Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-6bf8c574d5-zc66z Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-03-09T14:43:35.210Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

13 - The United States

A (Mostly) Hands-Off Superpower

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 December 2024

By
Drew A. Hogan  and
Ronald R. Krebs
Edited by
Klaus Brummer  and
Šumit Ganguly
Klaus Brummer
Affiliation:
Katholische Universiteit Eichstätt, Germany
Šumit Ganguly
Affiliation:
Hoover Institution, Stanford University, California
Get access

Summary

The United States provides limited direct support to its citizens abroad, but provides significant indirect support, via a global order in which capitalism, and US businesses in particular, can thrive. Historically, driven by laissez-faire ideological commitments and a limited welfare state at home, the US has rarely and only reluctantly organized or offered significant assistance when its citizens abroad have been in distress. However, mobilization by hostage families and advocacy organizations has forced the US to take a more active role in recent years, especially in prominent cases. With a vast security, diplomatic, and intelligence apparatus at its disposal to conduct matters of state, the US does not rely on citizens abroad to conduct foreign policy. It has sometimes engaged in repression of dissenting citizens through travel controls, and it has subjected citizens and others to significant surveillance. Although US citizens in distress abroad often receive limited direct assistance, US businesses can, in contrast, avail themselves of robust federal and state government aid for their commercial activities overseas – in line with US interests and ideology.

Keywords

capitalism; commerce; evacuation; expatriates; hostages; immigration; repression; surveillance; travel controlsUnited States
Type
Chapter
Information
States and their Nationals Abroad
Support, Co-Opt, Repress
 , pp. 300 - 329
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Citizens Abroad (2017) How Are We Counted? Available at: www.americansabroad.org/how-are-we-counted/ (last accessed July 1, 2022).Google Scholar
Arango, Tim (2012) U.S. Is Planning to Cut Its Staff at Iraq Embassy by as Much as Half. New York Times, February 7. Available at: www.nytimes.com/2012/02/08/world/middleeast/united-states-planning-to-slash-iraq-embassy-staff-by-half.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1&hp (last accessed June 6, 2022).Google Scholar
Bailyn, Bernard (1967) The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Baker, Peter (2023) Biden Hopes to Alter the Trajectory of the War as Hostages Are Released. New York Times, November 27. Available at: www.nytimes.com/2023/11/27/us/politics/biden-israel-hamas-hostages.html (last accessed December 6, 2023).Google Scholar
Barrett, Devlin, and Entous, Adam (2015) FBI Helped Facilitate Ransom for U.S. Hostage Killed in Drone Strike. Wall Street Journal, April 29. Available at: www.wsj.com/articles/fbi-helped-facilitate-ransom-for-u-s-hostage-killed-in-drone-strike-1430328084 (last accessed June 7, 2022).Google Scholar
Bergengruen, Vera (2022) Families of American Hostages Demand Biden Do More. Time, May 5. Available at: https://time.com/6173655/american-hostages-joe-biden/ (last accessed June 1, 2022).Google Scholar
Best, Kenneth (2020) Americans Abroad: Escaping or Enhancing Life? UConn Today, August 7. Available at: https://today.uconn.edu/2020/08/americans-abroad-escaping-enhancing-life/ (last accessed April 8, 2022).Google Scholar
Bon Tempo, Carl (2011) American Exceptionalism and Immigration Debates in the Modern United States. In Söderlind, S. and Carson, J. T. (eds.), American Exceptionalisms: From Winthrop to Winfrey. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 147–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boot, Max (2014) The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power (Revised edition). New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Bowman, Emma, Bowman, Tom, and Hernandez, Joe (2023) The U.S. Evacuates Some 1,000 Americans from Sudan. NPR, April 30. Available at: www.npr.org/2023/04/29/1172916366/sudan-us-e©vacuation (last accessed July 3, 2023).Google Scholar
