic and environmental influences on anorexia nervosa syndromes in a population-based twin sample. Psychol Med 2001; 31: 737–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connan, F, Murphy, F., Connor, S. E., et al. Hippocampal volume and cognitive function in anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Res 2006; 146: 117–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmidt, U., Treasure, J.. Anorexia nervosa: valued and visible. A cognitive-interpersonal maintenance model and its implications for research and practice. Br J Clin Psychol 2006; 45: 343–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, J. R., Power, M. J.. Eating disorders and multi-level models of emotion: an integrated model. Clin Psychol Psychother 2009; 16: 240–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Godart, N. T., Flament, M. F., Perdereau, F., et al. Comorbidity between eating disorders and anxiety disorders: a review. Int J Eat Disord 2002; 32: 253–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Godart, N. T., Perdereau, F., Rein, Z., et al. Comorbidity studies of eating disorders and mood disorders: critical review of the literature. J Affect Disord 2007; 97: 37–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greeno, C. G., Wing, R. R.. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effect of fluoxetine on dietary intake in overweight women with and without binge-eating disorder. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 64: 267–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Decker, J. H., Figner, B., Steinglass, J. E.. On weight and waiting: delay discounting in anorexia nervosa pretreatment and posttreatment. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 78: 606–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaye, W. H., Fudge, J. L., Paulus, M.. New insights into symptoms and neurocircuit function of anorexia nervosa. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009; 10: 573–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, R. J., Godier, L. R., Cowdrey, F. A.. Hungry for reward: how can neuroscience inform the development of treatment for anorexia nervosa? Behav Res Ther 2014; 62: 47–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaye, W. H., Wierenga, C. E., Bischoff-Grethe, A., et al. Neural insensitivity to the effects of hunger in women remitted from anorexia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry. 2020; 177: 601–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halmi, K. A.. Perplexities of treatment resistance in eating disorders. BMC Psychiatry 2013; 13: 292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clarke, J., Ramoz, N., Fladung, A. K., et al. Higher reward value of starvation imagery in anorexia nervosa and association with the Val66Met BDNF polymorphism. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6: e829.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Le Merrer, J., Becker, J. A., Befort, K., et al. Reward processing by the opioid system in the brain. Physiol Rev 2009; 89: 1379–412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaye, W. H., Berrettini, W. H, Gwirtsman, H. E., et al. Contribution of CNS neuropeptide (NPY, CRH, and beta-endorphin) alterations to psychophysiological abnormalities in anorexia nervosa. Psychopharmacol Bull 1989; 25: 433–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Kaye, W. H., Pickar, D., Naber, D., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid opioid activity in anorexia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry 1982; 139: 643–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Di Lodovico, L., Hatteea, H., Couton, C., et al. Physical exercise-related endophenotypes in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2021; 54 : 1181–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dishman, R. K.. Medical psychology in exercise and sport. Med Clin North Am 1985; 69:123–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gummer, R., Giel, K. E., Schag, K., et al. High levels of physical activity in anorexia nervosa: a systematic review. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2015; 23: 333–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keyes, A., Woerwag-Mehta, S., Bartholdy, S., et al. Physical activity and the drive to exercise in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48: 46–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Di Lodovico, L., Gorwood, P.. The relationship between moderate to vigorous physical activity and cognitive rigidity in anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Res 2020; 284: 112703.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halmi, K. A., Tozzi, F., Thornton, L. M., et al. The relation among perfectionism, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder in individuals with eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 2005; 38: 371–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shroff, H., Reba, L, Thornton, L. M, et al. Features associated with excessive exercise in women with eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 2006; 39: 454–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, D. A., Schebendach, J. E., Gershkovich, M., et al. Behavioral assessment of the reinforcing effect of exercise in women with anorexia nervosa: further paradigm development and data. Int J Eat Disord 2010; 43: 611–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marrazzi, M. A., Luby, E. D., Kinzie, J., et al. Endogenous codeine and morphine in anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Life Sci 1997; 60; 1741–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, K. M., Bujac, S. R., Mann, E. T, et al. Further evidence of association of OPRD1 & HTR1D polymorphisms with susceptibility to anorexia nervosa. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 61: 367–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, K., Zhang, H., Bloss, C. S., et al. A genome-wide association study on common SNPs and rare CNVs in anorexia nervosa. Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16: 949–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boraska, V., Franklin, C. S., Floyd, J. A., et al. A genome-wide association study of anorexia nervosa. