Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-6bf8c574d5-t27h7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-28T21:38:18.882Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Intercultural Citizenship in Higher Education

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 February 2025

Irina Golubeva
Affiliation:
University of Maryland, Baltimore County

Summary

Traditionally, the fields of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) and Intercultural Citizenship Education (ICitE) have been treated separately in Higher Education (HE) and beyond, with DEI often being associated with domestic diversity, while ICitE is often situated within international contexts. Although such binary perception is no longer adequate due to the superdiversity that characterizes today's university communities, the origins of this categorical distinction can be explained through an examination of the disciplinary roots, theoretical foundations, primary focus, and implementation approaches. Despite this difference in perspectives between the two fields, the Element argues that DEI and ICitE can complement each other in a variety of positive and productive ways. It does so by identifying the intersections between these two distinct yet interrelated fields and by providing an example of how they can be intentionally synergized in HE practice.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781009442039
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 27 February 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ABC News Australia. (2022, April 17). Desperate scenes in Shanghai amid harsh lockdown. [Video] www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xg9A7mWo8l8.Google Scholar
Abcarian, R. (2024, January 7). Opinion: The resignation of Harvard’s Claudine Gay is touted as a DEI failure, but that’s hardly the case. Los Angeles Times. Accessed February 10, 2024, from www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2024-01-07/harvard-claudine-gay-christopher-rufo-diversity-equity-inclusion.Google Scholar
Adams, C., & Chiwaya, N. (2024, March 2). Map: See which states have introduced or passed anti-DEI bills. NBC News. Accessed on March 15, 2024, from www.nbcnews.com/data-graphics/anti-dei-bills-states-republican-lawmakers-map-rcna140756.Google Scholar
Adams, M., Blumenfeld, W. J., Castañeda, C., et al. (Eds.) (2013). Readings for Diversity and Social Justice. 3rd Edition. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Agar, M. (1994). Language Shock: Understanding the Culture of Conversation. New York: William Morrow.Google Scholar
Aktas, F., Pitts, K., Richards, J. C., & Silova, I. (2017). Institutionalizing global citizenship: A critical analysis of higher education programs and curricula. Journal of Studies in International Education, 21, 6580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alred, A., Byram, M., & Fleming, M. (Eds.) (2006). Education for Intercultural Citizenship. Concepts and Comparisons. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, L. W., & Krathwohl, D. R. (2001). A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. Complete Edition. New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Andreotti, V. (2011). Actionable Postcolonial Theory in Education. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Annie E. Casey Foundation (2014). Race Equity and Inclusion Action Guide. Baltimore, MD: Annie E. Casey Foundation.Google Scholar
Aykol, E., Kapetanakos, D., & Lehman, R. (2021). From campus to the world: Global learning in the context of an urban community college. New Directions for Community Colleges, 2021(195), 3751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, B. (2024). The challenge of implementing DEI policies – a case study. (July 15, 2024). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4898680 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4898680.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, W., Boonsuk, Y., Ra, J. J., Sangiamchit, C., & Snodin, N. (2022). Thai study abroad students as intercultural citizens: Developing intercultural citizenship through English medium education and ELT. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 116. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2022.2096569.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, W., & Fang, F. (2021). “So maybe I’m a global citizen”: Developing intercultural citizenship in English medium education. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 34(1), 117. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908318.2020.1748045.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, W., & Fang, F. (2022). Intercultural citizenship and the internationalisation of higher education: The role of English language teaching. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca, 11(1), 6375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barger, A. (2023, April 28). Is there a diversity issue among chief diversity officers? Fastcompany.com. Accessed on March 1, 2024, from www.fastcompany.com/90888117/is-there-a-diversity-issue-among-chief-diversity-officers.Google Scholar
Barnett, R. (1997). Higher Education: A Critical Business. Buckingham: Open University Press.Google Scholar
Barnett, R. (2000). Realising the University in an Age of Supercomplexity. Buckingham: Open University Press.Google Scholar
Barnett, R. (2011). The coming of the ecological university. Oxford Review of Education, 37(4), 439455. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2011.595550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnett, R. (2023). Only connect: Designing university futures. Quality in Higher Education, 29(1), 116131. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538322.2022.2100627.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, M. (2016). Competences for Democratic Culture: Living Together as Equals in Culturally Diverse Democratic Societies. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.Google Scholar
Barrett, M., & Byram, M. (2022). Autobiography of Intercultural Encounters: Context, Concepts and Theories. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.Google Scholar
Barrett, M., Byram, M., Lázár, I., Mompoint-Gaillard, P., & Philippou, S. (2014). Developing Intercultural Competence through Education. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.Google Scholar
