Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. The Species Problem
  • Cited by 99
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
April 2011
Print publication year:
2010
Online ISBN:
9780511762222
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511762222
Subjects:
Life Sciences, Evolutionary Biology, Philosophy of Science, Philosophy
Series:
Cambridge Studies in Philosophy and Biology
Information

Book description

There is long-standing disagreement among systematists about how to divide biodiversity into species. Over twenty different species concepts are used to group organisms, according to criteria as diverse as morphological or molecular similarity, interbreeding and genealogical relationships. This, combined with the implications of evolutionary biology, raises the worry that either there is no single kind of species, or that species are not real. This book surveys the history of thinking about species from Aristotle to modern systematics in order to understand the origin of the problem, and advocates a solution based on the idea of the division of conceptual labor, whereby species concepts function in different ways - theoretically and operationally. It also considers related topics such as individuality and the metaphysics of evolution, and how scientific terms get their meaning. This important addition to the current debate will be essential for philosophers and historians of science, and for biologists.

Reviews

'… an entertaining read and well organized … a launching off point for a new direction in studying the species problem.'

Source: Metascience

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
Cancel
×

Contents

Contents
References
Bibliography
Agapow, Paul-Michael, Bininda-Edmunds, O. R. P., Crandall, K. A., Gittleman, J. L., Mace, G. M., Marshall, J. C., and Purvis, A. (2004) “The Impact of Species Concept on Biodiversity Studies,” The Quarterly Review of Biology, vol. 79 CrossRef | Google Scholar | PubMed, no. 2, 161–179.
Amundson, Ron, (1998) “Typology Reconsidered: Two Doctrines on the History of Evolutionary Biology,” Biology and Philosophy, 13 CrossRef | Google Scholar: 153–177.
Aristotle, , (1995) The Complete Works of Aristotle Vols. I and II, Barnes, J. Google Scholar, ed., Princeton University Press.
Ashworth, E. J. (2003) “Language and Logic,” Cambridge Companion to Medieval Philosophy, McGrade, A. S. Google Scholar, ed., Cambridge University Press, 73–96.
Balme, D. M. (1987a) “Aristotle's Biology was not Essentialistic,” Philosophical Issues in Aristotle's Biology, Gotthelf, A. and Lennox, J. G. Google Scholar, eds., Cambridge University Press, 291–312.
(1987b) “Aristotle's Use of Division and Differentiae,” Philosophical Issues in Aristotle's Biology, Gotthelf, A. and Lennox, J. G. CrossRef | Google Scholar, eds., Cambridge University Press, 69–89.
(1987c) “The Place of Biology in Aristotle's Philosophy,” Philosophical Issues in Aristotle's Biology, Gotthelf, A. and Lennox, J. G. CrossRef | Google Scholar, eds., Cambridge University Press, 9–20.
Barker, Matthew J. (2007) “The Empirical Inadequacy of Species Cohesion by Gene Flow,” Philosophy of Science, 74 CrossRef | Google Scholar: 654–665.
Barnes, Jonathan (1995) “Life and Work,” The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle Google Scholar, Cambridge University Press, 1–26.
Beatty, John (1992) “Speaking of Species: Darwin's Strategy,” The Units of Evolution: Essays on the Nature of Species, Ereshefsky, M. ed., Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: Bradford Books, 227–245.
Bird, Alexander (2000) Thomas Kuhn Google Scholar, Princeton University Press.
Bird, Alexander, and Tobin, Emma (2008) “Natural Kinds,” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2009 edn.), Zalta, Edward N. Google Scholar ed., http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2009/entries/natural-kinds/
Blackburn, Simon (2002) “Metaphysics,” The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy, Bunnin, N and Tsui-James, E. P., eds., Malden, MA Google Scholar: Blackwell Publishers, 61–89.
Blumenthal, Henry J. (1990) “Neoplatonic Elements in the de Anima Commentaries,” Aristotle Transformed, Sorabji, R., ed., Ithaca, NY Google Scholar: Cornell University Press, 305–324.
Blumenthal, Henry J. (1996) Aristotle and Neoplatonism in Late Antiquity: Interpretations of De AnimaIthaca, NY Google Scholar: Cornell University Press.
