Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T18:01:28.369Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
Series:   Elements in Global China

China in Global Health

Past and Present

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 January 2023

Mary Augusta Brazelton
Mary Augusta Brazelton
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge

Summary

Mary Brazelton argues that the territories and peoples associated with China have played vital roles in the emergence of modern international health. In the early twentieth century, repeated epidemic outbreaks in China justified interventions by transnational organizations; these projects shaped strategies for international health. China has also served as a space of creativity and reinvention, in which administrators developed new models of health care during decades of war and revolution, even as traditional practitioners presented alternatives to Western biomedicine. The 1949 establishment of the People's Republic of China introduced a new era of socialist internationalism, as well as new initiatives to establish connections across the non-aligned world using medical diplomacy. After 1978, the post-socialist transition gave rise to new configurations of health governance. The rich and varied history of Chinese involvement in global health offers a means to make sense of present-day crises.
Get access

Keywords

Chinaglobal healthinternational healthhistory of medicinepublic health
Type
Element
Information
Series: Elements in Global China
Online ISBN: 9781009042666
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 09 February 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahn, B. (2013). Reinventing Scientific Medicine for the Socialist Republic: The Soviet Psycho-Prophylactic Method of Delivery in 1950s China. Twentieth-Century China 38(2): 139–55.Google Scholar
Akami, T. (2016). A Quest to Be Global: The League of Nations Health Organization and Inter-Colonial Regional Governing Agendas of the Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine, 1910–25. The International History Review 38(1): 1–23.Google Scholar
Alexander, C. (2014). China and Taiwan in Central America. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Alexander, C. (2016). Taiwan’s Public Diplomacy. In Schubert, G., ed., Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Taiwan. London: Routledge, pp. 544–58.Google Scholar
Altorfer-Ong, A. (2014). Old Comrades and New Brothers: A Historical Re-examination of the Sino–Zanzibari and Sino–Tanzanian Bilateral Relationships in the 1960s. PhD dissertation, London School of Economics and Political Science.Google Scholar
Amelung, I. (2020). Introduction. In Amelung, I., ed., Discourses of Weakness in Modern China: Historical Diagnoses of the ‘Sick Man of East Asia’. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag, pp. 9–22.Google Scholar
Anagnost, A. S. (2006). Strange Circulations: The Blood Economy in Rural China. Economy and Society 35(4): 509–29.Google Scholar
Anderson, M. R., Smith, L., and Sidel, V. W. (2005). What Is Social Medicine? Monthly Review 56(8): 27–34.Google Scholar
Anderson, W. and Pols, H. (2012). Scientific Patriotism: Medical Science and National Self-Fashioning in Southeast Asia. Comparative Studies in Society and History 54(1): 93–113.Google Scholar
Andrews, B. J. (2013). The Republic of China. In Hinrichs, T. J. and Barnes, L. L., eds., Chinese Medicine and Healing: An Illustrated History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 209–38.Google Scholar
Andrews, B. J. (2014). The Making of Modern Chinese Medicine, 1850–1960. Vancouver: UBC Press.Google Scholar
A Rural Health Experiment in China. (1930). Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly Bulletin 8(4): 97–108.Google Scholar
Asen, D. (2009). ‘Manchu Anatomy’: Anatomical Knowledge and the Jesuits in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century China. Social History of Medicine 22(1): 23–44.Google Scholar
Balińska, M. A. (1991). Ludwik Rajchman, International Health Leader. World Health Forum 12: 456–65.Google Scholar
Banister, J. (1987). China’s Changing Population. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Barnes, L. L. (2013). A World of Chinese Medicine and Healing: Parts One and Two. In Hinrichs, T. J. and Barnes, L. L., eds., Chinese Medicine and Healing: An Illustrated History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 284–378.Google Scholar
Barnes, N. E. (2018). Intimate Communities: Wartime Healthcare and the Birth of Modern China, 1937–1945. Oakland: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Barrett, G. (2020). Minding the Gap: Zhou Peiyuan, Dorothy Hodgkin, and the Durability of Sino–Pugwash Networks. In Kraft, A. and Sachse, C., eds., Science, (Anti-)Communism and Diplomacy: The Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs in the Early Cold War. Leiden: Brill, pp. 190–217.Google Scholar
Basch, P. F. (1999). Textbook of International Health. Second ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bashford, A. (2004). Imperial Hygiene: A Critical History of Colonialism, Nationalism and Public Health. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Bashford, A. (2018). World Population from Eugenics to Climate Change. In Hopwood, N., Flemming, R., and Kassell, L., eds., Reproduction: Antiquity to the Present Day. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 505–19.Google Scholar