Barrett, M., & Golubeva, I. (2022). From intercultural communicative competence to intercultural citizenship: Preparing young people for citizenship in a culturally diverse democratic world. In McConachy, T., Golubeva, I., & Wagner, M. (Eds.), Intercultural Learning in Language Education and Beyond: Evolving Concepts, Perspectives and Practices (pp. 6083). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Beeman, A. (2015). Teaching to convince, teaching to empower: Reflections on student resistance and self-defeat at predominantly white vs. racially diverse campuses. The Journal for Understanding and Dismantling Privilege, 5(1), 1333.Google Scholar
Bennett, M. J. (1993). Towards ethnorelativism: A developmental model of intercultural sensitivity. In Paige, R. M. (Ed.), Education for the Intercultural Experience (pp. 2171). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Bhabha, H. K. (2006). Culture’s in between. In Hall, S., & Gay, P. Du (Eds.), Questions of Cultural Identity (pp. 5360). London: Sage.Google Scholar
Bhasin, D. (2022). “DEI fatigue”: It’s time for some home truths. Flexability. Accessed on March 15, 2024, from www.flexability.com/opinion/2022/dei-fatigue-its-time-for-some-home-truths.Google Scholar
Bloom, B. S. (Ed.) (1956). Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals. Handbook I. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Blum, N., Berlin, A., Isaacs, A., Burch, W. J., & Willott, C. (2019). Medical students as global citizens: A qualitative study of medical students’ views on global health teaching within the undergraduate medical curriculum. BMC Medical Education, 19, 19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boonsuk, Y., & Fang, F. (2023). Re-envisaging English medium instruction, intercultural citizenship development, and higher education in the context of studying abroad. Language and Education, 37(3), 271287. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500782.2021.1996595.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowleg, L. (2008). When black + lesbian + woman ≠ black lesbian woman: The methodological challenges of qualitative and quantitative intersectionality research. Sex Roles, 59(5–6), 312325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Box, G. E. P., Luceño, A., & Paniagua-Quiñones, M. del Carmen (2009). Statistical Control by Monitoring and Adjustment. 2nd Edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branson, R. K. (1978). The interservice procedures for instructional systems development. Educational Technology, 18(3), 1114.Google Scholar
Branson, R. K., Rayner, G. T., Cox, J. L., et al. (1975). Interservice Procedures for Instructional Systems Development: Executive Summary and Model. Tallahassee, FL: Center for Educational Technology, Florida State University.Google Scholar
British Council. (2013). Culture at work: The value of intercultural skills in the workplace. Accessed on November 20, 2023, from www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/culture-at-work-report-v2.pdf.Google Scholar
Buckingham, D. (2008). Introducing Identity. Chicago, IL: MacArthur Foundation Digital Media and Learning Initiative.Google Scholar
Byram, M. (1997). Teaching and Assessing Intercultural Communicative Competence. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Byram, M. (2008). From Foreign Language Education to Education for Intercultural Citizenship: Essays and Reflections. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byram, M. (2012). Conceptualizing intercultural (communicative) competence and intercultural citizenship. In Jackson, J. (Ed.) Routledge Handbook of Language and Intercultural Communication (pp. 8597). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Byram, M. (2014). Twenty-five years on – from cultural studies to intercultural citizenship. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 27(3), 209225. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908318.2014.974329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byram, M. (2018). An essay on internationalism in foreign language education. Intercultural Communication Education, 1(2), 6482. https://doi.org/10.29140/ice.v1n2.54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byram, M. (2021). Teaching and Assessing Intercultural Communicative Competence: Revisited. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byram, M., Barrett, M., Aroni, A., et al. (2021). A Portfolio of Competences for Democratic Culture: Standard Version. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. Accessed June 10, 2023, from https://rm.coe.int/0900001680a256af.Google Scholar
Byram, M., Barrett, M., Ipgrave, J., Jackson, R., & Méndez García, M. C. (2009a). Autobiography of Intercultural Encounters. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. Accessed March 11, 2024, from www.coe.int/en/web/autobiography-intercultural-encounters/autobiography-of-intercultural-encounters.Google Scholar
Byram, M., Barrett, M., Ipgrave, J., Jackson, R., & Méndez García, M. C. (2009b). Autobiography of Intercultural Encounters: Notes for Facilitators. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. Accessed March 11, 2024, from www.coe.int/en/web/autobiography-intercultural-encounters/autobiography-of-intercultural-encounters.Google Scholar
Byram, M., & Golubeva, I. (2020). Conceptualizing intercultural (communicative) competence and intercultural citizenship. In Jackson, J. (Ed.) Routledge Handbook of Language and Intercultural Communication, 2nd Edition (pp. 7085). London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byram, M., Golubeva, I., Han, H., & Wagner, M. (Eds.) (2017). From Principles to Practice in Education for Intercultural Citizenship. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Byram, M., Golubeva, I., & Porto, M. (2022). Internationalism, democracy, political education – an agenda for foreign language education. In Lütge, C., Merse, T., & Rauschert, P. (Eds.), Global Citizenship in Foreign Language Education: Concepts, Practices, Connections (pp. 128150). New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlton, G. (2023). Professor gender pay gap: Colleges haven’t fixed it. Will courts? Best Colleges. Accessed on March 11, 2024, from www.bestcolleges.com/news/analysis/professor-gender-pay-gap-colleges-havent-fixed-it-will-courts/#:~:text=The%20Gender%20Pay%20Gap%20in,of%20University%20Professors%20(AAUP).Google Scholar
Carothers, T. (2020, October 15). The global rise of anti-lockdown protests – and what to do about it. World Politics Review. Accessed on January 8, 2024, from www.worldpoliticsreview.com/amid-the-covid-19-pandemic-protest-movements-challenge-lockdowns-worldwide/.Google Scholar