CBS News (2020) For First Time, U.S. Formally Blames Iran for Presumed Death of Former FBI Agent Robert Levinson, December 14. Available at: www.cbsnews.com/news/robert-levinson-death-iran-trump-administration-blame/ (last accessed December 6, 2022).Google Scholar
Chappell, Bill (2022) Biden Tells U.S. Citizens to Leave Ukraine, Saying Military Wouldn’t Rescue Them. NPR, February 11. Available at: www.npr.org/2022/02/11/1080060546/biden-us-citizens-leave-ukraine (last accessed April 29, 2022).Google Scholar
Cohen, Warren (2013) The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations: Challenges to American Primacy, 1945 to the Present, Vol. 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Congressional Research Service (2020) U.S. Repatriation Program for Citizens Returned from Abroad. Available at: https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=IF11484&__cf_chl_tk=tvaroOvuDF3W46ZkxvURikD6SaMK.4sqGKB8jS5PkvA-1665589302-0-gaNycGzNCOU (last accessed November 2, 2022).Google Scholar
Costanzo, Joe, and Klekowski Von Koppenfels, Amanda (2013) Counting the Uncountable: Overseas Americans. Migrationpolicy.org, May 17. Available at: www.migrationpolicy.org/article/counting-uncountable-overseas-americans (last accessed May 23, 2022).Google Scholar
Cullen, Terri, and Josephs, Leslie (2021) Pentagon Orders U.S. Airlines to Help Fly Afghanistan Evacuees. CNBC, August 22. Available at: www.cnbc.com/2021/08/22/biden-administration-activates-civil-reserve-air-fleet.html (last accessed November 1, 2022).Google Scholar
Doshi, Juhi (2023) What Is Section 702? Congress Is Debating the Controversial Surveillance Power. NBC News, 31 July. Available at: www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/section-702-foreign-intelligence-surveillance-act-congress-what-know-rcna96259 (last accessed August 4, 2023).Google Scholar
Dulles, Foster Rhea (1966) A Historical View of Americans Abroad. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 368, 11–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Efrat, Asif (2022a) Facing US Extraterritorial Pressure: American Troops in Foreign Courts during the Cold War. Journal of Politics 84(1), 242–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Efrat, Asif (2022b) How to Handle Offending Troops Overseas: The U.S. Military’s Legal Strategy during the Cold War. Armed Forces & Society, OnlineFirst, doi.org/10.1177/0095327X211061423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliott, Christopher (2022) When Should Travelers Call a U.S. Embassy or Consulate? Washington Post, February 16. Available at: www.washingtonpost.com/travel/2022/02/16/travelers-united-states-embassy/ (last accessed October 17, 2022).Google Scholar
Friedberg, Aaron L. 2000. In the Shadow of the Garrison State: America’s Anti-statism and Its Cold War Grand Strategy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuentes, Gidget (2021) Afghanistan Exit Latest in Long History of U.S. Noncombatant Evacuation Missions. USNI News, 17 August. Available at: https://news.usni.org/2021/08/17/afghanistan-exit-latest-in-long-history-of-u-s-noncombatant-evacuation-missions (last accessed November 29, 2022).Google Scholar
Gher, Jaime (2002) Status of Forces Agreements: Tools to Further Effective Foreign Policy and Lessons to Be Learned from the United States–Japan Agreement Comment. University of San Francisco Law Review 37(1), 227–256.Google Scholar
Gilbert, Danielle (2019) ‘No Concessions’? A Closer Look at U.S. Hostage Recovery Policy. War on the Rocks, 27 February. Available at: https://warontherocks.com/2019/02/no-concessions-a-closer-look-at-u-s-hostage-recovery-policy/ (last accessed June 7, 2022).Google Scholar
Gilbert, Danielle (2020) The Oxygen of Publicity: Explaining U.S. Media Coverage of International Kidnapping. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, OnlineFirst, doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1792723.Google Scholar
Gilbert, Danielle, and Gaëlle Rivard, Piché (2021) Caught between Giants: Hostage Diplomacy and Negotiation Strategy for Middle Powers. Texas National Security Review 5(1), 11–32.Google Scholar
