Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T05:16:41.795Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 4 - The Reception of the Acts of Thecla in Armenia

Thecla as a Model of Representation for Holy Women in Ancient Armenian Literature

from Part I - An Act to Follow

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 May 2022

By
Valentina Calzolari
Edited by
Ghazzal Dabiri  and
Flavia Ruani
Ghazzal Dabiri
Affiliation:
University of Maryland, College Park
Flavia Ruani
Affiliation:
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris
Get access

Summary

In the first half of the fifth century, at the origins of Armenian literature, an anonymous author translated the apocryphal Acts of Thecla from the Syriac version of the Greek text (second century). The translation rapidly furthered the spread of the legend across Armenia. In that same century, three works written directly in Armenian presuppose the legend of Thecla. This article focuses on the narrative patterns and the ways in which the paradigms of holiness embodied by Thecla have influenced the representation of holy women who, in the Armenian tradition, are associated with the fundamental stages of the Christianization of Armenia. Thecla, indeed, served as a model of female sanctity along three important lines, namely as holy virgin, teacher and apostle, and martyr. As the venerated proto-martyr, she served as a model for the first female martyrs in the history of Armenian Christianity, respectively, in the apostolic age (Sanduxt) and at the time of the foundation of the Church of Armenia (Hṙip‘simē). The model of holy female apostle is found in the Armenian Martyrdom of Photine too. The Armenian tradition also contributed to the development of the legend and helped to make of Thecla a holy protector of Nicene orthodoxy.

Keywords

Holy womenTheclaHṙip‘simēSanduxtPhotineArmenianancient historiographyapocryphaNiceamartyrdom
Type
Chapter
Information
Thecla and Medieval Sainthood
<I>The Acts of Paul and Thecla</I> in Eastern and Western Hagiography
 , pp. 110 - 141
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akinean, Nersēs. “Researches in Armenian literature: The Martyrdom of Saint Thaddaeus and the Virgin Sanduxt and the Canons of Thaddaeus.” Handēs Amsōreay 83 (1969): 399–426 and 84 (1970): 1–34 (in Armenian).Google Scholar
Albrecht, Ruth. Das Leben der heiligen Makrina auf dem Hintergrund der Thecla-Traditionen: Studien zu den Ursprüngen des weiblichen Mönchtums im 4. Jahrhundert in Kleinasien. Forschungen zur Kirchen- und Dogmengeschichte 38. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1986.Google Scholar
Ališan, Łewond, ed. Sop‘erk‘ Haykakank‘ [Armenian Writings]. Vol. 8. Venice: Mekhitarian Press, 1853.Google Scholar
Ališan, Łewond, ed. Vark‘ ew vkayabanut‘iwnk‘ srboc‘ hatǝntir k‘ałealk‘ i čaṙǝntrac‘ [Saints’ Lives and Martyrdoms: Anthology Gathered from the čaṙǝntir. 2 vols. Venice: Mekhitarian Press. 1874.Google Scholar
Amand de Mendieta, David, and Moons, Matthieu-Charles, eds. “Une curieuse homélie grecque inédite sur la virginité adressée aux pères de famille.” Revue bénédictine 63 (1953): 18–69.Google Scholar
Ananian, Paolo. “La data e le circonstanze della consecrazione di S. Gregorio Illuminatore.” Le Muséon 74 (1961): 43–73 and 317–360.Google Scholar
Ananian, Paolo. “Ripsima, Gaiana e compagne, sante, martiri in Armenia.” In Bibliotheca Sanctorum. Rome: Città Nuova editrice, 1968: 11: 206–212.Google Scholar
Angelidi, Christine. “Virginité ascétique: Choix, contraintes et imaginaire (4ème–7ème siècles).” In Comportamenti e immaginario della sessualità nell’Alto Medioevo. Atti delle settimane di studio della Fondazione Centro Italiano di Studi sull’Alto medioevo 53. Spoleto: Fondazione CISAM, 2006: 675–695.Google Scholar