CBS/News Service of Florida. (2023, May 15). DeSantis curtails diversity, equity & inclusion programs at state colleges. CBS News. Accessed on March 15, 2024, from www.cbsnews.com/miami/news/desantis-signs-bill-targeting-diversity-inclusion-program-at-florida-colleges/.Google Scholar
Center for American Women in Politics. (2023). Women Serving in the 118th Congress (2023–2025). Rutgers – New Brunswick: Eagleton Institute of Politics. Accessed on December 1, 2023, from https://cawp.rutgers.edu/facts/levels-office/congress/women-serving-118th-congress-2023-2025.Google Scholar
Chen, C. W., & Gorski, P. C. (2015). Burnout in social justice and human rights activists: Symptoms, causes, and implications. Journal of Human Rights Practice, 7(3): 366390. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huv011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cho, S., Crenshaw, K. W., & McCall, L. (2013). Toward a field of intersectionality studies: Theory, applications, and praxis. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 38(4), 785810.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cloud, D. (2018). From austerity to attacks on scholars. Inside Higher Ed. Accessed on March 8, 2024, from www.insidehighered.com/views/2018/05/03/neoliberal-academy-age-trump.Google Scholar
Council of Europe (CoE). (2008). White Paper on Intercultural Dialogue. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.Google Scholar
Council of Europe (CoE). (2016). Competences for Democratic Culture: Living Together as Equals in Culturally Diverse Democratic Societies. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. Accessed on April 12, 2021, from https://rm.coe.int/16806ccc07.Google Scholar
Council of Europe (CoE). (2018). Reference Framework of Competences for Democratic Culture [3 volumes]. Accessed on April 12, 2021, from www.coe.int/en/web/reference-framework-of-competences-for-democratic-culture/rfcdc-volumes.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, K. W. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. The University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), 139167.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, K. W. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 12411299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crutchfield, R., & Maguire, J. (2018). Study of student basic needs. California State University Basic Needs Initiative. Accessed on March 8, 2024, from www.calstate.edu/impact-of-the-csu/student-success/basic-needs-initiative/Documents/phaseII-report-with-Appendix.pdf.Google Scholar
Dan Hirleman, E. (2011). Education of global engineers and global citizens. In Downey, G. L., & Beddoes, K. (Eds.), What Is Global Engineering Education For? The Making of International Educators, Part I & II. Synthesis Lectures on Global Engineering (pp. 93108). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-02124-4_4.Google Scholar
Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85.Google Scholar
Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Day, H. R. (1983). Race relations training in the military. In Landis, D., & Brislin, R. (Eds.), Handbook of Intercultural Training, Vol. II: Issues in Training Methodology (pp. 241289). New York: Pergamon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deardorff, D. K. (2006). The identification and assessment of intercultural competence. Journal of Studies in International Education, 10(3), 241266. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315306287002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Desilver, D. (2022, March 10). The polarization in today’s Congress has roots that go back decades. Pew Research Center. Accessed March 17, 2024, from www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2022/03/10/the-polarization-in-todays-congress-has-roots-that-go-back-decades/.Google Scholar
Dessel, A., Rogge, M. E., & Garlington, S. B. (2006). Using intergroup dialogue to promote social justice and change. Social Work, 51(4), 303315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Devine, P. G., & Monteith, M. J. (1993). The role of discrepancy associated affect in prejudice reduction. In Mackie, D., & Hamilton, D. (Eds.) Affect, Cognition, and Stereotyping: Interactive Processes in Group Perception (pp.137166). San Diego, CA: Harcourt, Brace, & Jananovich.Google Scholar
De Wit, H. (2010). Global citizenship and study abroad: A European comparative perspective. In Lewin, R. (Ed.), The Handbook of Practice and Research in Study Abroad: Higher Education and the Quest for Global Citizenship (pp. 234251). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
DiAngelo, R. (2022). White Fragility: Why Understanding Racism Can Be So Hard for White People (Adapted for Young Adults). Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Dooly, M. (2006). Integrating intercultural competence and citizenship education into teacher training: A pilot project. Citizenship Teaching and Learning, 2(1), 1830.Google Scholar
Dover, T. L., Major, B., & Kaiser, C. R. (2014). Diversity initiatives, status, and system-justifying beliefs: When and how diversity efforts de-legitimize discrimination claims. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 17(4), 485493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dower, N. (2008). Are we all global citizens, or are only some of us global citizens? The relevance of this question to education. In Abdi, A., & Shultz, L. (Eds.), Educating for Human Rights and Global Citizenship (pp. 3953). Albany, NY: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Duignan, B. (2024). Social justice. In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Accessed on September 18, 2024 from www.britannica.com/topic/social-justice.Google Scholar
Elvin, H. L. (1960). Nationalism and internationalism in education. The School Review, 68(1) 122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Equality Act. (2010). Equality Act. The Stationary Office, London. Accessed on Mar 1, 2024 from www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/pdfs/ukpga_20100015_en.pdf.Google Scholar
Equality and Human Rights Commission (2018). Understanding equality. Accessed on May 5, 2020 from www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/contact-us.Google Scholar
European Commission (EC) (2018a). Erasmus+ Programme Guide. Version 3 (2018): 10/08/2018. Accessed January 8, 2024, from https://erasmus-plus.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/erasmus-plus-programme-guide3_en.pdf.Google Scholar
