Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T19:35:47.218Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
Series:   Elements in Language, Gender and Sexuality

LGBTQ+ and Feminist Digital Activism

A Linguistic Perspective

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 May 2024

Angela Zottola
Angela Zottola
Affiliation:
University of Turin

Summary

This Element focuses on the linguistic and discursive practices employed by digital citizens to promote their causes on social media, that is to engage in digital activism, drawing attention to the growing importance of this phenomenon in relation to gender identity and sexuality issues. I propose the label LGBTQ+ Digital Activism to join the already existing one Feminist Digital Activism and argue that, while these have been areas of interest from sociology and communication specialists, digital activism is still to be embraced as a field of research by applied linguists. I point out to a number of linguistic and discursive features that are popular among digital activists and support this through the analysis of the use of the hashtag #wontbeerased combining Social Media Critical Discourse Analysis and Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies. I suggest that further research is needed to explore how language is used to propagate and popularize emancipatory discourses online.
Get access

Keywords

LGBTQ+ digital activismdigital feminism#wontbeerasedlanguage practicessocial media discourse analysis
Type
Element
Information
Series: Elements in Language, Gender and Sexuality
Online ISBN: 9781009122962
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 06 June 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Androutsopoulos, J. (2014). Moments of sharing: Entextualization and linguistic repertoires in social networking. Journal of Pragmatics, 73(Nov): 4–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austin, J. L. (1962). How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Avineri, N., Graham, L. R., Johnson, E. J., Riner, R. C., and Rosa, J. (2018). Introduction: Reimagining language and social justice. In Language and Social Justice in Practice. London: Routledge, pp. 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baer, H. (2016). Redoing feminism: Digital activism, body politics, and neoliberalism. Feminist Media Studies, 16(1): 17–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, M. (2016). Redefining representation: Black trans and queer women’s digital media production. Screen Bodies, 1(1): 71–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, P. (2023). Using Corpora in Discourse Analysis (second edition). London: Bloomsbury.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, P, Hardie, A., and McEnery, T. (2006). A Glossary of Corpus Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balirano, G., and Hughes, B. (2020). Homing in on Hate: Critical Discourse Studies of Hate Speech, Discrimination and Inequality in the Digital Age. Naples: Paolo Loffredo Editore.Google Scholar
Baran, D. (2022). “Rainbow plague” or “rainbow allies”? Tęcza “rainbow” as a floating signifier in the contestation of Poland’s national identity. Gender & Language, 13(3): 286–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barker-Plummer, B., and Barker-Plummer, D. (2017). Twitter as a feminist resource: #YesAllWomen, digital platforms, and discursive social change. In Social Movements and Media. Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited, pp. 91–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barksdale, A. (2015). 15 tweets that flawlessly describe #GrowingUpGay, www.huffpost.com/entry/growingupgay_n_55a6b2e4e4b04740a3dec376.Google Scholar
Baron, A., Rayson, P., and Archer, D. (2009) Word frequency and key word statistics in historical corpus linguistics. Anglistik: International Journal of English Studies, 20(1): 41–67.Google Scholar
Bennett, C. J., and Lyon, D. (2019). Data-driven elections: Implications and challenges for democratic societies. Internet Policy Review, (8)4. https://policyreview.info/pdf/policyreview-2019-4-1433.pdf.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biber, D., and Reppen, R. (2015). The Cambridge Handbook of English Corpus Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borba, R. (2022). Enregistering “Gender Ideology.” Journal of Language and Sexuality, 11(1): 57–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breeze, R. (2011). Critical discourse analysis and its critics. Pragmatics, 21(4): 493–525.Google Scholar