Aspegren, Kerstin. The Male Woman: A Feminine Ideal in the Early Church. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis/Uppsala Women’s Studies 4. Uppsala; Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell International, 1990.Google Scholar
Aubin, Melissa. “Reversing Romance? The Acts of Thecla and the Ancient Novel.” In Ancient Fiction and Early Christian Narrative, edited by Hock, Ronald F., Chance, J. Bradley, and Perkins, Judith. Society of Biblical Literature Symposium Series 6. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998: 257–272.Google Scholar
Bardy, Gustave, ed. Eusèbe de Césarée, Histoire ecclésiastique et les Martyrs de Palestine. Sources chrétiennes 31. Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 1952. 4th ed., 1986.Google Scholar
Barrier, Jeremy. “The Acts of Paul and Thecla: The Historiographical Context.” In Thecla: Paul’s Disciple and Saint in the East and West, edited by Barrier, Jeremy W., Bremmer, Jan N., Nicklas, T., and Puig i Tàrrech, A.. Studies in Early Christian Apocrypha 12. Leuven: Peeters, 2017: 327–350.Google Scholar
Beatrice, Pier Francesco. “Continenza e matrimonio nel cristianesimo primitivo.” In Etica sessuale e matrimonio nel cristianesimo delle origini, edited by Cantalamessa, Raniero. Milan: Vita e Pensiero, 1976: 3–68.Google Scholar
Boughton, Lynne C. “From Pious Legend to Feminist Fantasy: Distinguishing Hagiographical License from Apostolic Practice in the Acts of Paul/Acts of Thecla.” The Journal of Religion 71 (1991): 362–383.Google Scholar
Boyarin, Daniel. Dying for God: Martyrdom and the Making of Christianity and Judaism. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Brock, Sebastian P., and van Rompay, Luke. Catalogue of the Syriac Manuscripts and Fragments in the Library of Deir al-Surian, Wadi al-Natrun (Egypt). Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 227. Leuven; Paris; Walpole: Peeters, 2014.Google Scholar
Brown, Peter. The Body and Society: Men, Women and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Burris, Catherine. “The Reception of the Acts of Thecla in Syriac Christianity: Translation, Collection, and Reception.” PhD diss., University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 2010.Google Scholar
Burrus, Virginia. “Chastity as Autonomy: Women in the Stories of the Apocryphal Acts.” Semeia 38 (1986): 101–117.Google Scholar
Burrus, Virginia. Chastity as Autonomy: Women in the Stories of the Apocryphal Acts. San Francisco: Winston & Seabury, 1987.Google Scholar
Burrus, Virginia. “Mimicking Virgins: Colonial Ambivalence and the Ancient Romance.” Arethusa 38, no. 1 (2005): 49–88.Google Scholar
Buytaert, Éligius M., ed. Eusèbe d’Émèse, Discours conservés en latin. Vol. 1. Spicilegium Sacrum Lovaniense 26. Louvain: Peeters, 1953.Google Scholar
Calef, Susan A. “Thecla ‘Tried and True’ and the Inversion of Romance.” In A Feminist Companion to the New Testament Apocrypha, edited by Levine, Amy-Jill and Robbins, Marya M.. London: T&T Clark, 2006: 163–185.Google Scholar
Calzolari, Valentina. “De sainte Thècle à Anahit: Une hypothèse d’interprétation du récit de la mort de l’empereur Valens dans les Buzandaran Patmut‘iwnk‘.” In Armenian Perspectives: 10th Anniversary Conference of the Association Internationale des Études Arméniennes. SOAS, London, edited by Awde, Nicholas. Richmond; Surrey: Curzon Press, 1997: 39–49, 371–377.Google Scholar
Calzolari, Valentina. “La version arménienne du Martyre d’André.” In The Apocryphal Acts of Andrew, edited by Bremmer, Jan N.. Studies in Early Christian Apocrypha 5. Louvain: Peeters, 2000: 149–185.Google Scholar