European Commission (EC). (2018b). Report on Equality between Men and Women in the EU. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.Google Scholar
European Commission (EC). (2019). Erasmus+ Higher Education Impact Study. Accessed April 12, 2021, from https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/94d97f5c-7ae2-11e9-9f05-01aa75ed71a1/language-en.Google Scholar
European Parliament (EP). (2015). Report on the role of intercultural dialogue, cultural diversity and education in promoting EU fundamental values. December 21, 2015 – (2015/2139(INI)). Accessed May 10, 2023, from www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-8-2015-0373_EN.html.Google Scholar
Eurostat. (2022). Gender pay gap in unadjusted form. Accessed on March 15, 2024, from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat.Google Scholar
Fang, F., & Baker, W. (2018). “A more inclusive mind towards the world”: English language teaching and study abroad in China from intercultural citizenship and English as a lingua franca perspectives. Language Teaching Research, 22(5), 608624.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fantini, A. (2009). Assessing intercultural competence: Issues and tools. In Deardorff, D. K. (Ed.), The SAGE Handbook of Intercultural Competence (pp. 456476). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fenn, J., & Irvin, C. G. (2005). Do You See What I See?: A Diversity Tale for Retaining People of Color. San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer.Google Scholar
Gibbs, G. (1988). Learning by Doing: A Guide to Teaching and Learning Methods. Oxford, UK: Further Education Unit at Oxford Politechnic.Google Scholar
Glanzman, A. (2024, January 2). Gay resigned as Harvard’s president on Tuesday after a new round of plagiarism accusations. The New York Times. Accessed on January 3, 2024, from www.nytimes.com/2024/01/02/us/claudine-gay-resignation-letter-harvard.html.Google Scholar
Goldmann, K. (1994). The Logic of Internationalism: Coercion and Accommodation. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Goldrick-Rab, S., Baker-Smith, C., Coca, V., Looker, E., & Williams, T. (2019). College and-university basic needs insecurity: A national #RealCollege survey report: The hope-center for college, community, and justice. Temple University: Philadelphia, PA. Accessed on January 3, 2024, from https://tacc.org/sites/default/files/documents/2019-04/hope_realcollege_report.pdf.Google Scholar
Golubeva, I. (2020). Enhancing faculty and staff engagement in internationalisation: A Hungarian example of training through intercultural dialogue. In Lundgren, U., Castro, P., & Woodin, J. (Eds.), Educational Approaches to Internationalisation through Intercultural Dialogue: Reflections on Theory and Practice (pp. 183194). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Golubeva, I. (2022). Intercultural citizenship education in university settings. In Desjardins, R., & Wiksten, S. (Eds.), Handbook of Civic Engagement and Education (pp. 191209). Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Golubeva, I. (2023). Raising students’ self-awareness of their conflict communication styles: Insights from an intercultural telecollaboration project. Societies, 13(10), 223. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13100223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golubeva, I. (in press). Digital humanities pedagogy in action: Insights from intercultural telecollaboration exploring inclusiveness of university campuses through art. Language and Intercultural Communication.Google Scholar
Golubeva, I., Di Maria, D., Holden, A., Kohler, K., & Wade, M. E. (forthcoming). Exploring students’ perceptions of the campus climate and intergroup relations: Insights from a campus-wide survey at a minority serving university.Google Scholar
Golubeva, I., Gómez Parra, Mª. E, & Espejo Mohedano, R. (2018). What does “active citizenship” mean for Erasmus students? Intercultural Education, 29(1), 4058.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golubeva, I., & Guntersdorfer, I. (2020). Addressing empathy in intercultural virtual exchange: A preliminary framework. In M. Hauck, & A. Müller-Hartmann (Eds.), Virtual Exchange and 21st Century Teacher Education: Short Papers from the 2019 EVALUATE Conference (pp. 117126). Accessed on May 1, 2021, from https://research-publishing.net/manuscript?10.14705/rpnet.2020.46.1137.Google Scholar
Golubeva, I., & Porto, M. (2022). Educating democratically and interculturally competent citizens: A virtual exchange between university students in Argentina and the USA. Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research, 10(3), 927. https://doi.org/10.30466/ijltr.2022.121223.Google Scholar
Golubeva, I., Wagner, M., & Yakimowski, M. E. (2017). Comparing students’ perceptions of global citizenship in Hungary and the USA. In Byram, M., Golubeva, I., Han, H., & Wagner, M. (Eds.), From Principles to Practice in Education for Intercultural Citizenship (pp. 324). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Grenny, J., Patterson, K., McMillan, R., Switzler, A., & Gregory, E. (2022). Crucial Conversations. 3rd Edition. New York: McGraw Hill.Google Scholar
Griffin, S. R. (2021, February 6). Where “Diversity Training” Goes Wrong. Medium. Accessed on March 25, 2024, from https://medium.com/@shaylargriffin/where-diversity-training-goes-wrong-10-essential-questions-to-ask-1217863eab04.Google Scholar
Guardian News. (2022, April 11). Residents in locked down Shanghai scream from their balconies: “This cannot last” [Video]. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBJj_UwkSyc.Google Scholar
Guarino, C. M., & Borden, V. M. (2017). Faculty service loads and gender: Are women taking care of the academic family? Research in Higher Education, 58, 672694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-017-9454-2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gudykunst, W. B. (1993). Toward effective interpersonal and intergroup communication. In Wiseman, R. J., & Koester, J. (Eds.), Intercultural Communication Competence (International and Intercultural Communication Annual, Volume 16. pp. 371). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Guntersdorfer, I., & Golubeva, I. (2018). Emotional intelligence and intercultural competence: Theoretical questions and pedagogical possibilities. Intercultural Communication Education, 1(2), 5463. https://doi.org/10.29140/ice.v1n2.60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gurin, P., Nagda, B. A., & Sorensen, N. (2011). Intergroup dialogue: Education for a broad conception of civic engagement. Liberal Education, 97(2), 4651.Google Scholar