Glad, Betty (2009) An Outsider in the White House: Jimmy Carter, His Advisors, and the Making of American Foreign Policy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Grieco, Elizabeth, Patricia De La Cruz, Rachel Cortes, and Larsen, Luke (2010) Who in the United States Sends and Receives Remittances? An Initial Analysis of the Monetary Transfer Data from the Aug. 2008 CPS Migration Supplement. United States Census Bureau. Available at: www.census.gov/library/working-papers/2010/demo/POP-twps0087.html (last accessed June 6, 2022).Google Scholar
Hansler, Jennifer (2022) White House Unveils New Executive Order on US Hostages and Wrongful Detainees. CNN, July 19, 2022. Available at: www.cnn.com/2022/07/19/politics/executive-order-hostages-wrongful-detainees-biden/index.html (last accessed December 8, 2023).Google Scholar
Herrin, Aubree (2020) Understanding Status of Forces Agreements: What Shapes Jurisdictional Control? PhD diss., University of Iowa, Iowa City.Google Scholar
Hostage Aid Worldwide and James Foley Foundation (2021) Hostage Aid Worldwide Launch Event. Available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=KRinHoK92fM (last accessed December 6, 2022).Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel P. 1981. American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Ilias, Shayerah, Hanrahan, Charles, and Villarreal, Angeles (2013) U.S. Government Agencies Involved in Export Promotion: Overview and Issues for Congress. Congressional Research Service. Available at: https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R41495.pdf (last accessed October 11, 2022).Google Scholar
Ilias, Shayerah, Morrison, Wayne, Fergusson, Ian, and Villarreal, Angeles (2011) Boosting U.S. Exports: Selected Issues for Congress. Congressional Research Service. Available at: https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R41929/8. (last accessed September 10, 2022).Google Scholar
Immerwahr, Daniel (2019) How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Lawrence, and Page, Benjamin (2005) Who Influences U.S. Foreign Policy? American Political Science Review 99(1), 107–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jakes, Lara, and Kannapell, Andrea (2023) What Does ‘Wrongfully Detained’ Mean? New York Times, April 10, 2023. Available at: www.nytimes.com/2023/04/10/world/europe/wrongfully-detained-us-citizens.html (last accessed December 5, 2023).Google Scholar
Jenkins, Brian (2018) Does the U.S. No-Concessions Policy Deter Kidnappings of Americans? Washington, DC: The RAND Corporation.Google Scholar
Johnson, David K (2006) The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kahn, Jeffrey (2013) Mrs. Shipley’s Ghost: The Right to Travel and Terrorist Watchlists. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klekowski von Koppenfels, Amanda (2014) Migrants or Expatriates? Americans in Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klekowski von Koppenfels, Amanda (2019) The Disinterested State: Negative Diasporic Policy as an Expression of State Inclusion and National Exclusion. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 45(4), 595–612.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LaFeber, William (2013) The American Search for Opportunity, 1865–1913. In The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations, Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lebovic, Sam (2020) No Right to Leave the Nation: The Politics of Passport Denial and the Rise of the National Security State. Studies in American Political Development 34(1), 170–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyon, David (2003) Surveillance after September 11. Malden, MA: Polity.Google Scholar
Mazower, Mark (2012) Governing the World: The History of an Idea, 1815 to the Present. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Michigan Economic Development Corporation (2022) Gov. Gretchen Whitmer Announces $1.4 Million in Export Assistance Funds Available for Michigan’s Small Businesses. Available at: www.michiganbusiness.org/press-releases/2022/09/whitmer-announces-$1.4-million-in-export-assistance-funds-available-for-michigans-small-businesses/ (last accessed October 10, 2022).Google Scholar