Calzolari, Valentina. “La citation du Ps 78 [77], 5–8 dans l’épilogue de l’Histoire de l’Arménie d’Agathange.” Revue des Études Arméniennes 29 (2003–2004): 9–27.Google Scholar
Calzolari, Valentina. “Mesrop (Maštoc‘).” In Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum. Vol. 24. Stuttgart: Anton Hiersemann Verlag, 2011: 749–758.Google Scholar
Calzolari, Valentina. “Le sang des femmes et le plan de Dieu. Réflexions à partir de l’historiographie arménienne ancienne (Ve siècle ap. J.-C.).” In Victimes au féminin, edited by Prescendi, Francesca, Nagy, Agnès A., Kolakowski, Marc, and Schwab, Aurore. L’Equinoxe. Genève: Georg, 2011: 178–194.Google Scholar
Calzolari, Valentina. “Les récits apocryphes de l’enfance dans la tradition arménienne.” In Infancy Gospels: Stories and Identities, edited by Clivaz, Claire, Dettwiler, Andreas, Devillers, L., and Norelli, E., with the collaboration of B. Bertho. WUNT 281. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2011: 560–587.Google Scholar
Calzolari, Valentina. trans. Les apôtres Thaddée et Barthélemy. Aux origines du christianisme arménien. Apocryphes 13. Turnhout: Brepols, 2011.Google Scholar
Calzolari, Valentina. “Les Actes de Paul et Thècle et le Martyre de Thaddée et Sanduxt arméniens: Phénomènes d’intertextualité et rôle des femmes.” Le Muséon 128 (2015): 381–414.Google Scholar
Calzolari, Valentina. “The legend of St. Thecla in the Armenian tradition: From Asia Minor to Tarragona through Armenia.” In Thecla: Paul’s Disciple and Saint in the East and West, edited by Barrier, Jeremy W., Bremmer, Jan N., Nicklas, T., and Puig i Tàrrech, A.. Studies in Early Christian Apocrypha 12. Leuven: Peeters, 2017: 285–305.Google Scholar
Calzolari, Valentina. ed. and trans. Apocrypha armeniaca I: Acta Pauli et Theclae, Prodigia Theclae, Martyrium Pauli. Corpus Christianorum. Series Apocryhorum 20. Turnhout: Brepols, 2017.Google Scholar
Calzolari, Valentina. “Mary and Eve: The Permanence of the First Mother in Armenian Apocryphal Infancy Gospel.” In Pregnancy and Childbirth in the Premodern World: European and Middle Eastern Cultures from Late Antiquity to the Renaissance, edited by Dopfel, Costanza Gislon, Foscati, A., and Burnett, Ch.. Cursor 36. Turnout: Brepols, 2019: 193–212.Google Scholar
Cameron, Averil. “Virginity as Metaphor: Women and Rhetoric of Early Christianity.” In History as Text: The Writing of Ancient History, edited by Cameron, Averil. London: Duckworth, 1989: 184–205. Reprint, Chapel Hill: North Carolina University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Castelli, Elizabeth. “‘I Will Make Mary Man:’ Pieties of the Body and Gender: Transformation of Christian Women in Late Antiquity.” In Body Guards: The Cultural Politics of Gender Ambiguity, edited by Epstein, Julia and Straub, Kristina. New York; London: Routledge, 1991: 29–49.Google Scholar
Clark, Elizabeth A. Reading Renunciation: Asceticism and Scripture in Early Christianity. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Cobb, L. Stephanie. Dying To Be Men: Gender and Language in Early Christian Martyr Texts. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Consolino, Franca E. “La sessualità nella tradizione patristica.” In Comportamenti e immaginario della sessualità nell’Alto Medioevo. Atti delle settimane di studio della Fondazione Centro Italiano di Studi sull’Alto medioevo 53. Spoleto: Fondazione CISAM, 2006: 85–134.Google Scholar
Conybeare, Frederick C., ed. and trans. The Apology and Acts of Apollonius and Other Monuments of Early Christianity. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1894.Google Scholar