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19: 1085–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, H. J., Yilmaz, Z., Thornton, L. M., et al. Genome-wide association study identifies eight risk loci and implicates metabo-psychiatric origins for anorexia nervosa. Nat Genet 2019; 51: 1207–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bergen, A. W., Yeager, M, Welch, R. A, et al. Association of multiple DRD2 polymorphisms with anorexia nervosa. Neuropsychopharmacol 2005; 30: 1703–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kern, A., Albarran-Zeckler, R., Walsh, H. E., et al. Apo-ghrelin receptor forms heteromers with DRD2 in hypothalamic neurons and is essential for anorexigenic effects of DRD2 agonism. Neuron 2012; 73: 317–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Germain, N., Galusca, B., Le Roux, C. W., et al. Constitutional thinness and lean anorexia nervosa display opposite concentrations of peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide 1, ghrelin, and leptin. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85: 967–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hasan, T. F., Hasan, H.. Anorexia nervosa: a unified neurological perspective. Int J Med Sci 2011; 8: 679–703.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Germain, N., Galusca, B., Grouselle, D., et al. Ghrelin and obestatin circadian levels differentiate bingeing-purging from restrictive anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95: 3057–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Germain, N., Galusca, B., Grouselle, D., et al. Ghrelin/obestatin ratio in two populations with low bodyweight: constitutional thinness and anorexia nervosa. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34; 413–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, D. E., Purnell, J. Q., Frayo, R. S., et al. A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans. Diabetes 2001; 50: 1714–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hassouna, R., Zizzari, P., Tolle, V.. The ghrelin/obestatin balance in the physiological and pathological control of growth hormone secretion, body composition and food intake. J Neuroendocrinol 2010; 22: 793–804.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tolle, V., Zizzari, P., Tomasetto, C., et al. In vivo and in vitro effects of ghrelin/motilin-related peptide on growth hormone secretion in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 2001; 73: 54–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schaeffer, M., Langlet, F., Lafont, C., et al. Rapid sensing of circulating ghrelin by hypothalamic appetite-modifying neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110: 1512–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Denis, R. G. P., Joly-Amado, A., Cansell, C., et al. Central orchestration of peripheral nutrient partitioning and substrate utilization: implications for the metabolic syndrome. Diab Metab 2014; 40: 191–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abizaid, A., Liu, Z. W., Andrews, Z. B., et al. Ghrelin modulates the activity and synaptic input organization of midbrain dopamine neurons while promoting appetite. J Clin Invest 2006; 116: 3229–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jiang, H., Betancourt, L., Smith, R. G.. Ghrelin amplifies dopamine signaling by cross talk involving formation of growth hormone secretagogue receptor/dopamine receptor subtype 1 heterodimers. Mol Endocrinol 2006; 20: 1772–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharpe, M. J., Clemens, K. J., Morris, M. J., et al. Daily exposure to sucrose impairs subsequent learning about food cues: a role for alterations in ghrelin signaling and dopamine d2 receptors. Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 41: 1357–65CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skibicka, K. P., Shirazi, R. H, Rabasa-Papio, C., et al. Divergent circuitry underlying food reward and intake effects of ghrelin: dopaminergic VTA-accumbens projection mediates ghrelin’s effect on food reward but not food intake. Neuropharmacol 2013; 73: 274–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowdrey, F. A., Park, R. J., Harmer, C. J., et al. Increased neural processing of rewarding and aversive food stimuli in recovered anorexia nervosa. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 70: 736–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bailer, U. F., Narendran, R. F. W., Gordon, H. M. L., et al. Amphetamine induced dopamine release increases anxiety in individuals recovered from anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2012; 45: 263–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aston-Jones, G., Smith, R. J., Sartor, G. C., et al. Lateral hypothalamic orexin/hypocretin neurons: a role in reward-seeking and addiction. Brain Res 2010; 1314: 74–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGorry, P. D., Hartmann, J. A., Spooner, R., et al. Beyond the “at risk mental state” concept: transitioning to transdiagnostic psychiatry. World Psychiatry 2018; 17: 133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jablensky, A.. Psychiatric classifications: validity and utility. World Psychiatry 2016; 15: 26–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maj, M.. Why the clinical utility of diagnostic categories in psychiatry is intrinsically limited and how we can use new approaches to complement them. World Psychiatry 2018; 17: 121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lahey, B. B., Krueger, R. F., Rathouz, P. J., et al. Validity and utility of the general factor of psychopathology. World Psychiatry 2017; 16:142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanislow, C. A.. Updating the research domain criteria. World Psychiatry 2016; 15: 222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Watson, D.. A paradigm shift in psychiatric classification: the Hierarchical Taxonomy Of Psychopathology (HiTOP). World Psychiatry 2018; 17: 24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, B., McGorry, P. D., Wichers, M., et al. Moving from static to dynamic models of the onset of mental disorder: a review. JAMA Psychiatry 2017; 74: 528–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borsboom, D.. A network theory of mental disorders. World Psychiatry 2017; 16: 5–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caglar-Nazali, H. P., Corfield, F., Cardi, V., et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of “Systems for Social Processes” in eating disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 42: 55–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cardi, V., Tchanturia, K., Treasure, J.. Premorbid and illness-related social difficulties in eating disorders: an overview of the literature and treatment developments. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16: 1122–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monteleone, A. M., Treasure, J., Kan, C., et al. Reactivity to interpersonal stress in patients with eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies using an experimental paradigm. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 87: 133–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monteleone, A. M., Ruzzi, V., Patriciello, G., et al. Emotional reactivity and eating disorder related attitudes in response to the trier social stress test: an experimental study in people with anorexia nervosa and with bulimia nervosa. J Affect Disord 2020; 274: 23–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monteleone, A. M., Cascino, G., Ruzzi, V., et al. Multiple levels assessment of the RDoC “system for social process” in eating disorders: Biological, emotional and cognitive responses to the Trier Social Stress Test. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 130: 160–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meneguzzo, P., Collantoni, E., Bonello, E., et al. The predictive value of the early maladaptive schemas in social situations in anorexia nervosa. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2020; 28: 318–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corsi, E., Cardi, V., Sowden, S., et al. Socio-cognitive processing in people with eating disorders: computerized tests of mentalizing, empathy and imitation skills. Int J Eat Disord 2021; 54: 1509–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forbush, K. T., Hagan, K. E., Kite, B. A., et al. Understanding eating disorders within internalizing psychopathology: a novel transdiagnostic, hierarchical-dimensional model. Compr Psychiatry 2017; 79: 40–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Treasure, J., Willmott, D., Ambwani, S., et al. Cognitive interpersonal model for anorexia nervosa revisited: the perpetuating factors that contribute to the development of the severe and enduring illness. J Clin Med 2020; 9: 630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKnight, R., Boughton, N.. A patient’s journey: anorexia nervosa. BMJ 2009; 339: 46–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walsh, B.. The enigmatic persistence of anorexia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry 2013; 17: 477–84.Google Scholar
Het, S., Vocks, S., Wolf, J. M., et al. Blunted neuroendocrine stress reactivity in young women with eating disorders. J Psychosom Res 2015; 78: 260–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., Seitz, J., Baines, J.. Food matters: how the microbiome and gut-brain interaction might impact the development and course of anorexia nervosa. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 26: 1031–41CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monteleone, A. M., Troisi, J., Fasano, A., et al. Multi-omics data integration in anorexia nervosa patients before and after weight regain: a microbiome-metabolomics investigation. Clin Nutr 2021; 40: 1137–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barona, M, Brown, M., Clark, C., et al. White matter alterations in anorexia nervosa: evidence from a voxel-based meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 100: 285–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collo, G., Pich, E. M.. A human translational model based on neuroplasticity for pharmacological agents potentially effective in treatment-resistant depression: focus on dopaminergic system. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15: 1027.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ambwani, S., Cardi, V., Albano, G., et al. A multicenter audit of outpatient care for adult anorexia nervosa: symptom trajectory, service use, and evidence in support of “early stage” versus “severe and enduring” classification. Int J Eat Disord 2020; 53: 1337–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marzola, E, Martini, M, Brustolin, A, et al. Inpatients with severe-enduring anorexia nervosa: Understanding the “enduringness” specifier. Eur Psychiatry 2021;64: e44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wonderlich, S. A., Bulik, C. M., Schmidt, U., et al. Severe and enduring anorexia nervosa: update and observations about the current clinical reality. Int J Eat Disord 2020; 53: 1303–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hay, P., Touyz, S.. Classification challenges in the field of eating disorders: can severe and enduring anorexia nervosa be better defined? J Eat Disord 2018; 6: 1–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wildes, J. E., Forbush, K. T., Hagan, K. E., et al. Characterizing severe and enduring anorexia nervosa: an empirical approach. Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50: 389–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monteleone, A. M., Cascino, G.. A systematic review of network analysis studies in eating disorders: is time to broaden the core psychopathology to non specific symptoms. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2021; 29: 531–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fried, E. I., Cramer, A. O. J. Moving forward: challenges and directions for psychopathological network theory and methodology. Perspect Psychol Sci 2017; 12: 999–1020.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fairburn, C. G., Cooper, Z., Shafran, R.. Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: a “transdiagnostic” theory and treatment. Behav Res Ther 2003; 41: 509–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christian, C., Williams, B., Hunt, R., et al. A network investigation of core symptoms and pathways across duration of illness using a comprehensive cognitive-behavioral model of eating-disorder symptoms. Psychol Med 2021; 51: 815–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schlegl, S., Smith, K. E., Vierl, L., et al. Using network analysis to compare diagnosis-specific and age-specific symptom networks in eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 2021; 54: 1463–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christian, C., Perko, V., Vanzhula, I. A., et al. Eating disorder core symptoms and symptom pathways across developmental stages: a network analysis. J Abnorm Psychol 2020; 129: 177–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monteleone, A. M., Mereu, A., Cascino, G., et al. Re-conceptualization of anorexia nervosa psychopathology: a network analysis study in adolescents with short duration of the illness. Int J Eat Disord 2019; 52: 1263–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levinson, C. A., Vanzhula, I. A., Smith, T. W., et al. Group and longitudinal intra-individual networks of eating disorder symptoms in adolescents and young adults at-risk for an eating disorder. Behav Res Ther 2020; 135: 103731.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monteleone, A. M., Cardi, V., Ambwani, S., et al. Network intervention analysis to assess the trajectory of change and treatment effects associated with the use of online guided self -help for anorexia nervosa. Early Interv Psychiatry 2020; 15: 1210–16.Google ScholarPubMed
Blanken, T. F., Van Der Zweerde, T., Van Straten, A., et al. Introducing network intervention analysis to investigate sequential, symptom-specific treatment effects: a demonstration in co-occurring insomnia and depression. Psychother Psychosom 2019; 88: 52–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olatunji, B. O., Levinson, C., Calebs, B.. A network analysis of eating disorder symptoms and characteristics in an inpatient sample. Psychiatry Res 2018; 262: 270–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monteleone, A. M., Cascino, G., Solmi, M., et al. A network analysis of psychological, personality and eating characteristics of people seeking bariatric surgery: identification of key variables and their prognostic value. J Psychosom Res 2019; 120: 81–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elliott, H., Jones, P. J., Schmidt, U.. Central symptoms predict posttreatment outcomes and clinical impairment in anorexia nervosa: a network analysis. Clin Psychol Sci 2020; 8: 139–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, T. A., Vanzhula, I. A., Reilly, E. E., et al. Body mistrust bridges interoceptive awareness and eating disorder symptoms. J Abnorm Psychol 2020; 129: 445–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monteleone, A. M., Cascino, G., Pellegrino, F., et al. The association between childhood maltreatment and eating disorder psychopathology: a mixed-model investigation. Eur Psychiatry 2019; 61: 111–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monteleone, A. M., Tzischinsky, O., Cascino, G., et al. The connection between childhood maltreatment and eating disorder psychopathology: a network analysis study in people with bulimia nervosa and with binge eating disorder. Eat Weight Disord 2021 (online ahead of print).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vervaet, M., Puttevils, L., Hoekstra, R. H. A., et al. Transdiagnostic vulnerability factors in eating disorders: a network analysis. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2021; 29: 86–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monteleone, A. M., Corsi, E., Cascino, G., et al. The interaction between mentalizing, empathy and symptoms in people with eating disorders: a network analysis integrating experimentally induced and self-report measures. Cognit Ther Res 2020; 44: 1140–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solmi, M., Collantoni, E., Meneguzzo, P., et al. Network analysis of specific psychopathology and psychiatric symptoms in patients with eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 2018; 51: 680–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solmi, M., Collantoni, E., Meneguzzo, P., et al. Network analysis of specific psychopathology and psychiatric symptoms in patients with anorexia nervosa. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2019; 27: 24–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cascino, G, Castellini, G., Stanghellini, S., et al. The role of the embodiment disturbance in the anorexia nervosa psychopathology: a network analysis study. Brain Sci 2019; 9: 276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keski-Rahkonen, A, Raevuori, A., Bulik, C. M., et al. Factors associated with recovery from anorexia nervosa: a population-based study. Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47: 117–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monteleone, A. M., Marciello, F., Cascino, G., et al. The impact of COVID-19 lockdown and of the following “re-opening” period on specific and general psychopathology in people with eating disorders: the emergent role of internalizing symptoms. J Affect Disord. 2021; 285: 77–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nisticò, V., Bertelli, S., Tedesco, R., et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19-related lockdown measures among a sample of Italian patients with eating disorders: a preliminary longitudinal study. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 1: 3.Google Scholar