Mills, Karen M. (1993) Americans Overseas in U.S. Censuses. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census, Technical Paper 62. Available at: http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo35912 (last accessed November 29, 2022).Google Scholar
Morgan, David (2008) Bodies of Missing U.S. Soldiers Identified in Iraq. Reuters, July 11. Available at: www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-usa-soldiers-idUSN1134322320080711 (last accessed July 8, 2022).Google Scholar
Moriarty, Sarah (2021) How Bob Levinson’s Legacy Will Help Bring Hostages Home. James W. Foley Legacy Foundation, March 10. Available at: https://jamesfoleyfoundation.org/bloghostage-family-perspectives/2021/3/9/how-bob-levinsons-legacy-will-help-bring-hostages-home (last accessed June 23, 2022).Google Scholar
National Conference of State Legislatures (2020) Electronic Ballot Return. Available at: www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/internet-voting.aspx (last accessed October 13, 2022).Google Scholar
Odell, John (1974) Correlates of U.S. Military Assistance and Military Intervention. In Rosen, Steven and Kurth (eds.),, James Testing Theories of Economic Imperialism. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 143–162.Google Scholar
Ostler, Jeffrey (2019) Surviving Genocide: Native Nations and the United States from the American Revolution to Bleeding Kansas. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Packenham, Robert (1973) Liberal America and the Third World: Political Development Ideas in Foreign Aid and Social Science. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Page, Clarence (1999) Jackson’s Serbo-American Ally. Chicago Tribune, May 9. Available at: www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-05-09-9905090267-story.html (last accessed November 4, 2022).Google Scholar
Pamuk, Humeyra, and Alper, Alexandra (2022) As Pressure Mounts, Biden Acts to Deter Wrongful Detentions of Americans Abroad. Reuters, July 20. Available at: www.reuters.com/world/us/biden-sign-executive-order-deter-detention-hostage-taking-americans-abroad-2022-07-19/ (last accessed December 8, 2023).Google Scholar
Pew Research Center (2019) Remittance Flows Worldwide in 2017. Available at: www.pewresearch.org/global/interactives/remittance-flows-by-country/ (last accessed April 8, 2022).Google Scholar
Reeves, Joshua. 2017. Citizen Spies: The Long Rise of America’s Surveillance Society. New York: New York University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodgers, Walter, Karl, Jonathan, Vinci, Alessio, and Ensor, David (1999) Three Captured U.S. Soldiers Released by Yugoslavia; U.S. F-16 Plane Crashes, Pilot Safe. CNN, May 2. Available at: http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9905/02/captured.soldiers.01/ (last accessed July 7, 2022).Google Scholar
Rogers, Alan (1985) Passports and Politics: The Courts and the Cold War. The Historian 47(4), 497–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosen, Steven (1974) The Open Door Imperative and U.S. Foreign Policy. In Rosen, Steven and Kurth (eds.),, James Testing Theories of Economic Imperialism. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 3–14.Google Scholar
Savage, Charlie (2021) Testing an Opaque Security Power, Michigan Man Challenges ‘No-Fly List.’ New York Times, April 6. Available at: www.nytimes.com/2021/04/06/us/politics/no-fly-list-lawsuit.html (last accessed June 30, 2023).Google Scholar
Saunders, Laura (2018) Thousands of Americans Will Be Denied a Passport because of Unpaid Taxes. Wall Street Journal, July 6. Available at: www.wsj.com/articles/thousands-of-americans-will-be-denied-a-passport-because-of-unpaid-taxes-1530869401 (last accessed August 2, 2023).Google Scholar
Schmitt, Eric (2023) American Commandos Are in Israel Helping to Locate Hostages, Pentagon Says. New York Times, October 31. Available at: www.nytimes.com/2023/10/31/us/politics/us-israel-hostages.html (last accessed December 11, 2023).Google Scholar