Cooper, Kate. “Apostles, Ascetic Women, and Questions of Audience: New Reflections on the Rhetoric of Gender in the Apocryphal Acts.” In Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers 31, edited by Lovering, Eugene H. Jr. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1992: 147–153.Google Scholar
Cooper, Kate. The Virgin and the Bride: Idealized Womanhood in Late Antiquity. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Cooper, Kate. “The Bride of Christ, the ‘Male Woman,’ and the Female Reader in Late Antiquity.” In The Oxford Handbook of Women and Gender in Medieval Europe, edited by Bennet, Judith and Karras, Ruth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013: 529–544.Google Scholar
Corsaro, Francesco. “Elementi romanzeschi e aretalogia negli Atti apocrifi di Paolo e Tecla. Codici e strutture formali.” In La narrativa cristiana antica. Codici narrativi, strutture formali, schemi retorici: XXIII Incontro di studiosi dell’antichità cristiana. Roma, 5–7 maggio 1994, edited by Pricoco, Salvatore, Siniscalco, P., and Dareggi, G.. Studia Ephemeridis Augustinianum 50. Rome: Institutum Patristicum Augustinianum, 1995: 77–90.Google Scholar
Coyne Kelly, Kathleen. Performing Virginity and Testing Chastity in the Middle Ages. London; New York: Routledge, 2000.Google Scholar
Dagron, Gilbert, ed. and trans. Vie et Miracles de sainte Thècle. Texte grec, traduction et commentaire par Gilbert Dagron avec la collaboration de M. Dupré La Tour. Subsidia Hagiographica 62. Brussels: Société des Bollandistes, 1978.Google Scholar
Davies, Stevan L. The Revolt of the Widows: The Social World of the Apocryphal Acts. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1980.Google Scholar
Davies, Stevan L. “Women, Tertullian and the Acts of Paul.” Semeia 38 (1986): 139–143.Google Scholar
Davis, Stephen J. The Cult of St. Thecla: A Tradition of Women’s Piety in Late Antiquity. Oxford Early Christian Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Davis, Stephen J. “From Women’s Piety to Male Devotion: Gender Studies, The Acts of Paul and Thecla and the Evidence of an Arabic Manuscript.” Harvard Theological Review 108, no. 4 (2015): 579–593.Google Scholar
Dobschütz, Ernst von. “Der Roman in der alt-christlichen Literatur.” Deutsche Rundschau 111 (1902): 87–106.Google Scholar
Dunn, Peter. “Women’s Liberation, the Acts of Paul and Other Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles: A Review of Some Recent Interpreters.” Apocrypha 4 (1993): 245–261.Google Scholar
Elm, Susan. Virgins of God: The Making of Ascetism in Late Antiquity. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garsoïan, Nina G. “Politique ou orthodoxie? L’Arménie au quatrième siècle.” Revue des Études Arméniennes 4 (1967): 297–320. Reprint, Nina G. Garsoïan, Armenia between Byzantium and the Sasanians. Collected Studies. London: Variorum Reprints, 1985, no. iv.Google Scholar
Garsoïan, Nina G. “‘Quidam Narseus?’ A Note on the Mission of St. Nersēs the Great.” In Armeniaca. Mélanges d’études arméniennes. Venice: Île de Saint-Lazare, 1969.Google Scholar
Garsoïan, Nina G. “The Iranian Substratum of the ‘Agat‘angelos Cycle.’” In East of Byzantium: Syria and Armenia in the Formative Period, edited by Garsoïan, Nina G., Matthews, Th. F., and Thomson, R. W.. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, Center for Byzantine Studies, 1982: 153–164. Reprint, Nina G. Garsoïan, Armenia between Byzantium and the Sasanians. Collected Studies. London: Variorum Reprints, 1985, no. xii.Google Scholar