Boler, John F. (1963) “Abailard and the Problem of Universals,” Journal of the History of Philosophy 1 CrossRef | Google Scholar :104–126.
Bolton, Robert (1987) “Definition and Scientific Method in Aristotle's Posterior Analytics and Generation of Animals,” Philosophical Issues in Aristotle's Biology, Gotthelf, A. and Lennox, J. G. Google Scholar, eds., Cambridge University Press, 120–166.
Boyd, Richard (1999) “Homeostasis, Species, and Higher Taxa,” Species: New Interdisciplinary Essays, Wilson, Robert A., ed., Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 141–185.
Brigandt, Ingo (2003) “Species Pluralism Does Not Imply Species Eliminativism,” Philosophy of Science, 70 CrossRef | Google Scholar: 1305–1316.
Broberg, Gunnar (1983) “Homo Sapiens: Linnaeus's Classification of Man,” Linnaeus the Man and His Work, Frängsmyr, T., ed., Berkeley, CA Google Scholar: University of California Press, 156–194.
Brogaard, Berit (2004) “Species as Individuals,” Biology and Philosophy, 19 CrossRef | Google Scholar: 223–243.
Brown, Stephen F. (1999) “Realism versus Nominalism,” The Columbia History of Western Philosophy, New York: Google ScholarColumbia University Press 271–278.
Burian, Richard M. (1985) “On Conceptual Change in Biology: The Case of the Gene,” Evolution at a Crossroads: The New Biology and the New Philosophy of Science,” Depew, D. J. and Weber, B. H., eds., Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 21–42.
Burkhardt, Frederick and Smith, Sydney, eds. (1987) The Correspondence of Charles Darwin Google Scholar, vol. II. Cambridge University Press.
Burkhardt, Frederick and Smith, Sydney, (1990) The Correspondence of Charles Darwin Google Scholar, vol. VI. Cambridge University Press.
Cain, A. J. (1993) Animal Species and Their Evolution CrossRef | Google Scholar, Princeton University Press.
Carnap, Rudolf (1966) An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, Gardner, M., ed., New York: Google ScholarBasic Books.
Claridge, M. F., Dawah, H. A. and Wilson, M. R. (1997) “Practical Approaches to Species Concepts for Living Organisms,” Species: The Units of Biodiversity, Claridge, M. F., Dawah, H. A., Wilson, M. R., eds., London Google Scholar: Chapman and Hall, 1–15.
Cracraft, Joel (1992) “Species Concepts and Speciation Analysis,” The Units of Evolution: Essays on the Nature of Species, Ereshefsky, M. ed., Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: Bradford Books, 93–120.
Cracraft, Joel (1997) “Species Concepts in Systematics and Conservation Biology – an Ornithological Viewpoint,” Species: The Units of Biodiversity, Claridge, M. F., Dawah, H.A., Wilson, M. R., eds., London Google Scholar: Chapman and Hall, 325–339.
Cracraft, Joel (2000) “Species Concepts in Theoretical and Applied Biology: A Systematic Debate with Consequences,” Species Concepts and Phylogenetic Theory, Quentin, Q. D. Wheeler and Meier, R. eds., New York: Google ScholarColumbia University Press, 3–14.
Darwin, Charles (1851 Google Scholar) The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online, University of Cambridge, http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F339.1&keywords=cirripedia&pageseq=1.
Darwin, Charles (1964) On the Origin of Species: A Facsimile of the First Edition, Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: Harvard University Press.
Queiroz, Kevin (1999) “The General Lineage Concept of Species and the Defining Properties of the Species Category,” Species: New Interdisciplinary Essays, Wilson, Robert A., ed., Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 49–89.
Queiroz, Kevin (2005) “Ernst Mayr and the Modern Concept of Species,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. CII CrossRef | Google Scholar, suppl. 1, 6600–6607.
Vries, Hugo (1905) Species and Varieties, Their Origin and Mutation, Chicago, IL Google Scholar: Open Court Publishing.
Dennett, Daniel (1995) Darwin's Dangerous Idea, New York: Google ScholarSimon and Schuster.
Devitt, Michael (2008) “Resurrecting Biological Essentialism,” Philosophy of Science, vol. 75 CrossRef | Google Scholar, no. 3, 344–382.
Dobzhansky, Theodosius (1937) Genetics and the Origin of Species, New York Google Scholar: Columbia University Press.
