Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T18:24:59.385Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
Series:   Elements in World Englishes

Indian Englishes in the Twenty-First Century

Unity and Diversity in Lexicon and Morphosyntax

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 November 2023

Sven Leuckert ,
Claudia Lange ,
Tobias Bernaisch  and
Asya Yurchenko
Sven Leuckert
Affiliation:
Technische Universität Dresden
Claudia Lange
Affiliation:
Technische Universität Dresden
Tobias Bernaisch
Affiliation:
Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Germany
Asya Yurchenko
Affiliation:
Technische Universität Chemnitz, Germany

Summary

English fulfils important intra- and international functions in 21st century India. However, the country's size in terms of area, population, and linguistic diversity means that completely uniform developments in Indian English (IndE) are unlikely. Using sophisticated corpus-linguistic and statistical methods, this Element explores the unity and diversity of IndE by providing studies of selected lexical and morphosyntactic features that characterise Indian English(es) in the 21st century. The findings indicate a degree of incipient 'supralocalisation', i.e. a spread of features beyond their place of origin, cutting through the typological Indo-Aryan vs. Dravidian divide.
Get access

Keywords

corpus linguisticsIndian EnglisheslexismorphosyntaxWorld Englishes
Type
Element
Information
Series: Elements in World Englishes
Online ISBN: 9781009323796
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 21 December 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anthony, Laurence (2015). TagAnt (Version 1.2) [Computer Software]. Tokyo: Waseda University. Available at www.laurenceanthony.net/software.Google Scholar
Anthony, Laurence (2022). AntConc (Version 4.1.4) [Computer Software]. Tokyo: Waseda University. Available at www.laurenceanthony.net/software.Google Scholar
Asher, Ronald E. (2008). Language in historical context. In Kachru, Braj B., Kachru, Yamuna, and Sridhar, Shikaripur N. (eds.), Language in South Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 31–48. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511619069.004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austin, Granville (2009). Language and the constitution: the half-hearted compromise. In Sarangi, Asha (ed.), Language and Politics in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 41–92.Google Scholar
Balasubramanian, Chandrika (2009). Register Variation in Indian English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernaisch, Tobias (2015). The Lexis and Lexicogrammar of Sri Lankan English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernaisch, Tobias and Lange, Claudia (2012). The typology of focus marking in South Asian Englishes. Indian Linguistics 73(1–4): 1–18. Available at https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-224747.Google Scholar
Bernaisch, Tobias, Gries, Stefan Th, and Mukherjee, Joybrato (2014). The dative alternation in South Asian Englishes: modelling predictors and predicting prototypes. English World-Wide 35(1): 7–31. doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.35.1.02ber.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernaisch, Tobias, Heller, Benedikt, and Mukherjee, Joybrato (2021). Manual for the 2020-Update of the South Asian Varieties of English (SAVE2020) Corpus. Version 1.1. Giessen: Justus Liebig University, Department of English.Google Scholar
Bernaisch, Tobias, Stefan, Th. Gries, and Heller, Benedikt (2022). Theoretical models and statistical modelling of linguistic epicentres. World Englishes 41(3): 333–46. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernaisch, Tobias, Koch, Christopher, Mukherjee, Joybrato, and Schilk, Marco (2011). Manual for the South Asian Varieties of English (SAVE) Corpus. Giessen: Justus Liebig University, Department of English.Google Scholar
Bhatia, Aditi (2020). The ‘saffronisation’ of India and contemporary political ideology. World Englishes 39(4): 568–80. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhatt, Rakesh M. (2000). Optimal expressions in Indian English. English Language and Linguistics 4(1): 69–95. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1360674300000149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhatt, Rakesh M. (2004). Indian English: syntax. In Kortmann, Bernd, Burridge, Kate, Mesthrie, Rajend, Schneider, Edgar W., and Upton, Clive (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English. Volume 2: Morphology and Syntax. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1017–130. doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110197181-133.Google Scholar
Biber, Douglas (1988). Variation across Speech and Writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511621024.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biber, Douglas (1989). A typology of English texts. Linguistics 27: 3–43. doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1989.27.1.3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biber, Douglas and Conrad, Susan (2019). Register, Genre, and Style. Second edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108686136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carls, Uwe (2017). A Dictionary of Indian English with a Supplement on Word-Formation Patterns (Lucko, Peter, Peter, Lothar and Polzenhagen, Frank (eds.)). Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag.Google Scholar
Dalrymple, William (2019). The Anarchy: The East India Company, Corporate Violence, and the Pillage of an Empire. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.Google Scholar
Davies, Mark (2016–). Corpus of News on the Web (NOW). Available at www.english-corpora.org/now/.Google Scholar