Garsoïan, Nina G. trans. The Epic Histories Attributed to P‘awstos Buzand (Buzandaran Patmut‘iwnk‘). Harvard Armenian Texts and Studies 8. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Garsoïan, Nina G. “Les éléments iraniens dans l’Arménie paléochrétienne.” In Des Parthes au Califat: Quatre leçons sur la formation de l’identité arménienne, edited by Garsoïan, Nina G. and Mahé, Jean-Pierre. Travaux et mémoires du Centre de recherche d’histoire et civilisation de Byzance. Monographies 10. Paris: De Boccard, 1997: 9–37.Google Scholar
Garsoïan, Nina G. L’Église arménienne et le grand schisme d’Orient. CSCO 574. Subsidia 100. Louvain: Peeters, 1999.Google Scholar
Gorce, Denys, ed. Vie de sainte Mélanie. Sources chrétiennes 90. Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 1962.Google Scholar
Halkin, François, and Festugière, André-Jean, eds. and trans. Dix textes inédits tirés du Ménologe impérial de Koutloumous. Cahiers d’orientalisme 8. Geneva: Patrick Cramer, 1984.Google Scholar
Hayne, Léonie. “Thecla and the Church Fathers.” Vigiliae Christianae 48 (1994): 209–218.Google Scholar
Hilberg, Isidor, ed. Sancti Eusebii Hieronymi Epistulae. Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum 54. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1996.Google Scholar
Hilhorst, Anthony. “Tertullian on the Acts of Paul.” In The Apocryphal Acts of Paul and Thecla, edited by Bremmer, Jan N.. Studies on the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles 2. Kampen: Kok Pharos, 1996: 150–163.Google Scholar
Jensen, Anne. Thecla – Die Apostolin. Ein apokrypher Text neu entdeckt. Frauen – Kultur – Geschichte 3. Freiburg; Basel; Vienna: Herder, 1995.Google Scholar
Johnson, Scott F. The Life and Miracles of Thekla: A Literary Study. Hellenic Studies 13. Washington, DC: Center for Hellenic Studies, 2006.Google Scholar
Kaestli, Jean-Daniel, and Rordorf, Willy, eds. and trans. “La fin de la vie de Thècle dans les manuscrits des Actes de Paul et Thècle. Édition des textes additionnels.” Apocrypha 25 (2014): 9–101.Google Scholar
Kraemer, Ross S. Unreliable Witnesses: Religion, Gender, and History in the Greco-Roman Mediterranean. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Lane Fox, Robin. Pagans and Christians. Harmondsworth: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986.Google Scholar
Lipsius, Richard A., and Bonnet, Max, eds. Acta apostolorum apocrypha. Vol. II.2. Leipzig: Hermann Mendelssohn, 1903. Reprint, Hildesheim: Olms 1959.Google Scholar
MacDonald, Dennis R. The Legend and the Apostle: The Battle for Paul in Story and Canon. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1983.Google Scholar
MacDonald, Dennis R. “The Role of Women in the Production of the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles.” The Iliff Review 41 (1984): 21–38.Google Scholar
MacDonald, Margaret Y. Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Mahé, Jean-Pierre. “Entre Moïse et Mahomet: réflexions sur l’historiographie arménienne.” Revue des Études Arméniennes 23 (1992): 121–153.Google Scholar
Mahé, Jean-Pierre. “Hṙip‘simē ‘jetée de la mort vers la vie.’” In Hypermachos: Studien zu Byzantinistik, Armenologie und Georgistik. Festschrift für Werner Seibt zum 65. Geburtstag, edited by Stavrakos, Christos, Wassiliou, A.-K., and Krikorian, M. K.. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2008: 235–241.Google Scholar
Malan, Solomon C., trans. The Life and Times of S. Gregory the Illuminator the Founder and Patron Saint of the Armenian Church. London; Oxford; Cambridge: Rivingtons, 1868.Google Scholar
Maraval, Pierre, ed. Grégoire de Nysse, Vie de sainte Macrine. Sources chrétiennes 178. Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 1971.Google Scholar