Hall, E. T. (1976). Beyond Culture. New York: Doubleday .Google Scholar
Hall, S., & Du Gay, P. (Eds.) (2006). Questions of Cultural Identity. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Halliday, F. (1988). Three concepts of internationalism. International Affairs, 64, 187198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Han, H., Song, L., Jing, H., & Zhao, Y. (2017). Exploring perceptions of intercultural citizenship among English learners in Chinese universities. In Byram, M., Golubeva, I., Han, H., & Wagner, M. (eds.), From Principles to Practice in Education for Intercultural Citizenship (pp. 2544). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Hanley, R. (2023). Defense against the dark arts: Academic freedom meets the antiwoke crusade. Accessed on August 20, 2024, from www.aaup.org/sites/default/files/Hanley_JAF14.pdf.Google Scholar
Hanlon, A. R. (2023, October 23). West Virginia University Is Everything That’s Wrong with Higher Education Today. New Republic. Accessed on December 14, 2023, from https://newrepublic.com/article/176202/west-virginia-university-higher-education-enrollment-cliff-cuts.Google Scholar
Harper, S. R., & Hurtado, S. (2007). Nine themes in campus racial climates and implications for institutional transformation. In Harper, S. R. & Patton, L. D. (Eds.), Responding to the Realities of Race on Campus. New Directions for Student Services (No. 120, pp. 724). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.254.Google Scholar
Hart, J., & Fellabaum, J. (2008). Analyzing campus climate studies: Seeking to define and understand. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 1(4), 222234. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013627.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and Time. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Helms, J. E. (1995). An update of Helms’s White and people of color racial identity models. In Ponterotto, J. G., Casas, J. M., Suzuki, L. A., & Alexander, C. M. (Eds.), Handbook of Multicultural Counseling (pp. 181198). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Herbert, J. M. (2023). Academic free speech or right-wing grievance? Digital Discovery, 2, 260297. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2DD00111J.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hmielowski, J. D., Hutchens, M. J., & Beam, M. A. (2020). Asymmetry of Partisan media effects?: Examining the reinforcing process of conservative and liberal media with political beliefs. Political Communication, 37(6), 852868. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1763525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffart, A. R. (2023). Interpreting Intersectionality: Interpretative Politics in Metacommentaries. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, M., Richmond, J., Morrow, J., & Salomone, K. (2003). Investigating “sense of belonging” in first-year college students. Journal of College Student Retention, 4(3), 227256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holliday, A. R. (2011). Intercultural Communication and Ideology. London: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsu, A. (2023, August 19). Corporate DEI initiatives are facing cutbacks and legal attacks. National Public Radio. Accessed on March 15, 2024, from www.npr.org/2023/08/19/1194595310/dei-affirmative-action-supreme-court-layoffs-diversity-equity-inclusion.Google Scholar
Humphreys, G. (2023). Short-term student exchanges and intercultural learning. Elements in Intercultural Communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hunt, K. P. (2016). From paper to plastic: Electronic benefits transfer as technology of-neoliberalization. Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, 13(4), 380399. https://doi.org/10.1080/14791420.2016.1194521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, V., Prince, S., Dixon-Fyle, S., & Yee, L. (2018). Delivering through diversity: Execute Summary. McKinsey & Company, 231, 139.Google Scholar
Hurtado, S., Alvarez, C. L., Guillermo-Wann, C., Cuellar, M., & Arellano, L. (2012). A model for diverse learning environments: The scholarship on creating and assessing conditions for student success. Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research, 27, 41122.Google Scholar
Hurtado, S., & Ruiz Alvarado, A. (2012). The Climate for Underrepresented Groups and Diversity on Campus. Los Angeles, CA: Higher Education Research Institute.Google Scholar
Ingram, D. C. (2012). College students’ sense of belonging: Dimensions and correlates. Doctoral Dissertation. Stanford, CA: Stanford University. https://purl.stanford.edu/rd771tq2209.Google Scholar
Clery, Jeanne Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and Campus Crime Statistics Act of 1990, 20 U.S.C. §1092(f) (2018).Google Scholar
Jenkins, J. (2006). Current perspectives on teaching world Englishes and English as a lingua franca. TESOL Quarterly, 40(1), 157181. https://doi.org/10.2307/40264515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jimenez, C. (2019). New Survey of California Community College Students Reveals More than-Half Face Food Insecurity and Nearly 20 Percent Have Faced Homelessness. California Community Colleges. Accessed on January 3, 2024, from www.cccco.edu/About-Us/News-and-Media/Press-Releases/Food-Insecurity-Homelessness.Google Scholar
Jiménez-Castillo, G., Partal-Ureña, A. J., Fernández-Carrasco, J. I., Muñoz-Rodríguez, F. J., & Hontoria, L. (2021). Education for sustainable development: Take action, what can we do? INTED2021 Proceedings, 63726376. https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2021.1273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, P. R., Boyer, M. A., & Brown, S. W. (2011). Vital interests: Cultivating global competence in the international studies classroom. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 9, 503519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2011.605331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kachru, B. B. (1997). World Englishes and English-using communities. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 17, 6687. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190500003287World.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaiser, C. R., Major, B., Jurcevic, I., et al. (2013). Presumed fair: Ironic effects of organizational diversity structures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 504519. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030838.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kennedy, D. (2022, February 5). Photo shows UK PM Boris Johnson partying during 2020 COVID lockdown. New York Post. Accessed on January 8, 2024, from https://nypost.com/2022/02/05/photo-shows-boris-johnson-with-beer-at-2020-birthday-party/.Google Scholar