Dupré, John (1993) The Disorder of Things: Philosophical Foundations for the Disunity of Science, Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: Harvard University Press.
Dupré, John (1999) “On the Impossibility of a Monistic Account of Species,” Species: New Interdisciplinary Essays, Wilson, Robert A., ed., Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 3–19.
Ebbesen, Stan (1990a) “Boethius as an Aristotelian Commentator,” Aristotle Transformed, Sorabji, R., ed., Ithaca, NY Google Scholar: Cornell University Press, 373–391.
Ebbeson, Stan (1990b) “Philoponus, Alexander and the Origins of Medieval Logic,” Aristotle Transformed, Sorabji, R., ed., Ithaca, NY Google Scholar: Cornell University Press, 445–461.
Ebbeson, Stan (1990c) “Porphyry's Legacy to Logic: A Reconstruction,” Aristotle Transformed, Sorabji, R., ed., Ithaca, NY Google Scholar: Cornell University Press, 141–179.
Eldredge, Niles (1995) “Species, Selection, and Paterson's Concept of the Specific-Mate Recognition System,” Speciation and the Recognition Concept, Baltimore, MD Google Scholar: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 464–477.
Eldredge, Niles, and Cracraft, Joel (1980) Phylogenetic Patterns and the Evolutionary ProcessNew York Google Scholar: Columbia University Press.
Ereshefsky, Marc (1992) “Species, Higher Taxa, and the Units of Evolution,” The Units of Evolution: Essays on the Nature of Species, Ereshefsky, M., ed., Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: Bradford Books, 381–398.
Ereshefsky, Marc (2001) The Poverty of the Linnaean Hierarchy: A Philosophical Study of biological Taxonomy CrossRef | Google Scholar, Cambridge University Press.
Eriksson, Gunnar (1983) “Linnaeus the Botanist,” Linnaeus the Man and His WorkFrängsmyr, T., ed., Berkeley, CA Google Scholar: University of California Press, 63–109.
Falcon, Andrea (2005) “Commentators on Aristotle,” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2005 edn), Zalta, Edward N. Google Scholar ed., http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2005/entries/aristotle-commentators/.
Frängsmyr, Tore, ed. (1983) Linnaeus, the Man and His WorkBerkeley, CA Google Scholar: University of California Press.
Frede, Dorothea (2009) “Alexander of Aphrodisias,” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2009 edn), Zalta, Edward N. Google Scholar ed., http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2009/entries/alexander-aphrodisias/.
Frege, Gottlob (1990) “On Sense and Nominatum,” reprinted in The Philosophy of Language, Martinich, A.P. Google Scholar, ed., Oxford University Press, 190–202.
Ghiselin, Michael, T. (1969) The Triumph of the Darwinian Method Google Scholar, University of Chicago Press.
Ghiselin, Michael T. (1989) “Individuality, History and the Laws of Nature in Biology,” What the Philosophy of Biology Is: Essays Dedicated to David Hull, Ruse, M., ed., Dordrect, The Netherlands Google Scholar: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Ghiselin, Michael T. (1997) Metaphysics and the Origin of Species, Albany, NY Google Scholar: State University of New York Press.
Gopnik, Alison, and Meltzoff, Andrew N. (1997) Words, Thoughts, and Theories, Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.
Gotthelf, Allan (1987) “First Principles in Aristotle's Parts of Animals,” Philosophical Issues in Aristotle's Biology, Gotthelf, A. and Lennox, J. G. CrossRef | Google Scholar, eds., Cambridge University Press, 167–198.
Grene, Marjorie, and Depew, David (2004) The Philosophy of Biology: An Episodic History CrossRef | Google ScholarCambridge University Press.
Griffiths, Paul (1999) “Squaring the Circle, Natural Kinds with Historical Essences,” Species, New Interdisciplinary Essays, Wilson, Robert A., ed., Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 209–228.
Hadot, Pierre (1990) “The Harmony of Plotinus and Aristotle According to Porphyry,” Aristotle Transformed, Sorabji, R., ed., Ithaca NY Google Scholar: Cornell University Press, 125–140.
Hankinson, R. J. (1994) “Galen and the Logic of Relations,” Aristotle in Late Antiquity, Schrenk, L., ed., Washington, DC Google Scholar: The Catholic University of America Press, 57–75.