Degenhardt, Julia and Bernaisch, Tobias (2022). Apologies in South Asian varieties of English: a corpus-based study on Indian and Sri Lankan English. Corpus Pragmatics 6(3): 201–23. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41701-022-00117-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deshpande, Satish (2018). Caste quotas and formal inclusion in Indian higher education. In Kumar, Krishna (ed.), Routledge Handbook of Education in India. London: Routledge, 228–49.Google Scholar
Doibale, Kranti, Labade, Sachin, and Lange, Claudia (forthc.). Indian English usage in the 21st century: enduring colonial norms and emerging local standards. In Nuria Yáñez-Bouza, María E. Rodríguez-Gil, and Javier Pérez-Guerra (eds.), New Horizons in Prescriptivism Research. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Fisher, Ronald A. (1922). On the interpretation of χ² from contingency tables, and the calculation of P. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 85(1): 87–94. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2340521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Funke, Nina (2022). Pragmatic nativisation of thanking in South Asian Englishes. World Englishes 41(2): 136–50. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galili, Tal (2015). dendextend: an R package for visualizing, adjusting, and comparing trees of hierarchical clustering. Bioinformatics 31(22): 3718–20. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btv428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Götz, Sandra (2022). Epicentral influences of Indian English on Nepali English. World Englishes 41(3): 347–60. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graddol, David (2010). English Next India: The Future of English in India. London: British Council. Available at www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/english-next-india.Google Scholar
Greenbaum, Sidney and Nelson, Gerald (1996). The International Corpus of English (ICE) project. World Englishes 15(1): 3–15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1996.tb00088.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gries, Stefan Th. (2018). On over- and underuse in learner corpus research and multifactoriality in corpus linguistics more generally. Journal of Second Language Studies 1(2): 276–308. doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/jsls.00005.gri.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunesekera, Manique (2005). The Postcolonial Identity of Sri Lankan English. Colombo: Katha Publishers.Google Scholar
Hall, Christopher J., Schmidtke, Daniel, and Vickers, Jamie (2013). Countability in world Englishes. World Englishes 32(1): 1–22. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartford, Beverly S. (1989). Prototype effects in non-native English: object-coding in verbs of saying. World Englishes 8(2): 97–117. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1989.tb00647.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hock, Hans Henrich (2022). Language contact in South Asia. In Escobar, Anna Maria and Mufwene, Salikoko (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Language Contact: Volume 1: Population Movement and Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 299–324. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511619069.014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hundt, Marianne (2015). World Englishes. In Biber, Douglas and Reppen, Randi (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of English Corpus Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 381–400. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139764377.022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hundt, Marianne (2021). On models and modelling. World Englishes 40(3): 298–317. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kachru, Braj B. (1994). English in South Asia. In Burchfield, Robert (ed.), The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. English in Britain and Overseas: Origins and Developments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 497–553. doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110819502-033.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B. (1998). English is an Asian language. Links & Letters 5: 89–108.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B. (2005). Asian Englishes: Beyond the Canon. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B. (2008). Introduction: languages, contexts, and constructs. In Kachru, Braj B., Kachru, Yamuna, and Sridhar, Shikaripur N. (eds.), Language in South Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–28. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511619069.003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kachru, Yamuna (1979). The quotative in South Asian languages. South Asian Languages Analysis 1: 63–77.Google Scholar
Koch, Christopher, Lange, Claudia, and Leuckert, Sven (2016). ‘This hair-style called as “duck tail”’ – the ‘intrusive as’-construction in South Asian varieties of English and Learner Englishes. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 2(2): 151–76. doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/ijlcr.2.2.02koc.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kopf, David (1969). British Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization, 1773–1835. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kortmann, Bernd, Lunkenheimer, Kerstin, and Ehret, Katharina (eds.) (2020). The Electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English. Zenodo. http://ewave-atlas.org. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3712132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lange, Claudia (2007). Focus marking in Indian English. English World-Wide 28(1): 89–118. doi: https://doi.org./10.1075/eww.28.1.05lan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lange, Claudia (2010). ‘Hindi never, English ever’: language nationalism and linguistic conflicts in modern India. In Schaefer, Ursula, Lange, Claudia, and Wolf, Göran (eds.), Linguistics, Ideology and the Discourse of Linguistic Nationalism. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 133–54.Google Scholar