Kingson, J. A. (2023, September 3). West Virginia’s foreign language cuts could be a “blueprint” for higher ed attacks. Axios. Accessed on September 30, 2023, from www.axios.com/2023/08/30/west-virginia-university-foreign-language-classes.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, D. L., & Kirkpatrick, J. (2006). Evaluating Training Programs: The Four Levels. 3rd Edition. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.Google Scholar
Kishino, H., & Takahashi, T. (2019). Global citizenship development: Effects of study abroad and other factors. Journal of International Students, 9(2), 535559.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Kramsch, C. (1993). Context and Culture in Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kramsch, C. (2020). Language as Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labaree, L. W. (Ed.) (1959). The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, Vol. 1, January 6, 1706 through December 31, 1734 (pp. 2730). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Laing, S. (2022, September 21). Do you have “diversity fatigue”? People doing DEI work often face frustration, isolation. The Globe and Mail. Accessed on March 15, 2024, from www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-do-you-have-diversity-fatigue-people-doing-dei-work-often-face/.Google Scholar
Lantz-Deaton, C., & Golubeva, I. (2020). Intercultural Competence for College and University Students: A Global Guide for Employability and Social Change. Cham: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linder, C. (2016). Working with white college students to understand and navigate white racial identities. In Cuyjet, M. J., Linder, C., Howard-Hamilton, M. F., & Cooper, D. L. (Eds.), Multiculturalism on Campus (pp. 208231). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lipman, J. (2018, January 25). Diversity training fails American companies. Time. Accessed on February 12, 2024, from https://time.com/5118035/diversitytraining-infuriates-men-fails-women/.Google Scholar
Lundgren, U., Castro, P., & Woodin, J. (Eds.) (2020). Educational Approaches to Internationalisation through Intercultural Dialogue: Reflections on Theory and Practice. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lustig, M. W., & Koester, J. (2010). Intercultural Competence: Interpersonal Communication across Cultures. London: Pearson.Google Scholar
May, V. M. (2015). Pursuing Intersectionality, Unsettling Dominant Imaginaries. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McConachy, T., Golubeva, I., & Wagner, M. (Eds.) (2022). Intercultural Learning in Language Education and Beyond: Evolving Concepts, Perspectives and Practices. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
McKenzie, S. (2019, May 16). Sex vouchers for migrants? The truth behind Europe’s fake stories. CNN. Accessed on December 10, 2023, from www.cnn.com/2019/05/16/europe/populism-fake-news-european-elections-intl/index.html.Google Scholar
Menand, L. (2020, January 13). The changing meaning of affirmative action. The New Yorker. Accessed on March 27, 2023, from www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/01/20/have-we-outgrown-the-need-for-affirmative-action.Google Scholar
Mitchell, K. (2012). Student mobility and European identity: Erasmus study as a civic experience? Journal of Contemporary European Research, 8(4), 490518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moysiuk, J. (2019). A critique of diversity, inclusion and equity policies in Canadian universities. Political Science Undergraduate Review, 4(1), 6571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, J. P. (2006). Rethinking the social studies curriculum in the context of globalization: Education for global citizenship in the US. Theory & Research in Social Education, 34, 370394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00933104.2006.10473313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nash, J. C. (2017). Intersectionality and its discontents. American Quarterly, 69(1), 117129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). (2017). Bachelor’s, master’s, and doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by sex of student and discipline division: 2015–16. NCES. Accessed on March 15, 2024, from https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_318.30.asp?current=yes.Google Scholar
National Institutes of Health (NIH). (2017). NIH Glossary [Internet]. Accessed on August 1, 2018 from (https://diversity.nih.gov/find-read-learn/glossary).Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. (1999). Sex and Social Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. (2002). Education for citizenship in an era of global connection. Studies in Philosophy and Education, 21, 289303. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019837105053.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. (2006). Education and democratic citizenship: Capabilities and quality education. Journal of Human Development, 7, 385395. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649880600815974.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nwanji, N. (2023, September 22). Over 76% of chief diversity officers are White while just under 4% are Black, report says. YahooFinance. Accessed on March 1, 2024, from https://finance.yahoo.com/news/over-76-chief-diversity-officer-185454530.html.Google Scholar
O’Dowd, R. (2020). A transnational model of virtual exchange for global citizenship education. Language Teaching, 53(4), 477490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OECD. (2018). Preparing our youth for an inclusive and sustainable world: The OECD PISA global competence framework. Paris: OECD. Accessed on May 1, 2022, from www.oecd.org/education/Global-competency-for-an-inclusive-world.pdf.Google Scholar