Hennig, Willi (1977) Phylogenetic Systematics, Urbana, IL Google Scholar: University of Illinois Press.
Hey, Jody (2001) Genes, Categories and Species: the Evolutionary and Cognitive Causes of the Species Problem Google Scholar, Oxford University Press.
Hull, David L. (1983) Darwin and His Critics Google Scholar, University of Chicago Press.
Hull, David L. (1988) Science as Process: an Evolutionary Account of the Social and Conceptual Development of Science CrossRef | Google Scholar, University of Chicago Press.
Hull, David L. (1989) The Metaphysics of Evolution, Albany, NY Google Scholar: State University of New York Press.
Hull, David L. (1992a) “The Effect of Essentialism on Taxonomy: Two Thousand Years of Stasis,” The Units of Evolution: Essays on the Nature of SpeciesEreshefsky, M., ed., Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: Bradford Books, 199–225.
Hull, David L. (1992b) “A Matter of Individuality,” The Units of Evolution: Essays on the Nature of Species, Ereshefsky, M., ed., Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: Bradford Books, 293–316.
Hull, David L. (1997). “The Ideal Species Concept – and Why We Can't Get It,” in Species: the Units of Biodiversity, Claridge, M. F., Dawah, H. A., Wilson, M. R., eds., London Google Scholar: Chapman and Hall, 357–380.
Hull, David L. (1999) “On the Plurality of Species: Questioning the Party Line,” Species: New Interdisciplinary EssaysWilson, Robert A., ed., Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 23–48.
Hull, David L. (2001) Science and Selection: Essays on Biological Evolution and the Philosophy of Science Google Scholar, Cambridge University Press.
Huxley, Julian (1940) The New Systematics, London Google ScholarOxford University Press.
Hyman, Arthur and Walsh, James J. (1983) Philosophy in the Middle Ages, Indianapolis, IN Google Scholar: Hackett Publishing Company.
Jones, W. T. (1969) The Medieval MindSan Diego, CA. Google Scholar: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Kitcher, Philip (1978) “Theories, Theorists and Theoretical Change,” Philosophical Review, 87 CrossRef | Google Scholar: 519–547.
Kitcher, Philip (1984) “Against the Monism of the Moment,” Philosophy of Science, vol. 51 CrossRef | Google Scholar, no. 4. (December 8), 616–630.
Kitcher, Philip (1992) “Species,” The Units of Evolution: Essays on the Nature of SpeciesEreshefsky, M., ed., Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: Bradford Books, 317–341.
Kitcher, Philip (1998) “Explanatory Unification,” Introductory Readings in the Philosophy of ScienceKlemke, E. D., Hollinger, R., Rudge, D. W., eds., Amherst, NY Google Scholar: Prometheus Books, 278–301.
Kitts, David R. and Kitts, David J. (1979) “Biological Species as Natural Kinds,” Philosophy of Science, vol. 46 CrossRef | Google Scholar, no. 4, 613–622.
Klima, Gyula (2003) “Natures: The Problem of Universals,” Cambridge Companion to Medieval Philosophy, McGrade, A. S. Google Scholar, ed., Cambridge University Press, 196–207.
Kripke, Saul (1972) Naming and Necessity, Cambridge, MA CrossRef | Google Scholar: Harvard University Press.
Kuhn, Thomas (1977) The Essential Tension Google Scholar, The University of Chicago Press.
Kuhn, Thomas (1996) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 3rd edn CrossRef | Google ScholarThe University of Chicago Press.
LaPorte, Joseph, (2004) Natural Kinds and Conceptual Change Google Scholar, Cambridge University Press.
Larson, James L. (1968) “The Species Concept of Linnaeus,” Isis, vol. 59 CrossRef | Google Scholar, no. 3, 291–299.
Larson, James L. (1971) Reason and Experience: The Representation of Natural Order in the Work of Carl von LinneBerkeley, CA Google Scholar: University of California Press.
Lauden, Larry (1984) Science and Values: The Aims of Science and Their Role in Scientific Debate, Berkeley, CA Google Scholar: University of California Press.
Lennox, James (1980) “Aristotle on Genera, Species and the More and the Less,” Journal of the History of Biology, 13 CrossRef | Google Scholar, 321–346.