Lange, Claudia (2012). The Syntax of Spoken Indian English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lange, Claudia (2016). The ‘intrusive as’-construction in South Asian varieties of English. World Englishes 35(1): 133–46. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lange, Claudia (2020). English in South Asia. In Schreier, Daniel, Schneider, Edgar W., and Hundt, Marianne (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of World Englishes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 236–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108349406.011.Google Scholar
Lange, Claudia and Leuckert, Sven (2020). Corpus Linguistics for World Englishes: A Guide for Research. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Leuckert, Sven (2019). Topicalization in Asian Englishes: Forms, Functions, and Frequencies of a Fronting Construction. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levshina, Natalia (2015). How to Do Linguistics with R: Data Exploration and Statistical Analysis. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/z.195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowenberg, Peter H. (1986). Non-native varieties of English: nativization, norms, and implications. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 8(1): 1–18. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263100005805.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maechler, Martin, Rousseeuw, Peter, Struyf, Anja, Hubert, Mia, and Hornik, Kurt (2019). cluster: Cluster Analysis Basics and Extensions. R package version 2.1.0.Google Scholar
Marshall, P. J. (1988). Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740–1828. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521253307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masica, Colin P. (1993). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Maxwell, Olga, Diskin-Holdaway, Chloé, and Loakes, Debbie (2021). Attitudes towards Indian English among young urban professionals in Hyderabad, India. World Englishes 42(2): 272–91. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12550.Google Scholar
McArthur, Tom (2002). The Oxford Guide to World English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend (1992). English in Language Shift: The History, Structure and Sociolinguistics of South African Indian English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511597893.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend and Bhatt, Rakesh M. (2008). World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511791321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyler, Michael (2007). A Dictionary of Sri Lankan English. Colombo: Mirisgala.Google Scholar
Mohanty, Ajit K. (2017). Multilingualism, education, English and development: whose development? In Coleman, Hywel (ed.), Multilingualisms and Development: Selected Proceedings of the 11th Language & Development Conference, New Delhi, India 2015. London: British Council, 261–80. Available at www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/multilingualisms-and-development.Google Scholar
Mohanty, Ajit K. (2019). Language policy in education in India. In Kirkpatrick, Andy and Liddicoat, Anthony J. (eds.), The Routledge International Handbook of Language Education Policy in Asia. London: Routledge, 329–40.Google Scholar
Mukherjee, Joybrato (2007). Steady states in the evolution of New Englishes: present-day Indian English as an equilibrium. Journal of English Linguistics 35(2): 157–87. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424207301888.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mukherjee, Joybrato and Bernaisch, Tobias (2020). The development of the English language in India. In Kirkpatrick, Andy (ed.), The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes. London: Routledge, 165–77.Google Scholar
Nevalainen, Terttu and Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid (2006). Standardisation. In Hogg, Richard M. and Denison, David (eds.), A History of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 271–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nihalani, Paroo, Tongue, R. K., and Hosali, Priya (1979). Indian and British English: A Handbook of Usage and Pronunciation. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nihalani, Paroo, Tongue, R. K., Hosali, Priya, and Crowther, Jonathan (2004). Indian and British English: A Handbook of Usage and Pronunciation. Second edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nini, Andrea (2019). The Multi-Dimensional Analysis tagger. In Sardinha, Tony Berber and Pinto, Marcia Veirano (eds.), Multi-Dimensional Analysis: Research Methods and Current Issues. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 67–94. doi: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350023857.0012.Google Scholar
Online, OED (2022). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available at www.oed.com/.Google Scholar
Pearson, Karl (1900). X. On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from random sampling. Philosophical Magazine 50(5): 157–75. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786440009463897.Google Scholar