Schlegl, S., Maier, J., Meule, A., et al. Eating disorders in times of the COVID-19 pandemic: results from an online survey of patients with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2020; 53: 1791–800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goddard, E., Salerno, L., Hibbs, R., et al. Empirical examination of the interpersonal maintenance model of anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2013; 46: 867–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marzola, E., Porliod, A., Panero, M., et al. Affective temperaments and eating psychopathology in anorexia nervosa: which role for anxious and depressive traits? J Affect Disord 2020; 266: 374–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scheffer, M.. Foreseeing tipping points. Nature 2010; 467:411–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Treasure, J., Oyeleye, O., Bonin, E. M., et al. Optimising care pathways for adult anorexia nervosa: what is the evidence to guide the provision of high‐quality, cost‐effective services? Eur Eat Disord Rev 2021; 29: 306–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wade, T. D., Hart, L. M., Mitchison, D., et al. Driving better intervention outcomes in eating disorders: a systematic synthesis of research priority setting and the involvement of consumer input. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2021; 29: 346–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, K. M., Hunger, J. M., Tomiyama, A. J.. Weight stigma and health behaviours: evidence from the Eating in America study. Int J Obes 2021; 45:1499–509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Day, S., Bussey, K., Trompeter, N., et al. The impact of teasing and bullying victimization on disordered eating and body image disturbance among adolescents: a systematic review. Trauma, Violence Abuse 2021; 1524838020985534 (ahead of print).Google Scholar
Dahill, L. M., Touyz, S., Morrison, N. M., et al. Parental appearance teasing in adolescence and associations with eating problems: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2021; 21: 450.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Puhl, R. M., Wall, M. M., Chen, C., et al. Experiences of weight teasing in adolescence and weight-related outcomes in adulthood: a 15-year longitudinal study. Prev Med 2017; 100: 173–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lie, S. Ø., Rø, Ø, Bang, L.. Is bullying and teasing associated with eating disorders? A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Int J Eat Disord 2019; 52: 497–514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Treasure, J., Eid, L.. Eating disorder animal model. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2019; 32: 471–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, H. J., Palmos, A. B., Hunjan, A., et al. Genetics of eating disorders in the genome-wide era. Psychol Med 2021; 15: 1–11.Google Scholar
Yao, S., Kuja-Halkola, R., Martin, J., et al. Associations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and various eating disorders: a Swedish nationwide population study using multiple genetically informative approaches. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 86: 577–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Treasure, J., Willmott, D., Ambwani, S., et al. Cognitive interpersonal model for anorexia nervosa revisited: the perpetuating factors that contribute to the development of the severe and enduring illness. J Clin Med 2020; 9: 630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dimitropoulos, G., Klopfer, K., Lazar, L., et al. Caring for a sibling with anorexia nervosa: a qualitative study. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2009; 17: 350–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dimitropoulos, G., Freeman, V. E., Bellai, K., et al. Inpatients with severe anorexia nervosa and their siblings: non‐shared experiences and family functioning. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2013; 21: 284–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maon, I., Horesh, D, Gvion, Y.. Sibling of individuals with eating disorder: a review of the literature. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11: 604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawson, L., Rhodes, P., Touyz, S.. The recovery model and anorexia nervosa. Austr N Z J Psychiatry 2014; 48: 1009–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chami, R., Monteleone, A. M., Treasure, J., et al. Stress hormones and eating disorders. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 497: 110349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ambwani, S., Berenson, K. R., Simms, L., et al. Seeing things differently: an experimental investigation of social cognition and interpersonal behaviour in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49: 499–506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magill, N., Rhind, C., Hibbs, R., et al. Two-years follow-up a pragmatic randomised controlled trial examining the effect of adding a caraer’s skill training intervention in inpatients with anorexia nervosa. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2016; 24: 122–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hibbs, R., Magill, N., Goddard, E., et al. Clinical effectiveness of a skills training intervention for caregivers in improving patient and caregiver health following in-patient treatment for severe anorexia nervosa: pragmatic randomized controlled trial. B J Psych Open 2015; 1: 56–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wasil, R, Patel, R., Cho, J. Y., et al. Smartphone apps for eating disorders: a systematic review of evidence‐based content and application of user‐adjusted analyses. Int J Eat Disord 2021; 54: 690–700.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodside, D. B., Dunlop, K., Sathi, C., et al. A pilot trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex in anorexia nervosa: resting fMRI correlates of response. J Eat Disord 2021; 9: 1–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dalton, B., Bartholdy, S., McClelland, J., et al. Randomised controlled feasibility trial of real versus sham repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment in adults with severe and enduring anorexia nervosa: the TIARA study. BMJ Open 2018; 8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milos, G., Antel, J., Kaufmann, L. K., et al. Short-term metreleptin treatment of patients with anorexia nervosa: rapid on-set of beneficial cognitive, emotional, and behavioral effects. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10: 1–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×