Lennox, James (1987a) “Divide and Explain: The Posterior Analytics in Practice,” Philosophical Issues in Aristotle's Biology, Gotthelf, A. and Lennox, J. G. Google Scholar, eds., Cambridge University Press, 90–119.
(1987b) “Kinds, Forms of Kinds and the More and Less in Aristotle's Biology,” Philosophical Issues in Aristotle's Biology, Gotthelf, and Lennox CrossRef | Google Scholar, , eds., Cambridge University Press, 339–359.
(2006) “Aristotle's Biology,” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2006 edn), Zalta, Edward N. Google Scholar, ed., http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2006/entries/aristotle-biology/.
Lewis, David (1983), “Extrinsic Properties,” Philosophical Studies, 44 CrossRef | Google Scholar: 197–200.
Lindroth, Sten (1983) “The Two Faces of Linnaeus,” Linnaeus the Man and His Work, Frängsmyr, T., ed., Berkeley, CA Google Scholar: University of California Press, 1–62.
Linnaeus, Carolus (1964) Systema Naturae, Facsimile of the First EditionEngel-Ledeboer, M. J. S. and Engel, H., eds., Nieuwkoop, Netherlands Google Scholar: B. De Graaf. Publ.
Lovejoy, Arthur O. (1968) “Buffon and the Problem of Species,” Forerunners of Darwin, Baltimore, MD Google Scholar: Johns Hopkins University Press, 84–113.
Lyell, Charles (1997) Principles of Geology, London Google ScholarPenguin Books.
MacLaurin, James and Sterelny, Kim (2008) What is Biodiversity? CrossRef | Google Scholar, University of Chicago Press.
Madigan, Arthur S. J. (1994) “Alexander on Aristotle's Species and Genera as Principles,” Aristotle in Late Antiquity, Schrenk, L., ed., Washington DC Google Scholar: The Catholic University of America Press, 76–91.
Magnello, M. Eileen (1996) “Karl Pearson's Gresham Lectures: W. F. R. Weldon, Speciation and the Origin of Pearsonian Statistics,” British Journal for the History of Science vol. 29 CrossRef | Google Scholar, no. 1 (March), 43–63.
Mallet, James (1995) “A Species Definition for the Modern Synthesis,”Trends in Ecology and Evolution, vol. 10 CrossRef | Google Scholar, no. 7, 294–299.
Marenbon, John (2005) “Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius,” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 edn), Zalta, Edward N. Google Scholar, ed., http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/boethius/.
Margolis, Eric and Laurence, Stephen (2006) “Concepts,” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2007 edn), Zalta, Edward N. Google Scholar, ed., http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2007/entries/concepts/.
Marrone, Steven P. (2003) “Medieval Philosophy in Context,” Cambridge Companion to Medieval PhilosophyMcGrade, A. S. Google Scholar, ed., Cambridge University Press, 10–50.
Mayden, Richard L. (1997) “A Hierarchy of Species Concepts: The Denouement in the Saga of the Species Problem,” Species: The Units of Biodiversity, Claridge, M. F., Dawah, H. A., Wilson, M. R., eds., London Google Scholar: Chapman and Hall, 381–424.
Mayden, Richard L. (1999) “Consilience and a Hierarchy of Species Concepts: Advances Toward Closure on the Species Puzzle,” Journal of Nematology, vol. 31 Google Scholar, no. 2, 95–116.
Mayr, Ernst (1942) Systematics and the Origin of Species, New York Google Scholar: Columbia University Press.
Mayr, Ernst (1957a) “Difficulties and Importance of the Biological Species,” The Species Problem, Mayr, , ed. Washington, DC Google Scholar: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 371–388.
Mayr, Ernst (1957b) “Species Concepts and Definitions,” The Species ProblemMayr, , ed. Washington, DC Google Scholar: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1–22.
Mayr, Ernst (1982) The Growth of Biological Thought, Cambridge, MA Google Scholar, Belknap Press.
Mayr, Ernst (1992) “Species Concepts and Their Application,” The Units of Evolution: Essays on the Nature of Species, Ereshefsky, M., ed., Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: Bradford Books, 15–25.