Onyeador, I. N., Hudson, S. T. J., & Lewis, N. A. (2021). Moving beyond implicit bias training: Policy insights for increasing organizational diversity. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 8(1), 1926. https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732220983840.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortloff, D. H. (2011). Moving the borders: Multiculturalism and global citizenship in the German social studies classroom. Educational Research, 53(2), 137149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palpacuer-Lee, C., Hutchison Curtis, J., & Curran, M. E. (2018). Stories of engagement: Pre-service language teachers negotiate intercultural citizenship in a community-based English language program. Language Teaching Research, 22(5), 590607. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168817718578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Passarelli, A., & Kolb, D. A. (2012). Using experiential learning theory to promote student learning and development in programs of education abroad. In Berg, M. Vande, Paige, R. M., & Lou, K. H. (Eds.), Student Learning Abroad: What Our Students Are Learning, What They’re Not, and What We Can Do about It (pp. 137161). Sterling, VA: Stylus.Google Scholar
Peck, J. (2015). (Neo) liberalism, popular media, and the political struggle for the future of US-public education. European Journal of Communication, 30, 587603. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323115597853.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pennamon, T. (2018). Health insurance remains an issue for students and recent grads. Diverse Issues in Higher Education. Accessed on December 10, 2023, from https://diverseeducation.com/article/117547/#:~:text=A%20nationwide%20poll%20by%20AgileHealthInsurancecosts%20as%20impediments%20to%20affordability.Google Scholar
Peraza, A. V. F., & Furumura, Y. (2022). Project-based learning to develop intercultural communicative competence in virtual exchange contexts. International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching (IJCALLT), 12(3), 117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porto, M. (2019). Does education for intercultural citizenship lead to language learning? Language, Culture and Curriculum, 32(1), 1633.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porto, M., Golubeva, I., & Byram, M. (2023). Channelling discomfort through the arts: A Covid-19 case study through an intercultural telecollaboration project. Language Teaching Research, 27(2), 276298. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688211058245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porto, M., Houghton, S. A., & Byram, M. (2018). Intercultural citizenship in the (foreign) language classroom. Editorial. Language Teaching Research, 22(5), 484498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porto, M., & Yulita, L. (2017). Language and intercultural citizenship education for a culture of peace: The Malvinas/Falklands Project. In Byram, M., Golubeva, I., Han, H., & Wagner, M. (Eds.), From Principles to Practice in Education for Intercultural Citizenship (pp. 199224). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Quaye, S. J., & Harper, S. R. (Eds.) (2015). Student Engagement in Higher Education. 2nd Edition. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Quorum, . (2023). Women in the 116th Congress. Quorum. Accessed on December 1, 2023, from www.quorum.us/data-driven-insights/women-in-116th-congress/401/.Google Scholar
Ra, J. J., Boonsuk, Y., & Sangiamchit, C. (2022). Intercultural citizenship development: A case of Thai study abroad students in EMI programs. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca, 11(1), 89104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rae, A. (2023, August 17). DEI fatigue: Resistance or opportunity? Unpacking this moment And navigating the path forward. Forbes. Accessed on March 15, 2024, from www.forbes.com/sites/aparnarae/2023/08/17/dei-fatigue-resistance-or-opportunity-unpacking-this-moment-and-navigating-the-path-forward/?sh=7f5e6af455af.Google Scholar
Rauschert, P., & Byram, M. (2018). Service learning and intercultural citizenship in foreign-language education. Cambridge Journal of Education, 48(3), 353369. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305764X.2017.1337722.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rauschert, P., & Mustroph, C. (2022). Intercultural education through civic engagement: Service learning in the foreign language classroom. In McConachy, T., Golubeva, I., & Wagner, M. (Eds.) Intercultural Learning in Language Education and Beyond: Evolving Concepts, Perspectives and Practices (pp. 149167). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Risager, K. (2006). Language and Culture: Global Flows and Local Complexity. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Risager, K. (2007). Language and Culture Pedagogy: From a National to a Transnational Paradigm. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rufo, C. F. (2023, February 9). DEI Cult; The University of South Florida turns left-wing racialism into a psychological conditioning program. City Journal. Accessed on August 20, 2024, from link.gale.com/apps/doc/A779940381/AONE?u=anon~43e2ef01&sid=googleScholar&xid=17a47d51.Google Scholar
Sandoval-Hernández, A., Isac, M. M., & Miranda, D. (2019). Measurement Strategy for SDG Global Indicator 4.7.1 and Thematic Indicators 4.7.4 and 4.7.5 using International LargeScale Assessments in Education. Proposal. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. http://gaml.uis.unesco.org/wpcontent/uploads/sites/2/2019/08/GAML6-REF-9-measurement-strategy-for-4.7.1-4.7.4-4.7.5.pdf.Google Scholar
Schraedley, M. K., Jenkins, J. J., Irelan, M., & Umana, M. (2021). The neoliberalization of higher education: Paradoxing students’ basic needs at a Hispanic-Serving Institution. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.689499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schuessler, J., Hartocollis, A., Levenson, M., & Blinder, A. (2024, January 2). Harvard President Resigns after Mounting Plagiarism Accusations. The New York Times. Accessed on February 10, 2024, from www.nytimes.com/2024/01/02/us/harvard-claudine-gay-resigns.html?action=click&pgtype=Article&module=&state=default®ion=footer&context=breakout_link_back_to_briefing.Google Scholar