Marcovich, Miroslav, ed. Origenes, Contra Celsum Libri VIII. Vigiliae Christianae, Supplements 54. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2001.Google Scholar
Marjanen, Antti. “Male Women Martyrs: The Function of Gender-Transformation Language in Early Christian Martyrdom Accounts.” In Metamorphoses: Resurrection, Body and Transformative Practices in Early Christianity, edited by Seim, Turid K. and Økland, J.. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2009: 231–247.Google Scholar
Matthews, Shelly. “Thinking of Thecla: Issues in Feminist Historiography.” Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 17, no. 2 (Fall 2001): 39–55.Google Scholar
Muehlberger, Ellen. “Ambivalence about the Angelic Life.” Journal of Early Christian Studies 16 (2008): 447–478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muehlberger, Ellen. Angels in Late Ancient Christianity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Musurillo, Herbert, ed. Jean Chrysostome, La virginité. Sources chrétiennes 125. Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 1966.Google Scholar
Musurillo, Herbert, and Debidour, Victor-Henri, eds. Méthode d’Olympe, Le Banquet. Sources chrétiennes 95. Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 1963.Google Scholar
Ng, E. Y. L. “Acts of Paul and Thecla: Women’s Stories and Precedent?” Journal of Theological Studies 55 (2004): 1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Outtier, Bernard, ed. “La sainte samaritaine chez les Arméniens.” In Études sémitiques et samaritaines offertes à Jean Margain, edited by Amphoux, Christian-Bernard, Frey, A., and Schattner-Rieser, U.. Histoire du texte biblique 4. Lausanne: Zèbre, 1998: 203–212.Google Scholar
Patkanean, K‘erovbē, ed. P‘awstosi Buzandac‘woy Patmut‘iwn Hayoc’. St. Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1883. Reprint, Delmar: Caravan Books, 1984.Google Scholar
Patkanean, K‘erovbē T‘ovma Arcruni, Patmut‘iwn tann Arcruneac‘. St. Petersburg: Skoroxodov, 1887. Reprint, Tiflis 1917 and Delmar, Delmar: Caravan Books, 1991.Google Scholar
Peeters, Paul. “Un miracle des SS. Serge et Théodore et la Vie de S. Basile, dans Fauste de Byzance.” Analecta Bollandiana 39 (1921): 65–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peeters, Paul. “S. Grégoire l’Illuminateur dans le calendrier lapidaire de Naples.” Analecta Bollandiana 60 (1942): 91–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perkins, Judith. The Suffering Self: Pain and Narrative Representation in the Early Christian Era. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 1995. Reprint, 2002.Google Scholar
Pogossian, Zaruhi. “Women at the Beginning of Christianity in Armenia.” Orientalia Christiana Periodica 69 (2003): 355–380.Google Scholar
Pogossian, Zaruhi. “Female Asceticism in Early Medieval Armenia.” Le Muséon 125 (2012): 169–213.Google Scholar
Refoulé, François, ed. Tertullien, Traité du baptême. Sources chrétiennes 35. Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 1952.Google Scholar
Rohde, E. Der griechische Roman und seine Vorläufer. Leipzig, 1876. 3rd ed., 1914; Reprint, Hildesheim; New York, 1974.Google Scholar
Rordorf, Willy. “Tertullien et les Actes de Paul (à propos de bapt. 17,5).” In Hommage à René Braun. 2. Autour de Tertullien, edited by Granarolo, Jean. Publications de la Faculté des Lettres et Sciences humaines de Nice 56. Paris, 1990: 151–160. Reprint, Lex Orandi-Lex Credendi: Gesammelte Aufsätze zum 60. Geburtstag. Paradosis 36. Freiburg: Universitätsverlag Freiburg Schweiz, 1993: 475–484.Google Scholar
Rordorf, Willy. “Actes de Paul.” In Écrits apocryphes chrétiens, edited by Bovon, François and Geoltrain, Pierre. Bibliothèque de la Pléiade 442. Paris: Gallimard, 1997: 1115–1177.Google Scholar