Baum, E. (2021). Acupuncture Anesthesia on American Bodies: Communism, Race, and the Cold War in the Making of ‘Legitimate’ Medical Science. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 95(4): 497–527.Google Scholar
BBC. (2021). Inside the Hospitals of Lockdown Wuhan. Podcast. www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p095y1z4.Google Scholar
Borowy, I. (2009a). Coming to Terms with World Health: The League of Nations Health Organisation 1921–1946. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Borowy, I. (2009b). Thinking Big – League of Nations Efforts towards a Reformed National Health System in China. In Borowy, I., ed., Uneasy Encounters: The Politics of Medicine and Health in China, 1900–1937. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, pp. 205–28.Google Scholar
Brazelton, M. A. (2019). Mass Vaccination: Citizens’ Bodies and State Power in Modern China. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Bretelle-Establet, F. (1999). Resistance and Receptivity: French Colonial Medicine in Southwest China, 1898–1930. Modern China 25(2): 171–203.Google Scholar
Brown, T. M. and Fee, E. (2008). The Bandoeng Conference of 1937: A Milestone in Health and Development. American Journal of Public Health 98(1): 42–3.Google Scholar
Brown, T. M., Cueto, M., and Fee, E. (2006). The World Health Organization and the Transition from ‘International’ to ‘Global’ Public Health. American Journal of Public Health 96(1): 62–72.Google Scholar
Bu, L. (2009). Public Health and Modernisation: The First Campaigns in China, 1915–1916. Social History of Medicine 22(2): 305–19.Google Scholar
Bu, L. (2017). Public Health and the Modernization of China, 1865–2015. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bullock, M. B. (1980). An American Transplant: The Rockefeller Foundation and Peking Union Medical College. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, T. and Sitze, A. (2013). Introduction. In Campbell, T. and Sitze, A., eds., Biopolitics: A Reader. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, pp. 1–40.Google Scholar
Carrai, M. A. (2019). Sovereignty in China: A Genealogy of a Concept Since 1840. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chai, O. and Ch’ae, U. (2017). Interstate Relations in East Asia and Medical Exchanges in the Late Eleventh Century and Early Twelfth Century. Korean Studies 41: 30–51.Google Scholar
Chee, L. P. Y. (2021). Mao’s Bestiary: Medicinal Animals and Modern China. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Chen [Ch’en], C. C. (1936). The Rural Public Health Experiment in Ting Hsien, China. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 14(1): 66–80.Google Scholar
Chen, C. C. (1989). Medicine in Rural China: A Personal Account. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Chen, L. (陈兰彬) (2018). Chen Lanbin ji: wu: shifu, yinglian (陈兰彬集:伍:诗赋,楹联) [The Collected Works of Chen Lanbin: Five: Poems and Couplets]. Guangzhou: Guangdong renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Chen, Y. F. (2020). Taiwan and the World Health Assembly/World Health Organization: Perspectives from Health Services and Research. International Journal of Taiwan Studies 3: 10–27.Google Scholar
Cheng, T. Y. (1994). Foreign Aid in ROC Diplomacy. In Lin, B. and Myers, J., eds., Contemporary China and the Changing International Community. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, pp. 170–86.Google Scholar
Chin, H. (1998). Colonial Medical Police and Postcolonial Medical Surveillance Systems in Taiwan, 1895–1950s. Osiris 13: 326–38.Google ScholarPubMed
Choa, G. H. (1990). ‘Heal the Sick’ Was Their Motto: The Protestant Medical Missionaries in China. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.Google Scholar
Choy, G. and Xie, E. (2020). As China Goes Back to Work after Lunar New Year, Will the Coronavirus Spread Even More Rapidly? South China Morning Post, 4 February. https://bit.ly/3V2PfOj.Google Scholar
Chung, Y. J. (2010). Eugenics in China and Hong Kong: Nationalism and Colonialism, 1890s–1940s. In Bashford, A. and Levine, P., eds., The Oxford Handbook of the History of Eugenics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 258–73.Google Scholar
Chung, Y. J. (2011). The Postwar Return of Eugenics and the Dialectics of Scientific Practice in China. Middle Ground Journal 3: 1–50.Google Scholar
Chung, Y. J. (2014). Better Science and Better Race? Social Darwinism and Chinese Eugenics. Isis 105(4): 793–802.Google Scholar
Cueto, M. (2004). The Origins of Primary Health Care and Selective Primary Health Care. American Journal of Public Health 94(11): 1864–74.Google Scholar
Cueto, M. (2020). The History of International Health: Medicine, Politics, and Two Socio-Medical Perspectives, 1851 to 2000. In McInnes, C., Lee, K., and Youde, J., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Global Health Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 19–36.Google Scholar