Peters, Pam (2000). Orthography and identity: an overview of the aims and findings of the Langscape project. English Today 16(3): 37–41. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078400011779.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peters, Pam (2001). Usage 1: Kaleidoscope: A final report on the worldwide Langscape project. English Today 17(1): 9–20. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S026607840100102X.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peters, Pam (2004). The Cambridge Guide to English Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511487040.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peters, Pam and Bernaisch, Tobias (2022). The current state of research into linguistic epicentres. World Englishes 41(3): 320–32. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511487040.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plag, Ingo (2003). Word-Formation in English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511841323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Core Team, R (2022). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Available at www.R-project.org/.Google Scholar
Rohdenburg, Günter (1996). Cognitive complexity and increased grammatical explicitness in English. Cognitive Linguistics 7(2): 149–82. doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/cogl.1996.7.2.149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Satyanath, Shobha (2015). Language variation and change: the Indian experience. In Smakman, Dick and Heinrich, Patrick (eds.), Globalising Sociolinguistics: Challenging and Expanding Theory. London: Routledge, 107–22.Google Scholar
Schilk, Marco (2011). Structural Nativization in Indian English Lexicogrammar. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidtke, Daniel and Kuperman, Victor (2017). Mass counts in World Englishes: a corpus linguistic study of noun countability in non-native varieties of English. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 13(1): 135–64. doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/cllt-2015-0047.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. (2007). Postcolonial English: Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511618901.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. (2012). Exploring the interface between World Englishes and Second Language Acquisition – and implications for English as a Lingua Franca. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca 1(1): 57–91. doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/jelf-2012-0004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. (2020). Calling Englishes as complex dynamic systems: diffusion and restructuring. In Mauranen, Anna and Vetchinnikova, Svetlana (eds.), Language Change: the Impact of English as a Lingua Franca. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 15–43. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108675000.004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (2009). Factors in the linguistic reorganisation of Indian States. In Sarangi, Asha (ed.), Language and Politics in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 139–82.Google Scholar
Sedlatschek, Andreas (2009). Contemporary Indian English: Variation and Change. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sethi, J. (2011). Standard English and Indian Usage: Vocabulary and Grammar. New Delhi: PHI Learning.Google Scholar
Shakir, Muhammad (2020). A Corpus Based Comparison of Variation in Online Registers of Pakistani English using MD Analysis. PhD thesis. Münster: University of Münster.Google Scholar
Sharma, Abhimanyu (2022). English as a facilitator of social mobility in India: the instrumentality vs. identity debate in language policy research. English Today 38(2): 88–91. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078420000164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, Devyani (2003). Discourse clitics and constructive morphology in Hindi. In Butt, Miriam (ed.), Nominals: Inside and Out. Stanford: CSLI Publications, 59–84.Google Scholar
Sharma, Devyani (2009). Typological diversity in New Englishes. English World-Wide 30(2): 170–95. doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.30.2.04sha.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shastri, S. V., Patilkulkarni, C. T., and Shastri, Geeta S. (1986). Manual of Information to Accompany the Kolhapur Corpus of Indian English, for Use with Digital Computers. Available at https://icame.info/icame_static/manuals/KOLHAPUR/INDEX.HTM.Google Scholar
Sridhar, Shikaripur N. (2020). Indian English. In Bolton, Kingsley, Botha, Werner, and Kirkpatrick, Andy (eds.), The Handbook of Asian Englishes. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 243–77. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118791882.ch10.Google Scholar
Strevens, Peter (1980). Teaching English as an International Language: from Practice to Principle. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Suárez-Gómez, Cristina and Seoane, Elena (2021). The role of age and gender in grammatical variation in world Englishes. World Englishes 42(2): 327–43. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12546.Google Scholar
Tallerman, Maggie (2020). Understanding Syntax. Fifth edition. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Tognini-Bonelli, Elena (2001). Corpus Linguistics at Work. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiltshire, Caroline R. (2020). Uniformity and Variability in the Indian English Accent. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108913768.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yurchenko, Asya, Leuckert, Sven, and Lange, Claudia (2021a). Comparing written Indian Englishes with the new Corpus of Regional Indian Newspaper Englishes (CORINNE). ICAME Journal 45(1): 179–205. doi: https://doi.org/10.2478/icame-2021-0006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yurchenko, Asya, Leuckert, Sven, and Lange, Claudia (2021b). Manual of the Corpus of Regional Indian Newspaper Englishes (CORINNE). Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Indian Englishes in the Twenty-First Century
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Indian Englishes in the Twenty-First Century
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Indian Englishes in the Twenty-First Century
Available formats
×