Brezina, V. (2018). Statistics in Corpus Linguistics. A Practical Guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brindle, A. (2016). The Language of Hate: A Corpus Linguistic Analysis of White Supremacist Language. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brookes, G., and McEnery, T. (2020). Corpus linguistics. In Adolphs, S. and Knight, D., eds., The Routledge Handbook of English Language and Digital Humanities. New York: Routledge, pp. 378–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burnard, L. (1999). Users reference guide for the BNC sampler. Available on the BNC Sampler CD. www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/corpus/sampler.Google Scholar
Castillo-Esparcia, A., Caro-Castaño, L. and Almansa-Martínez, A. (2023). Evolution of digital activism on social media: opportunities and challenges. Profesional De La información Information Professional, 32(3): e320303. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2023.may.03Google Scholar
Cavalcante, A. (2016). “I did it all online”: Transgender identity and the management of everyday life. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 33(1): 109–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cervi, L., and Divon, T. (2023). Playful activism: Memetic performances of Palestinian resistance in TikTok #Challenges. Social Media + Society, 9(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231157607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cervi, L. and Marín-Lladó, C. (2022) Freepalestine on TikTok: from performative activism to (meaningful) playful activism, Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 15(4): 414–434. DOI: 10.1080/17513057.2022.2131883Google Scholar
Chałupnik, M., and Brookes, G. (2022). Discursive acts of resistance: A multimodal critical discourse analysis of ALL-Poland Women’s Strike’s social media. Gender and Language, 16(3): 308–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chiluwa, I. (2021). Women’s online advocacy campaigns for political participation in Nigeria and Ghana. Critical Discourse Studies, 19(5): 465–484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, R. (2014). # NotBuyingIt: Hashtag feminists expand the commercial media conversation. Feminist Media Studies, 14(6): 1108–1110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, R. (2016). “Hope in a hashtag”: The discursive activism of #WhyIStayed. Feminist Media Studies, 16(5): 788–804.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clayton, J., and Hoskins, P. (2022). Elon Musk takes control of Twitter in $44bn deal. BBC News. www.bbc.com/news/technology-63402338.Google Scholar
Cole, K. K. (2015). “It’s like she’s eager to be verbally abused”: Twitter, trolls, and (en)gendering disciplinary rhetoric. Feminist Media Studies, 15(2): 356–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cullum, B. (2010). Devices: The power of mobile phones. In Joyce, M., ed., Digital Activism Decoded: The New Mechanics of Change. New York: International Debate Education Association, pp. 101–118.Google Scholar
Danesi, M. (2016). The Semiotics of Emoji: The Rise of Visual Language in the Age of the Internet. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Demata, M. (2018). “I think that maybe I wouldn’t be here if it wasn’t for Twitter.” Donald Trump’s populist style on Twitter. Textus, 31(1): 67–90.Google Scholar
Eagle, R. B. (2015). Loitering, lingering, hashtagging: Women reclaiming public space via #BoardtheBus, #StopStreetHarassment, and the #EverydaySexism Project. Feminist Media Studies, 15(2): 350–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egbert, J., Biber, D., and Gray, B. (2022). Designing and Evaluating Language Corpora: A Practical Framework for Corpus Representativeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esposito, E., and Sinatora, F. L. (2021). Social media discourses of feminist protest from the Arab Levant: Digital mirroring and transregional dialogue. Critical Discourse Studies, 19(5): 502–522, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2021.1999291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esposito, E., and Zollo, S. A. (2021). “How dare you call her a pig, I know several pigs who would be upset if they knew”: A multimodal critical discursive approach to online misogyny against UK MPs on YouTube. Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict, 9(1): 47–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evert, S. (2008). Corpora and collocations. In Lüdeling, A. and Kytö, M., eds., Corpus Linguistics: An International Handbook. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1212–1248.Google Scholar
Fenton, N. (2016a). Digital, Political, Radical. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Fenton, N. (2016b). Left out? Digital media, radical politics and social change. Information, Communication & Society, 19(3): 346–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finley, T. (2015). Black Twitter nailed what it was like #GrowingUpBlack. www.huffpost.com/entry/growingupblack-takes-black-twitter-down-memory-lane_n_55a675dae4b0896514cfe581.Google Scholar