Cueto, M., Brown, T.M., and Fee, E. (2019). The World Health Organization: A History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cui, W. (2008). China’s Village Doctors Take Great Strides. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 86(12): 914–15.Google Scholar
David, M. (2018). Female Gynecologists and Their Birth Control Clinics: Eugenics in Practice in 1920s–1930s China. Canadian Bulletin of Medical History 35(1): 32–62.Google Scholar
Dikötter, F. (1993). Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Modern China: A Historical Survey. Genitourin Med 69: 341–5.Google Scholar
Dr, H.S. Gear: Newly Appointed Secretary-General, World Medical Association. (1961). South African Medical Journal 35(23): 465.Google Scholar
Duckett, J. (2011). The Chinese State’s Retreat from Health: Policy and the Politics of Retrenchment. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar
Echenberg, M. (2007). Plague Ports: The Global Urban Impact of Bubonic Plague, 1894–1901. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Elman, B. A. (2008). Sinophiles and Sinophobes in Tokugawa Japan: Politics, Classicism, and Medicine during the Eighteenth Century. East Asian Science, Technology and Society: An International Journal 2(1): 93–121.Google Scholar
Evans, S. (2020). Coronavirus Has Finally Made Us Recognise the Illegal Wildlife Trade Is a Public Health Issue. The Conversation, 17 March. https://bit.ly/3EE4XcE.Google Scholar
Fang, X. (2012). Barefoot Doctors and Western Medicine in China. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.Google Scholar
Fang, X. (2021). China and the Cholera Pandemic: Restructuring Society under Mao. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Farquhar, J. and Lai, L. (2021). Gathering Medicines: Nation and Knowledge in China’s Mountain South. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Fearnley, L. (2020). Virulent Zones: Animal Disease and Global Health at China’s Pandemic Epicenter. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Foreign Ministry of the People’s Republic of China. (2004). Diplomatic Ties between China and African Countries, viewed 18 October 2021. www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/ceza/eng/zghfz/zfgx/t165322.htm.Google Scholar
Fu, J.-C. (2016). Houses of Experiment: Making Space for Science in Republican China. East Asian Science, Technology and Society: An International Journal 10(3): 269–90.Google Scholar
Furth, C. (2011). The AMS/Paterson Lecture: Becoming Alternative? Modern Transformations of Chinese Medicine in China and in the United States. Canadian Bulletin of Medical History 28(1): 5–41.Google Scholar
Gamsa, M. (2006). The Epidemic of Pneumonic Plague in Manchuria, 1910–1911. Past & Present 190: 147–83.Google Scholar
Gao, X. (2014). Foreign Models of Medicine in Twentieth-Century China, trans. S. Wilms, X. Gao, and B. Andrews. In B. Andrews and M. B. Bullock, eds., Medical Transitions in Twentieth-Century China. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 173–211.Google Scholar
Gear, H. S. (1937). A Plea for Improved South African Medical and Vital Statistics. South African Medical Journal 11(5): 149–54.Google Scholar
Ghosh, A. (2020). Making It Count: Statistics and Statecraft in the Early People’s Republic of China. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Gibbs, E. P. J. (2014). The Evolution of One Health: A Decade of Progress and Challenges for the Future. Veterinary Record 174(4): 85–91.Google Scholar
Golvers, N. (2011). The Jesuits in China and the Circulation of Western Books in the Sciences (17th–18th Centuries): The Medical and Pharmaceutical Sections in the SJ Libraries of Peking. East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine 34: 15–62, 64–85.Google Scholar
Grant, J. B. (1935). Principles for the China Program. Rockefeller Archive Center, Rockefeller Foundation records, projects, RG 1.1, series 601, box 14, folder 143.Google Scholar
Greenhalgh, S. (2008). Just One Child: Science and Policy in Deng’s China. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Greenhalgh, S. and Winckler, E. A. (2005). Governing China’s Population: From Leninist to Neoliberal Biopolitics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Grogan, C. M. (1995). Urban Economic Reform and Access to Health Care Coverage in the People’s Republic of China. Social Science & Medicine 41(8): 1073–84.Google Scholar
Gross, M. (2016). Farewell to the God of Plague: Chairman Mao’s Campaign to Deworm China. Oakland: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Gross, M. (2018). Between Party, People, and Profession: The Many Faces of the ‘Doctor’ during the Cultural Revolution. Medical History 62(3): 333–59.Google Scholar
Guénel, A. (2012). The 1937 Bandung Conference on Rural Hygiene: Toward a New Vision of Healthcare? In Monnais, L. and Cook, H. J., eds., Global Movements, Local Concerns: Medicine and Health in Southeast Asia. Singapore: NUS Press, pp. 62–80.Google Scholar
Guo, Z. (郭作贵), ed. (1993). Jinan nianjian 1993 (济南年鉴 1993) [Jinan Yearbook 1993]. Jinan: Jinan chubanshe.Google Scholar
Hamid, S. (2020). China Is Avoiding Blame by Trolling the World. The Atlantic, 19 March. https://bit.ly/3g5RkJ2.Google Scholar