Mayr, Ernst (2000) “The Biological Species Concept,” Species Concepts and Phylogenetic Theory, Wheeler, Q. D., Quentin and Meier, R., eds., New York Google Scholar: Columbia University Press, 17–29.
Mayr, Ernst and Ashlock, Peter D. (1991) Principles of Systematic Zoology, New York Google Scholar: McGraw-Hill.
Mellor, D. H. (1977) “Natural Kinds,” The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, vol. 28 CrossRef | Google Scholar, no. 4, 299–312.
Mellor, D. H. and Oliver, Alex (1997) Properties Google Scholar, Oxford University Press.
Mishler, Brent D. and Brandon, Robert (1987) “Individuality, Pluralism, and the Phylogenetic Species Concept”, Biology and Philosophy, 2 CrossRef | Google Scholar: 397–414.
Mishler, Brent D. and Donoghue, Michael (1992) “Species Concepts: A Case for Pluralism,” The Units of Evolution: Essays on the Nature of Species, Ereshefsky, M., ed., Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: Bradford Books, 121–137.
Mishler, Brent D., and Theriot, Edward C. (2000) “The Phylogenetic Species Concept (sensu Mishler and Theriot): Monophyly, Apomorphy and the Phylogenetic Species Concept,” Species Concepts and Phylogenetic TheoryWheeler, Q. D., Quentin and Meier, R., eds., New York Google Scholar: Columbia University Press, 44–54.
Mueller, Ian “Aristotle's Doctrine of Abstraction in the Commentators,” Aristotle Transformed, Sorabji, R., ed., Ithaca NY Google Scholar: Cornell University Press, 463–480.
Murphy, Gregory L., and Medin, Douglas L. (1985) “The Role of Theories in Conceptual Coherence,” Psychological Review, vol. 92 CrossRef | Google Scholar | PubMed, no. 3 (July 1985), 289–316.
,National Research Council Committee on Scientific Issues in the Endangered Species Act (1995) Science and the Endangered Species ActWashington, DC Google Scholar: National Academies Press.
Newton-Smith, W. H. (1994) The Rationality of Science, London Google Scholar: Routledge Press.
Niklas, Karl J. (1997) The Evolutionary Biology of Plants Google Scholar, University of Chicago Press.
Ogilvie, Brian W. (2006) The Science of Describing: Natural History in Renaissance Europe CrossRef | Google Scholar, University of Chicago Press.
Panchen, Alec L. (1992) Classification, Evolution, and the Nature of Biology CrossRef | Google Scholar, Cambridge University Press.
Paterson, Hugh (1992) “The Recognition Concepts of Species,” The Units of Evolution: Essays on the Nature of Species, Ereshefsky, M., ed., Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: Bradford Books, 139–158.
Paterson, Hugh (1993) Evolution and the Recognition Concept of Species, Collected Writings of H. E. H. Paterson, McEvey, S. F., ed., Baltimore, MD Google Scholar: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Peacocke, Christopher (1992) A Study of Concepts, Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.
Pellegrin, Pierre (1987) “Logical Difference and Biological Difference: The Unity of Aristotle's Thought,” Philosophical Issues in Aristotle's Biology, Gotthelf, A. and Lennox, J. G. Google Scholar, eds., Cambridge University Press, 313–338.
Peters, F. E. (1967) Greek Philosophical Terms: A Historical Lexicon Google Scholar, New York University Press.
Purvis, O. W. (1997) “The Species Concept in Lichens,” Species: The Units of Biodiversity, Claridge, M. F., Dawah, H.A., Wilson, M. R., eds., London Google Scholar: Chapman and Hall, 109–134.
Putnam, Hilary (1990) “Meaning and Reference,” reprinted in The Philosophy of Language 2nd edn, Martinich, A., ed., New York Google Scholar: Oxford University Press, 308–315.
Quine, W. V. O. (1976) The Ways of Paradox and Other Essays, Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: Harvard University Press.
Quine, W. V. O. (1990) “Two Dogmas of Empiricism,” reprinted in The Philosophy of Language, 2nd edn, Martinich, A., ed., New York Google Scholar: Oxford University Press, 26–39.
Ray, John (1735) The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of Creation 10th edn, London CrossRef | Google Scholar: William Innys and Richard Manby.
Reydon, Thomas A. C. (2003) “Discussion: Species Are Individuals – Or Are They?”, Philosophy of Science, 70 CrossRef | Google Scholar: 49–56.