Fischer, M. (2016). # Free_CeCe: The material convergence of social media activism. Feminist Media Studies, 16(5): 755–771.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraser, N. (1990). Rethinking the public sphere: A contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy. Social Text, 25 /26: 56–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fruttaldo, A. (2020). Communing affiliation and the power of bonding icons in collective narratives: The case of #GrowingUpGay. In Lewandoska-Tomaszczyk, B., Monello, V. and Venuti, M., eds., Language, Heart and Mind: Studies at the Intersection of Emotion and Cognition. Berlin: Peter Lang, pp. 283–301.Google Scholar
Gal, S. (2018). Registers in circulation: The social organization of interdiscursivity. Signs and Society, 6(1): 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garside, R., and Smith, N. (1997). A hybrid grammatical tagger: CLAWS 4. In Garside, R., Leech, G. and McEnery, T., eds., Corpus Annotation: Linguistic Information from Computer Text Corpora. London: Longman, pp. 102–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerbaudo, P. (2017). From cyber-autonomism to cyber-populism: An ideological history of digital activism. TripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique, 15(2): 477–489.Google Scholar
Gillings, M., Mautner, G., and Baker, P. (2023). Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gounari, P. (2022). From Twitter to Capitol Hill: Far-Right Authoritarian Populist Discourses, Social Media and Critical Pedagogy. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goswami, M. P. (2018). Social media and hashtag activism. In Bala, S., Kaur, M. and Rastogi, D., eds., Liberty, Dignity and Change in Journalism. New Delhi: Kanishka Publishers, pp. 252–262.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. (1962). An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society: The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Habermas, J., Lennox, S., and Lennox, F. (1974). The public sphere: An encyclopedia article (1964). New German Critique, 3: 49–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halliday, M. A. K. (1978). Language as social semiotic: The social interpretation of language and meaning. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Hardie, A. (2012). CQPweb: Combining power, flexibility and usability in a corpus analysis tool. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 17(3): 380–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, C., and Kelsey, D. (2022). Discourses of Disorder. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Herring, S. C., and Dainas, A. R. (2017). “Nice picture comment!” Graphicons in Facebook comment threads. Paper presented at the proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Hilton Waikoloa Village, HI, 4–7 January.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heuer, G., and Macomber, M. (2022). Gender and Instagram activism in teenagers: Social discourse in a digital age. Journal of Student Research, 11(3). DOI:https://doi.org/10.47611/jsrhs.v11i3.2918.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horeck, T. (2014). #AskThicke: “Blurred Lines,” rape culture, and the feminist hashtag takeover. Feminist Media Studies, 14(6): 1105–1107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hundley, H. L., and Rodriguez, J. S. (2009). Transactivism and postmodernity: An agonistic analysis of transliterature. Communication Quarterly, 57(1): 35–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunston, S. (2002). Corpora in Applied Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inclán, M. (2018). The Zapatista Movement and Mexico’s Democratic Transition: Mobilization, Success, and Survival. New York: Oxford Scholarship Online.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, S. J. (2016). (Re) imagining intersectional democracy from Black feminism to hashtag activism. Women’s Studies in Communication, 39(4): 375–379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, S. J. (2018). Progressive social movements and the internet. In Cloud, D., ed., Oxford Encyclopedia of Communication and Critical Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.644.Google Scholar
Jackson, S. J., Bailey, M., and Foucault Welles, B. (2018). #GirlsLikeUs: Trans advocacy and community building online. New Media & Society, 20(5): 1868–1888.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, S. J., Bailey, M., and Welles, B. F. (2020). #HashtagActivism: Networks of race and gender justice. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, S., Bailey, M., and Foucault Welles, B. (2019). Women tweet on violence: From #YesAllWomen to #MeToo. Ada: A Journal of Gender, New Media, and Technology, (15). DOI: https://doi.org/10.5399/uo/ada.2019.15.6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenzen, O., and Lewin, T. (2021). LGBTQ+ visual activism. In Lilleker, D. and Veneti, A., eds., The Research Handbook in Visual Politics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 284–297.Google Scholar