Rousselle, Aline. Porneia. De la maîtrise du corps à la privation sensorielle. IIe–IVe siècles de l’ère chrétienne. Paris: PUF, 1983.Google Scholar
Sfameni Gasparro, Giulia. Enkrateia e antropologia. Le motivazioni protologiche della verginità nel cristianesimo dei primi secoli e nello gnosticismo. Studia Ephemeridis “Augustinianum” 20. Rome: Institutum Patristicum Augustinianum, 1984.Google Scholar
Söder, Rosa. Die apokryphe Apostelgeschichten und die romanhafte Literatur der Antike. Würzburger Studien zur Altertumswissenschaft 3. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1932. Reprint, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchges, 1969.Google Scholar
Streete, Gail C. “Women as Sources of Redemption and Knowledge in Early Christian Traditions.” In Women & Christian Origins, edited by Kraemer, Ross S. and D’Angelo, Mary Rose. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999: 330–354.Google Scholar
Streete, Gail C. “Buying the Stairway to Heaven: Perpetua and Thecla as Early Christian Heroines.” In A Feminist Companion to the New Testament Apocrypha, edited by Levine, Amy-Jill and Robbins, Maria M.. London: T&T Clark, 2006: 186–205.Google Scholar
Streete, Gail C. Redeemed Bodies: Women Martyrs in Early Christianity. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2009.Google Scholar
Tēr-Mkrtč‘ean, G., and Kanayeanc‘, S., eds. Agat‘angełay Patmut‘iwn Hayoc‘. Tbilisi: Mnac‘akan Martiroseanc’, 1909. Reprint, Delmar: Caravan, 1980.Google Scholar
Thomson, Robert W., trans. Agathangelos, History of the Armenians. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1976.Google Scholar
Thomson, Robert W., trans. Thomas Artsruni, History of the House of the Artsrunik. Detroit: Wayne State University, 1985.Google Scholar
Thomson, Robert W., The Teaching of Saint Gregory: An Early Armenian Catechism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970. Rev. ed., New York: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Thomson, Robert W., trans. The Lives of Saint Gregory: Translated with Introduction and Commentary, by R. W. Thomson. Ann Arbor: Caravan, 2010.Google Scholar
Tissot, Yves. “Encratisme et Actes apocryphes.” In Les Actes apocryphes des Apôtres: Christianisme et monde païen, edited by Bovon, François. Publications de la Faculté de Théologie de l’Université de Genève 4. Geneva: Labor et Fides, 1981: 109–119.Google Scholar
Toumanoff, C. “The Third-Century Arsacids: A Chronological and Genealogical Commentary.” Revue des Études Arméniennes 6 (1969): 233–281.Google Scholar
Vander Stichele, Caroline, and Penner, Todd. Contextualizing Gender in Early Christian Discourse: Thinking beyond Thecla. New York; London: T&T Clark, 2009.Google Scholar
Vogt, Kari. “‘Becoming Male:’ A Gnostic and Early Christian Metaphor.” In The Image of God and Gender Models in Judaeo-Christian Tradition, edited by Børresen, Kari E.. Oslo: Solum Forlag, 1991. 2nd ed., Minneapolis: Fortress, 1995.Google Scholar
Wehn, Beate. “‘Blessed are the Bodies of Those Who Are Virgins:’ Reflections on the Image of Paul in the Acts of Thecla.” Journal for the Study of the New Testament 79 (2000): 149–164.Google Scholar
Winkler, Gabriele. “Our Present Knowledge of the History of Agat‘angełos and Its Oriental Versions.” Revue des Études Arméniennes 14 (1980): 125–141.Google Scholar
Wright, William, ed. and trans. Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles: Edited from Syriac Manuscripts in the British Museum and Other Libraries. Vol. 1: The Syriac Texts. London: Williams & Norgate, 1871.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×