Richards, Janet Radcliffe (2000) Human Nature after Darwin, London Google Scholar: Routledge.
Richards, Richard A. (2002) “Kuhnian Values and Cladistic Parsimony,” Perspectives on Science, vol. 10 CrossRef | Google Scholar, no. 1, 1–27.
Richards, Richard A. (2003) “Character Individuation in Phylogenetic Inference,” Philosophy of Science, 70 CrossRef | Google Scholar, 264–279.
Richards, Richard A. (2005) “Evolutionary Naturalism and the Logical Structure of Valuation: The Other Side of Error Theory,” Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social, vol. 1 Google Scholar, no. 2, 270–294.
Richards, Richard A. (2007a) “Solving the Species Problem: Kitcher and Hull on Sets and Individuals,” Philosophy of Biology Google Scholar, Michael Ruse. ed., Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
Richards, Richard A. (2007b) “The Species Problem: A Philosophical Analysis,” The Encyclopedia of Life Sciences Google Scholar, Chichester: John Wiley.
Richards, Richard A. (2008) “Species and Taxonomy,” Oxford Handbook of the Philosophy of Biology Google Scholar, Oxford University Press.
Ruse, Michael (1987) “Biological Species: Natural Kinds, Individuals or What?” The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, vol. 38 CrossRef | Google Scholar, no. 2, 225–242.
Ruse, Michael (1992) “Biological Species: Natural Kinds, Individuals, or What?”, The Units of Evolution: Essays on the Nature of Species, Ereshefsky, M., ed., Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: Bradford Books, 343–361.
Ruse, Michael (1999) The Darwinian Revolution Google Scholar, University of Chicago Press.
Ruse, Michael (1998) Taking Darwin Seriously: A Naturalistic Approach to Philosophy, Amherst, NY Google Scholar: Prometheus Books.
Sharples, Robert W. (1990) “The School of Alexander?” Aristotle Transformed, Sorabji, R., ed., Ithaca, NY Google Scholar: Cornell University Press, 83–111.
Shiel, James (1990) “Boethius' Commentaries on Aristotle,” Aristotle Transformed, Sorabji, R., ed., Ithaca, NY Google Scholar: Cornell University Press, 349–372.
Simpson, George Gaylord (1951) “The Species Concept,” Evolution, vol. 5 CrossRef | Google Scholar, no. 4, 285–298.
Simpson, George Gaylord (1961) Principles of Animal TaxonomyNew York Google Scholar: Columbia University Press.
Sloan, Philip R. (1976) “The Buffon-Linnaeus Controversy,” Isis, vol. 67 CrossRef | Google Scholar | PubMed, no. 3, 356–375.
Sloan, Philip R. (1979), “Buffon, German Biology, and the Historical Interpretation of Biological Species,” The British Journal for the History of Science, vol. 12 CrossRef | Google Scholar, no. 2, 109–153.
Sloan, Philip R. (1985) “From Logical Universals to Historical Individuals,” Histoire du Concept d'Espèce dans les Sciences de la Vie, Paris Google Scholar: Fondation Singer-Polignac.
Sloan, Philip R. (2003) “Reflections on the Species Problem,” The Philosophy of Marjorie Grene, Auxier, R. and Hahn, L. E., eds., Chicago, IL. Google Scholar: Open Court.
Slobodchikoff, C. N. (1976) Concepts of SpeciesStroudsberg, PA Google Scholar: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross.
Sneath, P. H. A., and Sokal, Robert R. (1973) Numerical Taxonomy, San Francisco, CA Google Scholar: W. H. Freeman.
Soames, Scott (2005) Reference and Description: The Case against Two-Dimensionalism Google Scholar, Princeton University Press.
Sober, Elliott (1980) “Evolution, Population Thinking, and Essentialism,” Philosophy of Science, vol. 47 CrossRef | Google Scholar, no. 3, 350–383.
Sober, Elliott (1984) “Sets, Species and Evolution: Comments on Philip Kitcher's ‘Species’,” Philosophy of Science, vol. 51 CrossRef | Google Scholar, no. 2, 334–341.
Sober, Elliott (1992) “Evolution, Population Thinking, and Essentialism,” The Units of Evolution: Essays on the Nature of Species, Ereshefsky, M. ed., Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: Bradford Books, 247–278.