Hanson, M. E. (2010). Conceptual Blind Spots, Media Blindfolds: The Case of SARS and Traditional Chinese Medicine. In Leung, A. K. C. and Furth, C., eds., Health and Hygiene in Chinese East Asia: Policies and Publics in the Long Twentieth Century. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, pp. 228–54.Google Scholar
Harris, S. H. (1994). Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare 1932–45 and the American Cover-Up. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Harrison, M. (2016). Afterword. In Bashford, A., ed., Quarantine: Local and Global Histories. London: Palgrave, pp. 251–7.Google Scholar
Haynes, D. M. (2001). Imperial Medicine: Patrick Manson and the Conquest of Tropical Disease. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Herington, J. and Lee, K. (2014). The Limits of Global Health Diplomacy: Taiwan’s Observer Status at The World Health Assembly. Globalization and Health 10(71): 1–9.Google Scholar
Hinrichs, T. J. (2013). The Song and Jin Periods. In Hinrichs, T. J. and Barnes, L. L., eds., Chinese Medicine and Healing: An Illustrated History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 97–127.Google Scholar
Hsieh, C.-C. (1985). Strategy for Survival: The Foreign Policy and External Relations of the Republic of China on Taiwan, 1949–1979. London: Sherwood.Google Scholar
Hsu, E. (1999). The Transmission of Chinese Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hsu, E. (2008). The History of Chinese Medicine in the People’s Republic of China and Its Globalization. East Asian Science, Technology and Society: An International Journal 2(4): 465–84.Google Scholar
Hsu, E. (2013). Chinese Medicine in Africa. In In Hinrichs, T. J. and Barnes, L. L., eds., Chinese Medicine and Healing: An Illustrated History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 335–8.Google Scholar
Hu, B., Zeng, L.-P., Yang, X.-L., et al. (2017). Discovery of a Rich Gene Pool of Bat SARS-Related Coronaviruses Provides New Insights into the Origin of SARS Coronavirus. PLoS Pathogens 13(11): e1006698.Google Scholar
Hyde, S. T. (2007). Eating Spring Rice: The Cultural Politics of AIDS in Southwest China. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Iijima, W. (2003). Spanish Influenza in China, 1918–20: A Preliminary Probe. In Phillips, H. and Killingray, D., eds., The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918–19: New perspectives. London: Routledge, pp. 101–9.Google Scholar
International Sanitary Conference. (1881). Proceedings of the International Sanitary Conference Provided for by Joint Resolution of the Senate and House of Representatives. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
International Sanitary Conference. (1885). Protocoles et procès-verbaux de la Conférence sanitaire internationale de Rome, inaugurée le 20 mai 1885. Rome: Impr. du Ministère des affaires étrangères.Google Scholar
International Sanitary Conference. (1897). Conférence sanitaire internationale de Venise, 16 février–19 mars 1897: procès-verbaux. Rome: Forzani et cie, imprimeurs du Sénat.Google Scholar
Jakes, S. (2003). Beijing’s SARS Attack. Time, 8 April.Google Scholar
Jiang, L. (2018). Global Epidemiology, Local Message: Sino–American Collaboration on Cancer Research, 1969–1990. In Manning, P. and Savelli, M., eds., Global Transformations in the Life Sciences, 1945–1980. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 78–98.Google Scholar
Jiang, T. (江濤聲) (1934a). Sulian gonggong weisheng de shizhi (蘇聯公共衛生的實質) [The Essence of Soviet Public Health]. Zhonghua yixue zazhi 20(11): 1393–1414.Google Scholar
Jiang, T. (江濤聲) (1934b). Sulian gonggong weisheng de shizhi (蘇聯公共衛生的實質(續完)[The Essence of Soviet Public Health (part 2)]. Zhonghua yixue zazhi 20(12): 1489–1522.Google Scholar
Johnson, T. P. (2011). Childbirth in Republican China: Delivering Modernity. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Karchmer, E. I. (2015). Slow Medicine: How Chinese Medicine Became Efficacious Only for Chronic Conditions. In Chiang, H., ed., Historical Epistemology and the Making of Modern Chinese Medicine. Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 188–216.Google Scholar
Keck, F. (2020). Avian Reservoirs: Virus Hunters and Birdwatchers in Chinese Sentinel Posts. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Knab, C. (2011). Plague Times: Scientific Internationalism and the Manchurian Plague of 1910/1911. Itinerario 35(3): 87–105.Google Scholar
Kondō, S. (近藤昭二) and Wang, X. (王选), eds. (2019). Riben shengwu wuqi zuozhan diaocha ziliao (quan 6 ce) (日本生物武器作战调查资料(全6册) [Japanese Biological Weapons in Warfare: A Survey of Materials (6 vols.)]. Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe.Google Scholar
Kraut, A. M. (1995). Silent Travelers: Germs, Genes, and the ‘Immigrant Menace’. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Kuhn, P. A. (2008). The Chinese among Others: Emigration in Modern Times. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Kynge, J., Yu, S., and Hancock, T. (2020). Coronavirus: The Cost of China’s Public Health Cover-Up. Financial Times, 6 February. www.ft.com/content/fa83463a-4737-11ea-aeb3-955839e06441.Google Scholar