Shklar, Judith (1991) American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Shults, Anthony M. (2011) The Surveil or Kill Dilemma: Separation of Powers and the FISA Amendments Act’s Warrant Requirement for Surveillance of U.S. Citizens Abroad Note. New York University Law Review 86(5): 1590–1629.Google Scholar
Siebens, James, Lucas, Ryan, and Wang, Jocelyn (2021) US Global Force Posture and US Military Operations Short of War. Stimson Center, July 14. Available at: www.stimson.org/2021/us-global-force-posture-and-us-military-operations-short-of-war/ (last accessed June 7, 2022).Google Scholar
Sieff, Kevin (2018) U.S. Is Denying Passports to Americans along the Border, Throwing Their Citizenship into Question. Washington Post, September 13. Available at: www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/us-is-denying-passports-to-americans-along-the-border-throwing-their-citizenship-into-question/2018/08/29/1d630e84-a0da-11e8-a3dd-2a1991f075d5_story.html (last accessed August 2, 2023).Google Scholar
Singer, Peter W. (2007) The Dark Truth about Blackwater. Brookings Institution, October 2. Available at: www.brookings.edu/articles/the-dark-truth-about-blackwater/ (last accessed May 1, 2022).Google Scholar
Solimano, Andrés (2010) International Migration in the Age of Crisis and Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephanson, Anders (1996) Manifest Destiny: American Expansion and the Empire of Right. New York: Hill & Wang.Google Scholar
Stewart, Phil, and Ali, Idrees (2023) U.S. Flying Drones over Gaza in Search of Hostages. Reuters, November 2. Available at: www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-flying-drones-over-gaza-search-hostages-2023-11-03/ (last accessed December 6, 2023).Google Scholar
Storrs, Landon R. Y. (2015) “McCarthyism and the Second Red Scare.” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Texas Health and Human Services (n.d.) Texas Repatriation Program. Available at: www.hhs.texas.gov/services/financial/cash/repatriation-program (last accessed July 13, 2022).Google Scholar
Theoharis, Athan G. (2011) Abuse of Power: How Cold War Surveillance and Secrecy Policy Shaped the Response to 9/11. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
United States (n.d.) 18 U.S. Code § 2339B – Providing Material Support or Resources to Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations, 2339B 18.Google Scholar
United States (2020) 22 U.S. Code § 1741b – Hostage Recovery Fusion Cell. December 27. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
United States (2020) S.712 – 116th Congress (2019–2020): Robert Levinson Hostage Recovery and Hostage-Taking Accountability Act. June 18, 2020. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
United States Census Bureau (1973) 1970 Census – Population, Subject Reports: Americans Living Abroad. Available at: www.census.gov/library/publications/1973/dec/pc-2-10a.html (last accessed June 24, 2022).Google Scholar
United States Department of State (n.d.a) Fulbright Program – Frequently Asked Questions. Available at: https://eca.state.gov/fulbright/frequently-asked-questions (last accessed November 9, 2022).Google Scholar
United States Department of State (n.d.b) Passport Information for Law Enforcement. Available at: https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/passports/legal-matters/law-enforcement.html (last accessed June 27, 2023).Google Scholar
United States Department of State (n.d.c) U.S. Government Response to Wrongful Detention. Available at: www.state.gov/u-s-government-response-to-wrongful-detention/ (last accessed December 5, 2023).Google Scholar
United States Department of State (2020) FY 2021 International Affairs Budget. Available at: www.state.gov/fy-2021-international-affairs-budget/ (last accessed October 5, 2022).Google Scholar
United States Federal Voting Assistance Program (2018) FVAP Overseas Voters Interactive Data. Available at: www.fvap.gov/info/interactive-data-center/overseas (last accessed June 10, 2022).Google Scholar
United States Government Accountability Office (2021) COVID-19 State Carried Out Historic Repatriation Effort but Should Strengthen Its Preparedness for Future Crises. Available at: www.gao.gov/assets/gao-22-104354.pdf (last accessed July 9, 2022).Google Scholar