Sober, Elliott (2000) Philosophy of Biology, 2nd ednBoulder, CO Google Scholar: Westview Press.
Sorabji, Richard (1990) “The Ancient Commentators on Aristotle,” Aristotle Transformed, Sorabji, R., ed., Ithaca, NY Google Scholar: Cornell University Press, 1–30.
Spade, Paul Vincent (2008) “William of Ockham,” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008edn), Zalta, Edward N. Google Scholar ed., http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/ockham/.
Stafleu, Frans A. (1971) Linnaeus and the Linnaeans, Utrecht, Netherlands Google Scholar: A. Oosthooek's Uitgeversmaatschappij.
Stamos, David, (2003) The Species Problem Google Scholar, Lanhan, MD: Lexington Books.
Stamos, David, (2007) Darwin and the Nature of Species Google Scholar, Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Stauffer, Robert C. (1975) Charles Darwin's Natural Selection Google Scholar, Cambridge University Press.
Stott, Rebecca (2003) Darwin and the BarnacleNew York Google Scholar: W. W. Norton and Company.
Templeton, Alan (1992) “The Meaning of Species and Speciation: A Genetic Perspective,” The Units of Evolution: Essays on the Nature of Species, Ereshefsky, M. Google Scholar, ed., Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books, 159–183.
Thompson, Augustine (1995) “The Debate on Universals Before Peter Abelard,” The Journal of the History of Philosophy, vol. 33 CrossRef | Google Scholar, no. 3, 409–429.
Valen, Leigh (1992) “Ecological Species, Multispecies, and Oaks,” The Units of Evolution: Essays on the Nature of Species, Ereshefsky, M., ed., Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: Bradford Books, 69–77.
Wheeler, Quentin D. and Platnick, Norman I. (2000) “The Phylogenetic Species Concept (sensu Wheeler and Platnick),” Species Concepts and Phylogenetic Theory, Wheeler, Q. D., Quentin and Meier, R. eds., New York Google Scholar: Columbia University Press, 55–69.
Whewell, William (1984) Selected Writings on the History of Science Google Scholar, University of Chicago Press.
Whewell, William (1989) Theory of Scientific MethodButts, R. E., ed., Indianapolis, IN. Google Scholar: Hackett Publishing.
Wiley, E. O. (1981) Phylogenetics: The Theory and Practice of Phylogenetic Systematics, New York Google Scholar: John Wiley and Sons.
Wiley, E. O., and Mayden, Richard L. (2000) “The Evolutionary Species Concept,” Species Concepts and Phylogenetic Theory, Wheeler, Q. D., Quentin and Meier, R., eds., New York Google Scholar: Columbia University Press, 70–89.
Williams, Mary B. (1989) “Evolvers are Individuals: Extension of the Species as Individuals Claim,” What the Philosophy of Biology Is: Essays dedicated to David Hull, Ruse, M., ed., Dordrect, The Netherlands Google Scholar: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 301–308.
Wilson, Edward O. (2000) Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: Harvard University Press.
Wilson, Leonard G. (1970) Sir Charles Lyell's Scientific Journals on the Species Question, New Haven, CT Google Scholar: Yale University Press.
Wilson, Robert A. (1999) “Realism, Essence, and Kind: Resuscitating Species Essentialism?” Species: New Interdisciplinary Essays, Wilson, Robert A., ed., Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 187–207.
Winsor, Mary (2003) “Non-essentialist Methods in Pre-Darwinian Taxonomy,” Biology and Philosophy, 18 CrossRef | Google Scholar: 387–400.
Winsor, Mary (2006a) “The Creation of the Essentialism Story: An Exercise in Metahistory,” History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 28 Google Scholar | PubMed, 149–174.
Winsor, Mary (2006b) “Linnaeus's Biology was not Essentialist,” Annuals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 93 CrossRef | Google Scholar: 2–7.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1968) Philosophical Investigations, New York Google Scholar: MacMillan Publishing Co.
Zimmer, Carl (2008 CrossRef | Google Scholar) “What Is a Species,” Scientific American (June), 72–79.
Zirkle, Conway (1959) “Species Before Dawin,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 103 Google Scholar, no. 5, 636–644.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.