Jones, L., Chałupnik, M., Mackenzie, J., and Mullany, L. (2022). “STFU and start listening to how scared we are”: Resisting misogyny on Twitter via #NotAllMen. Discourse, Context & Media, 47: 100596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jouët, J. (2018). Digital feminism: Questioning the renewal of activism. Journal of Research in Gender Studies, 8(1), 133–157.Google Scholar
Joyce, M. C. (2010). Digital Activism Decoded: The New Mechanics of Change. New York: IDEA.Google Scholar
Karatzogianni, A. (2015). Firebrand Waves of Digital Activism 1994–2014: The Rise and Spread of Hacktivism and Cyberconflict. Bern: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, J. K., and Crocker, E. L. (2015). Selfies and photo messaging as visual conversation: Reports from the United States, United Kingdom and China. International Journal of Communication, 2015: 2387–2396.Google Scholar
Kaun, A., and Treré, E. (2020). Repression, resistance and lifestyle: Charting (dis)connection and activism in times of accelerated capitalism. Social Movement Studies, 19(5–6): 697–715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaun, A., and Uldam, J. (2018). Digital activism: After the hype. New Media & Society, 20(6): 2099–2106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khoja-Moolji, S. (2015). Becoming an “intimate public”: Exploring the affective intensities of hashtag feminism. Feminist Media Studies, 15(2): 347–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KhoshraviNik, M. (2017). Social media critical discourse studies (SM-CDS). In Flowerdew, J. and Richardson, J. E., eds., The Routledge Handbook of Critical Discourse Studies. London: Routledge, pp. 582–596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KhosraviNik, M. (2022). Digital meaning-making across content and practice in social media critical discourse studies, Critical Discourse Studies, 19(2): 119–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KhoshraviNik, M. (2023). Social Media Critical Discourse Studies. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KhoshraviNik, M., and Esposito, E. (2018). Online hate, digital discourse and critique: Exploring digitally-mediated discursive practices of gender-based hostility. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics, 14(1): 45–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, J. (2017). # iamafeminist as the “mother tag”: Feminist identification and activism against misogyny on Twitter in South Korea. Feminist Media Studies, 17(5): 804–820.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, D. (2015). e-Language: Communication in the Digital Age. In Baker, P. and McEnery, T., eds., Corpora and Discourse Studies: Integrating Discourse and Corpora. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 20–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koester, A. (2022). Building small specialised corpora. In O’Keeffe, A. and McCarthy, M., eds., The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics (second edition). Oxon: Routledge, pp. 48–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kopytowska, M. (2017). Discourses of hate and radicalism in action. In Kopytowska, M., ed., Contemporary Discourses of Hate and Radicalism across Space and Genres. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laclau, E. (2005). On Populist Reason. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Lagerkvist, A. (2019). Digital Existence: Ontology, Ethics and Transcendence in Digital Culture. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Larrondo, A., Morales i Gras, J. and Orbegozo Terradillos, J. (2019). Feminist hashtag activism in Spain: Measuring the degree of politicisation of online discourse on #YoSíTeCreo, #HermanaYoSíTeCreo, #Cuéntaloy #NoEstásSola. Communication & Society, 32(4): 207–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Latina, D., and Docherty, S. (2014). Trending participation, trending exclusion? Feminist Media Studies, 14(6): 1103–1105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazar, M. (2014). Feminist critical discourse analysis relevance for current gender and language research. In Ehrlich, S., Meyerhoff, M. and Holmes, J., eds., The Handbook of Language, Gender, and Sexuality. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 180–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Logi, L., and Zappavigna, M. (2021). A social semiotic perspective on emoji: How emoji and language interact to make meaning in digital messages. New Media & Society, 25(1): 3222–3246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Losh, E. (2014). Hashtag feminism and Twitter activism in India. Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective, 3(3): 11–22.Google Scholar