United States International Trade Administration (2022) FY 2023 Congressional Budget Submission. Available at: www.commerce.gov/sites/default/files/2022-03/FY2023-ITA-Congressional-Budget-Submission.pdf (last accessed October 11, 2022).Google Scholar
United States Trade Representative (n.d.) Export Assistance: United States Commercial Service. Available at: http://ustr.gov/trade-topics/trade-toolbox/export-assistance (last accessed August 10, 2022).Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (n.d.) Office of Human Services Emergency Preparedness and Response. Available at: www.acf.hhs.gov/ohsepr/repatriation (last accessed August 9, 2022).Google Scholar
U.S. Department of State – Bureau of Consular Affairs (2023) Arrest or Detention of a U.S. Citizen Abroad. Available at: https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/international-travel/emergencies/arrest-detention.html?_gl=1*1eb6loq*_gcl_au*MTg2NDc5MzMxMi4xNzAyMDUxOTYw (last accessed December 8, 2023).Google Scholar
U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Canada (n.d.) History of the U.S. Mission in Canada. Available at: https://ca.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/policy-history/io/ (last accessed November, 14, 2022).Google Scholar
U.S. Embassy & Consulates in India (n.d.) Education & Culture. Available at: https://in.usembassy.gov/education-culture/ (last accessed August 9, 2022).Google Scholar
U.S. Embassy in Albania (n.d.) Repatriation to the United States of Destitute U.S. Citizens. Available at: https://al.usembassy.gov/u-s-citizen-services/emergency-financial-assistance/repatriation-united-states-destitute-u-s-citizens/ (last accessed November 10, 2022).Google Scholar
US Embassy London (n.d) US Embassy London: About. LinkedIn. Available at: www.linkedin.com/company/us-embassy-london/about/ (last accessed September 7, 2022).Google Scholar
U.S. Federal Voting Assistance Program (2020) State of the Overseas Voter. Available at: www.fvap.gov/info/reports-surveys/overseas-citizen-population-analysis (last accessed October 1, 2022).Google Scholar
U.S. Government (n.d.) International Travel Issues for Americans. Available at: www.usa.gov/americans-abroad (last accessed June 15, 2022).Google Scholar
U.S. Government Accountability Office (U.S. GAO) (2007) State Department: Evacuation Planning and Preparations for Overseas Posts Can Be Improved (GAO-08–23). Available at: www.gao.gov/products/gao-08-23 (last accessed August 3, 2022).Google Scholar
U.S. Government Accountability Office (U.S. GAO) (2018) Workplace Retirement Accounts: Better Guidance and Information Could Help Plan Participants at Home and Abroad Manage Their Retirement Savings. Available at: www.gao.gov/products/gao-18-19 (last accessed June, 15 2022).Google Scholar
U.S. Small Business Administration (2020) State Trade Expansion Program (STEP). Available at: www.sba.gov/funding-programs/grants/state-trade-expansion-program-step (last accessed November 1, 2022).Google Scholar
Veeser, Cyrus (2002) A World Safe for Capitalism: Dollar Diplomacy and America’s Rise to Global Power. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Vine, David (2021) Lists of U.S. Military Bases Abroad, 1776–2021. American University Library. Available at: https://doi.org/10.17606/7EM4-HB13 (last accessed November 4, 2022).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodsome, Kate, Rezaian, Jason, and Whitehouse, Ray (2021) Opinion: More Countries Are Taking Americans Hostage. The U.S. Is Losing Its Ability to Stop It. Washington Post, 15 November. Available at: www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/interactive/2021/hostage-taking-americans-foreign-governments/ (last accessed June 6, 2022).Google Scholar
World Population Review (2022) Immigration by Country. Available at: https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/immigration-by-country (last accessed October 15, 2022).Google Scholar
Zachary, Paul, Deloughery, Kathleen, and Downes, Alexander B. (2017) No Business Like FIRC Business: Foreign-Imposed Regime Change and Bilateral Trade. British Journal of Political Science 47(4), 749–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×