Shore, L. M., Chung-Herrera, B. G., Dean, M. A., et al. (2009). Diversity in organizations: Where are we now and where are we going? Human Resource Management Review, 19(2), 117133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soylu Yalcinkaya, N., Estrada-Villalta, S., & Adams, G. (2017). The (biological or cultural) essence of essentialism: Implications for policy support among dominant and subordinated groups. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 900. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00900.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spreng, R. N., McKinnon, M. C., Mar, R. A., & Levine, B. (2009). The Toronto empathy questionnaire: Scale development and initial validation of a factor-analytic solution to multiple empathy measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(1), 6271. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890802484381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stephan, W. G., Stephan, C. W., & Gudykunst, W. B. (1999). Anxiety in intergroup relations: A comparison of anxiety/uncertainty management theory and integrated threat theory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23(4), 613628. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0147-1767(99)00012-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Streitwieser, B., & Light, G. (2016). The grand promise of global citizenship through study abroad: The student view. In Jones, E., Coelen, R., Beelen, J., & Hans de Wit, H. (Eds.), Global and Local Internationalization (pp. 6773). Rotterdam: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS). (2023). Syllabus: Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College. Accessed on March 15, 2024, from www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/20-1199_hgdj.pdf.Google Scholar
Suter, A. (2024, April 25). DeSantis: Florida “will not comply” with new Biden Title IX rules. The Hill. Accessed on June 2, 2024, from https://thehill.com/homenews/lgbtq/4621642-desantis-florida-will-not-comply-with-new-biden-title-ix-rules/.Google Scholar
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations (pp. 3347). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.Google Scholar
Tenenbaum, H. R., Ingoglia, S., Wiium, N., et al. (2023). Can we increase children’s rights endorsement and knowledge?: A pilot study based on the reference framework of competences for democratic culture. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 20(6), 10421059. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2022.2095367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ting-Toomey, S., & Kurogi, A. (1998). Facework competence in intercultural conflict: An updated face-negotiation theory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 22(2), 187225. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0147-1767(98)00004-2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Pub. L. 88352) (2020).Google Scholar
Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972, 20 U.S.C. §§1681–1688 (2018).Google Scholar
Tomlinson, B. (2018). Undermining Intersectionality: The Perils of Powerblind Feminism. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Trapè, R. (2019). Building empathy and intercultural citizenship through a virtual exchange project. Le Simplegadi XVII(19), 167180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UNDP. (2018). Sustainable development goals. United Nations Development Programme. Accessed on March 30, 2024, from www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html.Google Scholar
UNESCO. (2012). Education for sustainable development: Building a better, fairer world for the 21st century. Accessed on May 3, 2023, from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000216673.Google Scholar
UNESCO. (2014). Global Citizenship Education: Preparing Learners for the Challenges of the 21st Century. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
University of Iowa (UI). (2022). Campus climate survey. Full Report. Accessed on February 22, 2024, from https://diversity.uiowa.edu/data/campus-climate-2022.Google Scholar
University of Michigan Library. (n.d.). Online exhibits: Activism. Accessed on March 30, 2024, from https://apps.lib.umich.edu/online-exhibits/exhibits/show/history-of-race-at-um/diversity-in-student-life/activism.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2023). Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 years and over by educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Accessed on March 15, 2024, from www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat07.htm.Google Scholar
Vaughn, B. E. (2007). The history of diversity training & its pioneers. Strategic Diversity & Inclusion Management Magazine, 1(1), 1116.Google Scholar
Veraksa, N., Basseches, M., & Brandão, A. (2022). Dialectical thinking: A proposed foundation for a post-modern psychology. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 710815. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.710815.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wagner, M., Cardetti, F., & Byram, M. (2019). Teaching Intercultural Citizenship across the Curriculum: The Role of Language Education. Alexandria, VA: American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages.Google Scholar
Warner, J., Ellmann, N., & Boesch, D. (2018, November 20). The women’s leadership gap. Center for American Progress. Accessed on November 10, 2023 from www.americanprogress.org/article/womens-leadership-gap-2/.Google Scholar
Warren, C. J. E. (1954). Brown v. Board of Education. United States Reports, 347, 483.Google Scholar
Willingham, S. (2022). The root cause of diversity, equity and inclusion burnout, and how to fight it. Forbes. Accessed on March 15, 2024, from www.forbes.com/sites/forbescoachescouncil/2022/08/16/the-root-cause-of-diversity-equity-and-inclusion-burnout-and-how-to-fight-it/?sh=6347dbed268c.Google Scholar
Woodin, J., Lundgren, U., and Castro, P. (2011). Tracking the traces of intercultural dialogue in internationalization policies of three EU universities: Towards a framework. European Journal of Higher Education, 1(2–3), 119134. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568235.2011.629038.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zarya, V. (2018, May 21). The share of female CEOs in the fortune 500 dropped by 25% in 2018. Fortune. Accessed on March 15, 2024, from http://fortune.com/2018/05/21/women-fortune-500-2018/.Google Scholar
Zheng, L. (2022). DEI Deconstructed: Your No-Nonsense Guide to Doing the Work and Doing It Right. Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Intercultural Citizenship in Higher Education
  • Irina Golubeva, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
  • Online ISBN: 9781009442039
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Intercultural Citizenship in Higher Education
  • Irina Golubeva, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
  • Online ISBN: 9781009442039
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Intercultural Citizenship in Higher Education
  • Irina Golubeva, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
  • Online ISBN: 9781009442039
Available formats
×