Loza, S. (2014). Hashtag feminism,# SolidarityIsForWhiteWomen, and the other #FemFuture. Ada: A Journal of Gender, New Media, and Technology, (5): Queer Feminist Media Praxis (July 2014).Google Scholar
Mann, A. (2014). Global Activism in Food Politics: Power Shift. Bern: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendes, K., Ringrose, J. and Keller, J. (2018). #MeToo and the promise and pitfalls of challenging rape culture through digital feminist activism. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 25(2): 236–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, M. D. (2014). #Thevagenda’s war on headlines: Feminist activism in the information age. Feminist Media Studies, 14(6): 1107–1108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mikulak, M. (2019). Between the market and the hard place: Neoliberalization and the Polish LGBT movement, Social Movement Studies, 18(5): 550–565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milan, S., and Van-der-Velden, L. (2016). The alternative epistemologies of data activism. Digital Culture & Society, 2(2): 57–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mossberger, K., Tolbert, C. J. and McNeal, R. S. (2007). Digital Citizenship: The Internet, Society, and Participation. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, R. (2019). The “warspeak” permeating everyday language puts us all in the trenches. The Conversation. Last accessed May 21, 2022, at https://theconversation.com/the-warspeak-permeating-everyday-language-puts-us-all-in-the-trenches-121356.Google Scholar
Nartey, M. (Ed.). (2023). Voice, Agency and Resistance: Emancipatory Discourses in Action. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nartey, M. (2022a). Investigating emancipatory discourses in action: The need for an interventionist approach and an activist-scholar posture. Critical Discourse Studies, 19(5): 459–464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nartey, M. (2022b). Centering marginalized voices: A discourse analytic study of the Black Lives Matter movement on Twitter. Critical Discourse Studies, 19(5): 523–583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Núñez Puente, S. (2011). Feminist cyberactivism: Violence against women, internet politics, and Spanish feminist praxis online. Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies, 25(03): 333–346.Google Scholar
Ohler, J. B. (2010). Digital Community, Digital Citizen. Thousand Oaks: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Özkula, S. M. (2021). What is digital activism anyway? Social constructions of the “digital” in contemporary activism. Journal of Digital Social Research, 3(3): 60–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Onanuga, P. A. (2023). Weaponising digital architecture: Queer Nigerian Instagram users and digital visual activism. In Woodman, D., ed., LGBT+ Communities – Creating Spaces of Identity. IntechOpen. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.108760.Google Scholar
Papacharissi, Z. (2014). Uses and gratifications. In An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research. London: Routledge, pp. 151–166.Google Scholar
Papacharissi, Z. (2016). Affective publics and structures of storytelling: Sentiment, events and mediality. Information, Communication & Society, 19(3): 307–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Partington, A., Duguid, A., and Taylor, C. (2013). Patterns and Meanings in Discourse: Theory and Practice in Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies (CADS). London: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Phillips, R. (2020). Virtual Activisms: Sexuality, the Internet, and a Social Movement in Singapore. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, R. (2014). “And I am also gay”: Illiberal pragmatics, neoliberal homonormativity and LGBT activism in Singapore. Anthropologica, 56(1): 45–54.Google Scholar
Rasulo, M. (2023). Master Narratives of Hate Speech: A Multimodal Analysis. Naples: Paolo Loffedo Editore.Google Scholar
Rawson, K. J. (2014). Transgender worldmaking in cyberspace: Historical activism on the internet. QED: A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking, 1(2): 38–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rayson, P. (2009). Wmatrix: A web-based corpus processing environment. Computing Department, Lancaster University.Google Scholar
Raun, T. (2010). Screen-births: Exploring the transformative potential in trans video blogs on YouTube. Graduate Journal of Social Science, 7(2): 113–130.Google Scholar
Rentschler, C. (2015). # Safetytipsforladies: Feminist Twitter takedowns of victim blaming. Feminist Media Studies, 15(2): 353–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, J. (2023). Rainbow-washing. Northeastern University Law Review, 15(2): 285–358.Google Scholar