Lachenal, G. and Thomas, G. (2020). COVID-19: When History Has No Lessons. History Workshop, 30 March. www.historyworkshop.org.uk/covid-19-when-history-has-no-lessons/.Google Scholar
Larkin, B. (1971). China and Africa, 1949–1970: The Foreign Policy of the People's Republic of China. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lazich, M. C. (2006). Seeking Souls through the Eyes of the Blind: The Birth of the Medical Missionary Society in Nineteenth-Century China. In Hardiman, D., ed., Healing Bodies, Saving Souls: Medical Missions in Asia and Africa. Amsterdam: Rodopi, pp. 59–86.Google Scholar
Leavitt, J. W. (1996). Typhoid Mary: Captive to the Public’s Health. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Lee, P. R. (1974). Medicine and Public Health in the People’s Republic of China. Western Journal of Medicine 120(5): 430–7.Google Scholar
Lee, S. (1997). WHO and the Developing World: The Contest for Ideology. In Cunningham, A. and Andrews, B., eds., Western Medicine as Contested Knowledge. Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 24–45.Google Scholar
Lee, S. T. (2021). Vaccine Diplomacy: Nation Branding and China’s COVID-19 Soft Power Play. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy. https://doi.org/10.1057/S41254-021-00224-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lei, S. H. (1999). From Changshan to a New Anti-Malarial Drug: Re-networking Chinese Drugs and Excluding Chinese Doctors. Social Studies of Science 29(3): 323–58.Google Scholar
Lei, S. H. (2010). Sovereignty and the Microscope: Constituting Notifiable Infectious Disease and Containing the Manchurian Plague (1910–1911). In Furth, C. and Leung, A., eds., Health and Hygiene in Chinese East Asia. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, pp. 73–106.Google Scholar
Lei, S. H. (2014). Neither Donkey nor Horse: Medicine in the Struggle over China’s Modernity. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Li, D. (1975). The Barefoot Doctors of Rural China. Online video clip. www.youtube.com/watch?v=1YvwVFC-TJY.Google Scholar
Li, P. J. (2007). Enforcing Wildlife Protection in China: The Legislative and Political Solutions. China Information 31(1): 71–107.Google Scholar
Lin, J. Y. (1988). The Household Responsibility System in China’s Cultural Reform: A Theoretical and Empirical Study. Economic Development and Cultural Change 36(S3): S199–S224.Google Scholar
Litsios, S. (2005). Selskar Gunn and China: The Rockefeller Foundation’s ‘Other’ Approach to Public Health. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 79(2): 295–318.Google Scholar
Litsios, S. (2011). John Black Grant: A 20th-Century Public Health Giant. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 54(4): 532–49.Google Scholar
Litsios, S. (2014). Revisiting Bandoeng. Social Medicine 8(3): 113–28.Google Scholar
Liu, C.-L. (2017). Relocating Pastorian Medicine: Accommodation and Acclimatization of Pastorian Practices against Smallpox at the Pasteur Institute of Chengdu, China, 1908–1927. Science in Context 30(1): 33–59.Google Scholar
Liu, S. (2009). Prescribing Colonization: The Role of Medical Practices and Policies in Japan-Ruled Taiwan, 1895–1945. Ann Arbor, MI: Association for Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Liu, S. (2012). From Japanese Colonial Medicine to American-standard medicine in Taiwan: A Case Study of The Transition in the Medical Profession and Practices in East Asia. In Bu, L., Stapleton, D., and Yip, K., eds., Science, Public Health and the State in Modern Asia. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, pp. 161–76.Google Scholar
Lo, M.-C. (2002). Doctors within Borders: Profession, Ethnicity, and Modernity in Colonial Taiwan. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Luesink, D. (2017). Anatomy and the Reconfiguration of Life and Death in Republican China. Journal of Asian Studies 76(4): 1009–34.Google Scholar
Luesink, D. and Asen, D. (2019). Globalizing Biomedicine through Sino–Japanese Networks: The Case of National Medical College, Beijing, 1912–1937. In Luesink, D., Schneider, W. H., and Zhang, D., eds., China and the Globalization of Biomedicine. Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer, pp. 81–108.Google Scholar
Lüthi, L. M. (2008). The Sino–Soviet Split: Cold War in the Communist World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Lynteris, C. (2014). Epidemics as Events and as Crises: Comparing Two Plague Outbreaks in Manchuria (1910–11 and 1920–21). Cambridge Journal of Anthropology 32(1): 62–76.Google Scholar
Lynteris, C. (2019). Tarbagan’s Winter Lair: Framing Drivers of Plague Persistence in Inner Asia. In Lynteris, C., ed., Framing Animals as Epidemic Villains: Histories of Non-Human Disease Vectors. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 65–90.Google Scholar
Lynteris, C. (2020). Didactic Historicism and the Historical Consciousness of Epidemics. Somatosphere: Science, Medicine, and Anthropology. https://bit.ly/3S4WAdg.Google Scholar
Manderson, L. (2009). Wireless Wars in the Eastern Arena: Epidemiological Surveillance, Disease Prevention and the Work of the Eastern Bureau of the League of Nations Health Organisation, 1925–1942. In Weindling, P., ed., International Health Organisations and Movements, 1918–1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 109–33.Google Scholar
Manela, E. (2010). A Pox on Your Narrative: Writing Disease Control into Cold War History. Diplomatic History 34(2): 299–323.Google Scholar
Marks, S. (2014). Reflections on the 1944 National Health Services Commission: A Response to Bill Freund and Anne Digby on the Gluckman Commission. South African Historical Journal 66(1): 169–87.Google Scholar
Mason, K. A. (2016). Infectious Change: Reinventing Chinese Public Health after an Epidemic. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Mead, W. R. (2020). China Is the Real Sick Man of Asia. Wall Street Journal, 3 February. www.wsj.com/articles/china-is-the-real-sick-man-of-asia-11580773677.Google Scholar
Meng, E. (2021). Use of Acupuncture by 1970s Revolutionaries of Color: The South Bronx ‘Toolkit Care’ Concept. American Journal of Public Health 111(5): 896–906.Google Scholar
Merkel-Hess, K. (2016). The Rural Modern: Reconstructing the Self and State in Republican China. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Millwood, P. (2021). An ‘Exceedingly Delicate Undertaking’: Sino–American Science Diplomacy, 1966–78. Journal of Contemporary History 56(1): 166–90.Google Scholar
Minden, K. (1994). Bamboo Stone: The Evolution of a Chinese Medical Elite. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Ministère des Affaires Étrangères. (1912). Conférence Sanitaire Internationale de Paris, 7 Novembre 1911–17 Janvier 1912: Procès-Verbaux. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.Google Scholar
Mougey, T. (2017). Needham at the Crossroads: History, Politics and International Science in Wartime China (1942–1946). British Journal for the History of Science 50(1): 83–109.Google Scholar
Murray, M. (2006). The Epidemiology of SARS. In Kleinman, A. and Watson, J. L., eds., SARS in China: Prelude to Pandemic? Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 17–30.Google Scholar
Nappi, C. (2009). Bolatu’s Pharmacy: Theriac in Early Modern China. Early Science and Medicine 14(6): 737–64.Google Scholar
Needham, D. (1972). China 1972. File GCPP Needham 5/1/13/1, Personal Papers of Dorothy Needham, Girton College Archive, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Nelson, A. (2011). Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight against Medical Discrimination. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Ogunsanwo, A. (1974). China’s Policy in Africa, 1958–71. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Packard, R. M. (2016). A History of Global Health: Interventions into the Lives of Other Peoples. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Palmer, S. (2010). Launching Global Health: The Caribbean Odyssey of the Rockefeller Foundation. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Pearson, J. L. (2018). The Colonial Politics of Global Health: France and the United Nations in Postwar Africa. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Peckham, R. (2016). Epidemics in Modern Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Peckham, R. (2020). Viral Surveillance and the 1968 Hong Kong Flu Pandemic. Journal of Global History 15(3): 444–58.Google Scholar
Petrie, G. F. (1912). An Epidemiological Review of the Epidemic of Pneumonic Plague in Northern China, 1910 to 1911. In Strong, R. P., ed., Report of the International Plague Conference Held at Mukden, April, 1911. Manila: Bureau of Printing, pp. 409–27.Google Scholar
Petryna, A. (2009). When Experiments Travel: Clinical Trials and the Global Search for Human Subjects. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Pols, H. (2018). Nurturing Indonesia: Medicine and Decolonisation in the Dutch East Indies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Porter, D. (1999). Health, Civilization and the State: A History of Public Health from Ancient to Modern Times. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Porter, D. (2006). How Did Social Medicine Evolve, and Where Is It Heading? PLoS Medicine 3(10): 1667–72.Google Scholar
Porter, D. and Porter, R. (1988). What was Social Medicine? An Historiographical Essay. Journal of Historical Sociology 1(1): 90–106.Google Scholar
Puente-Ballesteros, B. (2011). Jesuit Medicine in the Kangxi Court (1662–1722): Imperial Networks and Patronage. East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine 34: 86–162.Google Scholar
Rajchman, L. (1934). League of Nations Council Committee on Technical Co-operation between the League of Nations and China: Report of the Technical Agent of the Council on his Mission in China, from the Date of his Appointment until April 1st, 1934. Document C.157.M.66.1934, League of Nations, Geneva.Google Scholar
Foundation, Rockefeller. (1934). Attached Note from Norma S. Thompson. Rockefeller Archive Center, Rockefeller Foundation records, projects, RG 1.1, series 601, box 14, folder 143.Google Scholar
Foundation, Rockefeller. (1938). Minutes of the Rockefeller Foundation regarding the China program. Rockefeller Archive Center, Rockefeller Foundation records, projects, RG 1.1, series 601, box 14, folder 143.Google Scholar