Riboni, G. (2020). Discourses of Authenticity on YouTube. From Personal to the Professional. Milan: Edizioni Universitarie di Lettere Economia Diritto.Google Scholar
Szabla, M., and Blommaert, J. (2020). Does context really collapse in social media interaction? Applied Linguistic Review, 11(2): 251–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scholz, T. (2010). Infrastructure: Its transformations and effect on digital activism. In Joyce, M. C., ed., Digital Activism Decoded: The New Mechanics of Change. New York: International Debate Education Association, pp. 17–32.Google Scholar
Schultz, D., and Jungherr, A. (2010). Picking the right one in a transient world. In Joyce, M. C., ed., Digital Activism Decoded: The New Mechanics of Change. Utrecht: International Debate Education Association, pp. 33–45.Google Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1969). Speech Acts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1976). A classification of illocutionary acts. Language in Society, 5(1): 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Squires, C. R. (2016). Dangerous Discourses: Feminism, Gun Violence and Civic Life. Berlin: Peter Lang Publishing.Google Scholar
Stenglin, M. (2011). Interpersonal meaning in 3D spaces: How bonding icon gets its “charge.” In Unsworth, L., ed., Multimodal Semiotics: Functional Analysis in Contexts of Education. London: Continuum, pp. 50–66.Google Scholar
Tagg, C., Seargeant, P. and Brown, A. (2017). Taking Offence on Social Media: Conviviality and Communication on Facebook. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tazi, M., and Oumlil, K. (2020). The rise of fourth‐wave feminism in the Arab region? Cyberfeminism and women’s activism at the crossroads of the Arab Spring. CyberOrient, 14(1): 44–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tortajada, I., Willem, C. R., Platero Méndez, L., and Araüna, N. (2021). Lost in Transition? Digital trans activism on Youtube. Information, Communication & Society, 24(8): 1091–1107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vie, S. (2014). In defense of “slacktivism”: The Human Rights Campaign Facebook logo as digital activism. First Monday, 19(4). DOI: https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v19i4.4961.Google Scholar
Webster, K. (2022). A textual analysis of online asexual representation and visibility on Reddit. In Lipschultz, J. H., Freberg, K. and Luttrell, R., eds., The Emerald Handbook of Computer-Mediated Communication and Social Media. Leeds: Emerald Publishing Limited, pp. 177–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, S. (2015). Digital defense: Black feminists resist violence with hashtag activism. Feminist Media Studies, 15(2): 341–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, A., and Rayson, P. (1993). Automatic content analysis of spoken discourse: A report on work in progress. In Souter, C. and Atwell, E., eds., Corpus Based Computational Linguistics. Amsterdam: Rodopi, pp. 215–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xie, C., and Yus, F. (2021). Digitally mediated communication. In Haugh, M., Kádár, D. and Terkourafi, M., eds., The Cambridge Handbook of Sociopragmatics (Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 454–474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yamamura, S. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the transnationalization of LGBT* activism in Japan and beyond. Global Networks, 2023(23): 120–131.Google Scholar
Yates, S. J. (1996). Oral and written linguistic aspects of computer conferencing. Pragmatics and Beyond New Series, 39: 29–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zappavigna, M. (2012). Discourse of Twitter and Social Media: How We Use Language to Create Affiliation on the Web. London: Bloomsbury.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zappavigna, M. (2018). Searchable Talk: Hashtags and Social Media Metadiscourse. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Zottola, A. (2021). Transgender Identities in the Press: A Corpus-Based Discourse Analysis. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Zottola, A. (2020a). Corpus linguistics and digital humanities: Intersecting paths. A case study from Twitter. América Critica, 4(2): 131–141.Google Scholar
Zottola, A. (2020b). When freedom of speech turns into freedom to hate. Hateful speech and ‘othering’ in conservative political propaganda in the USA. In Balirano, G. and Hughes, B., eds., Homing in on Hate: Critical Discourse Studies of Hate Speech, Discrimination and Inequality in the Digital Age. Naples: Paolo Loffredo Editore, pp. 93–112.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

LGBTQ+ and Feminist Digital Activism
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

LGBTQ+ and Feminist Digital Activism
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

LGBTQ+ and Feminist Digital Activism
Available formats
×