Rogaski, R. (2004). Hygienic Modernity: Meanings of Health and Disease in Treaty-Port China. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Rogaski, R. (2021). The Manchurian Plague and COVID-19: China, the United States, and the ‘Sick Man’, Then and Now. American Journal of Public Health 111(3): 423–9.Google Scholar
Ruan, Q. (2010). Reexamining the Abolitionist Movement against Prostitution in Shanghai after 1949. Frontiers of History in China 5(3): 471–90.Google Scholar
Schmalzer, S. (2002). Breeding a Better China: Pigs, Practices, and Place in a Chinese County, 1929–1937. Geographical Review 92(1): 1–22.Google Scholar
Schmalzer, S. (2006). Labor Created Humanity: Cultural Revolution Science on Its Own Terms. In Esherick, J. W., Pickowicz, P. G., and Walder, A. G., eds., The Chinese Cultural Revolution as History. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 185–210.Google Scholar
Schneider, M. (2018). Reforming the Humble Pig: Pigs, Pork and Contemporary China. In Sterckx, R., Siebert, M., and Schäfer, D., eds., Animals through Chinese History: Earliest Times to 1911. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 233–43.Google Scholar
Shah, N. (2001). Contagious Divides: Epidemics and Race in San Francisco’s Chinatown. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Shelton, T. V. (2019). Herbs and Roots: A History of Chinese Doctors in the American Medical Marketplace. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Shen, C. (沈佳姍) (2015). Riben zai Manzhou jianli de mianyi jishu yanjiu jigou ji qi fangyi, 1906–1945 (日本在滿洲建立的免疫技術研究機構及其防疫, 1906–1945) [Immunology Institutes and Immunological Prevention Strategy in Manchuria during the Japanese Ruling Period, 1906–1945]. Guoshiguan guan kan 45: 103–52.Google Scholar
Siddiqi, J. (1995). World Health and World Politics: The World Health Organization and the UN System. London: Hurst and Company.Google Scholar
Sidel, V. W. and Sidel, R. (1974). The Delivery of Medical Care in China. Scientific American 230(4): 19–27.Google Scholar
Smith, L. (1999). Quakers in Uniform: The Friends Ambulance Unit. In Brock, P. and Socknat, T. P., eds., Challenge to Mars: Essays on Pacifism from 1918 to 1945. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 243–55.Google Scholar
So, B. (苏基朗) (2012). You fa wu tian? Yan Fu yi ‘tian yan lun’ dui 20 shiji chu Zhongguo falü de yingxiang (有法无天?严复译《天演论》对 20 世纪初中国法律的影响) [An Immoral Law? Yan Fu’s Translation of Evolutionary Theory and Its Influence on Chinese law in the Twentieth Century]. Qinghua faxue 6(5): 128–42.Google Scholar
Solomon, S. G. (2017). Thinking Internationally, Acting Locally: Soviet Public Health as Cultural Diplomacy in the 1920s. In Grant, S., ed., Russian and Soviet Health Care from an International Perspective: Comparing Professions, Practice and Gender, 1880–1960. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 193–216.Google Scholar
Soon, W. (2014). Science, Medicine, and Confucianism in the Making of China and Southeast Asia – Lim Boon Keng and the Overseas Chinese, 1897–1937. Twentieth-Century China 39(1): 24–43.Google Scholar
Soon, W. (2016). Blood, Soy Milk, and Vitality: The Wartime Origins of Blood Banking in China, 1943–45. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 90(3): 424–54.Google Scholar
Soon, W. (2020a). Global Medicine in China: A Diasporic History. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Soon, W. (2020b). From SARS to COVID-19: Rethinking Global Health Lessons from Taiwan. East Asian Science, Technology and Society: An International Journal 14(4): 647–55.Google Scholar
Strauss, J. (2009). The Past in the Present: Historical and Rhetorical Lineages in China’s Relations with Africa. China Quarterly 199: 777–95.Google Scholar
Strong, R. P. (1912). Report of the International Plague Conference Held at Mukden, April 1911. Manila: Bureau of Printing.Google Scholar
Su, J. (苏静静) (2018). Zhongguo yu shijie weisheng zuzhi hezuo zhong de shenfen zhuanbian: 1949–1978 (中国与世界卫生组织合作中的身份转变: 1949–1978) [The Commencement of Multilateral Health Diplomacy of People’s Republic of China, 1949–1978]. Zhongguo keji shi zazhi 39(1): 73–87.Google Scholar
Su, J. (苏静静) (2021). Diplomatie de la médecine traditionnelle chinoise en République Populaire de Chine: un atout dans la Guerre froide [Diplomacy of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the People’s Republic of China: A Calling Card during Cold War], J. Ciaudo, trans. monde(s) 20: 141–61.Google Scholar
Summers, W. C. (2012). The Great Manchurian Plague of 1910–11: The Geopolitics of an Epidemic Disease. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Sze, S. (1982). The Origins of the World Health Organization: A Personal Memoir, 1945–48. Boca Raton, FL: L.I.S.Z. Publications.Google Scholar
Taylor, K. (2005). Chinese Medicine in Early Communist China, 1945–63: A Medicine of Revolution. London: RoutledgeCurzon.Google Scholar
The Sick Man of the Far East. (1905). New York Times, August 16.Google Scholar
Thompson, C. M. (2015). Vietnamese Traditional Medicine: A Social History. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar
Tseng, Y. and Wu, C.-L. (2010). Governing Germs from outside and within Borders: Controlling 2003 SARS Risk in Taiwan. In Leung, A. K. C. and Furth, C., eds., Health and Hygiene in Chinese East Asia: Policies and Publics in the Long Twentieth Century. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, pp. 255–72.Google Scholar
Van Vleet, S. A. (2015). Medicine, Monasteries and Empire: Tibetan Buddhism and the Politics of Learning in Qing China. PhD dissertation, Columbia University.Google Scholar
Velmet, A. (2020). Pasteur’s Empire: Bacteriology and Politics in France, Its Colonies, and the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Waitzkin, H., Iriart, C., Estrada, A., and Lamadrid, S. (2001). Social Medicine Then and Now: Lessons From Latin America. American Journal of Public Health 91(10): 1592–1601.Google Scholar
Watt, J. R. (2014). Saving Lives in Wartime China: How Medical Reformers Built Modern Healthcare Systems amid War and Epidemics, 1928–1945. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
White, T. (2006). China’s Longest Campaign: Birth Planning in the People’s Republic, 1949–2005. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Whorton, J. C. (2002). Nature Cures: The History of Alternative Medicine in America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whyte, M. K., Wang, F., and Cai, Y. (2015). Challenging Myths about China’s One-Child Policy. China Journal 74: 144–59.Google Scholar
Wu, L. (1911). Views of Harbin (Fuchiatien) Taken during the Plague Epidemic, December 1910–March 1911. Shanghai: Commercial Press.Google Scholar
Wu, L. (1922). The Second Pneumonic Plague Epidemic in Manchuria, 1920–21. In Wu, L., ed., North Manchurian Plague Prevention Service Reports (1918–1922). Tianjin: Tientsin Press, pp. 1–54.Google Scholar
Wu, L. ed. (1934). Manchurian Plague Prevention Service Memorial Volume: 1912–1932. Shanghai: National Quarantine Service.Google Scholar
Wu, L. (1959). Plague Fighter: The Autobiography of a Modern Chinese Physician. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons.Google Scholar
Wu, L., and Chun, J.W.H. (1922). The Recent Cholera Epidemic in China, 1919. In Wu, L., ed., North Manchurian Plague Prevention Service Reports (1918–1922). Tianjin: Tientsin Press, pp. 181–96.Google Scholar
Yan, X. (阎学通) (2015). Zhongguo yu zhoubian zhongdeng guojia guanxi (中国与周边中等国家关系) [The Relations between China and Its Bordering States]. Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe.Google Scholar
Yip, K. C. (1995). Health and National Reconstruction in Nationalist China: The Development of Modern Health Services, 1928–1937. Ann Arbor, MI: Association for Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Youde, J. (2010). China’s Health Diplomacy in Africa. China: An International Journal 8(1): 151–63.Google Scholar
Zanasi, M. (2007). Exporting Development: The League of Nations and Republican China. Comparative Studies in Society and History 49(1): 143–69.Google Scholar
Zhan, M. (2005). Civet Cats, Fried Grasshoppers, and David Beckham’s Pajamas: Unruly Bodies after SARS. American Anthropologist 107(1): 31–42.Google Scholar
Zhan, M. (2009). Other-Worldly: Making Chinese Medicine through Transnational Frames. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Zhang, T. (2020). How Much Could a New Virus Damage Beijing’s Legitimacy? ChinaFile, 29 January. https://bit.ly/3T2DYvU.Google Scholar
Zhao, Z., Li, Y., and Zhou, L., et al. (2021). Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19 Using Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Review. Phytomedicine 85(153308): 1–7.Google Scholar
Zhou, T. (2019). Migration in the Time of Revolution: China, Indonesia, and the Cold War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Zhou, X. (2017). From China’s ‘Barefoot Doctor’ to Alma Ata: The Primary Health Care Movement in the Long 1970s. In Roberts, P. and Westad, O.A., eds., China, Hong Kong, and the Long 1970s: Global Perspectives. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.135–57.Google Scholar
Zhou, X. (2020). The People’s Health: Health Intervention and Delivery in Mao’s China, 1949–1983. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.Google Scholar
Zhu, J. (朱建平) and Cao, L. (曹丽娟). (2009). Qing mo zhengfu yingdui jibing de xin jucuo (清末政府应对疾病的新举措) [New Measures by the Late Qing Government to Respond to Epidemics]. In Yu, X. (余新忠), ed., Qing yi lai de jibing, yiliao he weisheng: yi shehui wenhua shi wei shijiao de tansuo (清以来的疾病, 医疗和卫生:以社会文化史为视角的探索) [Disease, Medical Practice, and Public Health Since the Qing: An Exploration from the Perspective of Sociocultural History]. Beijing: Sanlian shudian, pp. 126–38.Google Scholar
Zou, D. (2019). Socialist Medicine and Maoist Humanitarianism: Chinese Medical Missions to Algeria, 1963–1984. PhD dissertation, Columbia University.Google Scholar
Zou, D. (2021). PRC Medical Internationalism: From Cold War to Covid-19. National University of Singapore Ariscope blog, 21 January. https://nus.edu/3z3rso7.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

China in Global Health
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

China in Global Health
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

China in Global Health
Available formats
×