Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T18:46:37.049Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
Series:   Elements in Flexible and Large-Area Electronics

A Flexible Multi-Functional Touch Panel for Multi-Dimensional Sensing in Interactive Displays

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 June 2019

Shuo Gao  and
Arokia Nathan
Shuo Gao
Affiliation:
Beihang University, China
Arokia Nathan
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge

Summary

Touch screen panels (TSPs) have become an integral part of modern-day lifestyle. To enhance user experience, attributes such as form-factor flexibility, multi-dimensional sensing, low power consumption and low cost have become highly desirable. This Element addresses the design of multi-functional TSPs with integrated concurrent capture of ubiquitous capacitive touch signals and force information. It compares and contrasts interactive technologies and presents design considerations for multi-dimensional touch screens with high detection sensitivity, accuracy and resolution.
Get access

Keywords

capacitive sensingenergy harvestingflexible form-factor touch panelforce sensinginteractive displaysmulti-dimensional sensingpiezoelectric materials
Type
Element
Information
Series: Elements in Flexible and Large-Area Electronics
Online ISBN: 9781108686532
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 30 May 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Chauvet, J. M., Deschamps, E. B., and Hillaire, C., Dawn of Art: The Chauvet Cave: The Oldest Known Paintings in the World. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1996.Google Scholar
Aruz, J. and Wallenfels, R., Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium BC from the Mediterranean to the Indus. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2003.Google Scholar
Walker, G., “A review of technologies for sensing contact location on the surface of a display,” Journal of the Society for Information Display, vol. 20, Sept., pp. 413–440, 2012.Google Scholar
Hurst, G. S. and Colwell, J. W. C., “Discriminating contact sensor,” U.S. Patent 3 911 215, Oct. 1975.Google Scholar
Stetson, J. W., “Analog resistive touch panels and sunlight readability,” Information Display, vol. 22, Dec., pp. 26–30, 2006.Google Scholar
Ahn, M. H., Cho, E. S., and Kwon, S. J., “Effect of the duty ratio on the indium tin oxide (ITO) film deposited by in-line pulsed DC magnetron sputtering method for resistive touch panel,” Applied Surface Science, vol. 258, Nov., pp. 1242–1248, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noda, K. and Tanimura, K., “Production of transparent conductive films with inserted SiO2 anchor layer, and application to a resistive touch panel,” Electronics and Communications in Japan Part II: Electronics, vol. 84, July, pp. 39–45, 2001.Google Scholar
Downs, R., “Using resistive touch screens for human/machine interface,” Analog Applications Journal Q, vol. 3, Sept., pp. 5–9, 2005.Google Scholar
Barrett, G. and Omote, R., “Projected-capacitive touch technology,” Information Display, vol. 26, Mar., pp. 16–21, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, E. A., “Touch display–a novel input/output device for computers,” Electronics Letters, vol. 1, Oct., pp. 219–220, 1965.Google Scholar
Krein, P.T. and Meadows, R. D., “The electroquasistatics of the capacitive touch panel, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 26, May, pp. 529–534,1990.Google Scholar
Hong, S., Yeo, J., Lee, J., Lee, H., Lee, P., Lee, S. S., and Ko, S. H., “Selective laser direct patterning of silver nanowire percolation network transparent conductor for capacitive touch panel,” Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol. 15, Mar., pp. 2317–2323, 2015.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hwang, T. H., Cui, W. H., Yang, I. S., and Kwons, O. K., “A highly area-efficient controller for capacitive touch screen panel systems,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 56, pp. 1115–1122, May 2010.Google Scholar
Kim, K. D., Byun, S. H., Choi, Y. K., Baek, J. H., Cho, H. H., Park, J. K., and Kim, S. W., “A capacitive touch controller robust to display noise for ultrathin touch screen displays,” In 2012 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers (ISSCC), San Francisco, CA, February 19–23, pp. 116–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, S., Choi, W., Rim, W., Chun, Y., Shim, H., Kwon, H., and Park, J., “A highly sensitive capacitive touch sensor integrated on a thin-film-encapsulated active-matrix OLED for ultrathin displays,” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 58, Oct., pp. 3609–3615, 2011.Google Scholar
Adler, R. and Desmares, P. J., “An economical touch panel using SAW absorption,” IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, vol. 34, Mar., pp. 195–201, 1987.Google Scholar
North, K. and Souza, H. D., “Acoustic pulse recognition enters touch-screen market,” Information Display, vol. 22, Dec., pp. 22–26, 2006.Google Scholar
Bhalla, M. R. and Bhalla, A. V., “Comparative study of various touchscreen technologies,” International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 6, Sept., pp. 12–18, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, C. K., “Applications of surface acoustic and shallow bulk acoustic wave devices,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 77, Oct., pp. 1453–1484, 1989.Google Scholar
Holzinger, A., “Finger instead of mouse: Touch screens as a means of enhancing universal access,” In ERCIM Workshop on User Interfaces for All. Berlin: Springer,pp. 387–397, 2002.Google Scholar
Reis, S., Correia, V., Martins, M., et al., “Touchscreen based on acoustic pulse recognition with piezoelectric polymer sensors,” In 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE), pp. 516–520, July 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, N., “Timeline: a history of touch-screen technology,” National Public Radio, vol. 26, Dec. 2011.Google Scholar
Butler, A., Izadi, S., and Hodges, S., “SideSight: Multi-touch interaction around small devices,” In Proceedings of the 21st Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, pp. 201–204, Oct. 2008.Google Scholar
Blanchard, R.D., “Infrared touch panel with improved sunlight rejection,” U.S. Patent 6 677 934. Jan. 13, 2004.Google Scholar
Masters, T.E., Knetsch, R.W., Grice, H.A. Jr, and Deacon, J., “Apparatus and method to improve resolution of infrared touch systems,” U.S. Patent 6 429 857, Aug. 6, 2002.Google Scholar
Smith, M.L., “Battery-operated data collection apparatus having an infrared touch screen data entry device,” U.S. Patent 4 928 094, May 22, 1990.Google Scholar
Raymudo, O., “Iphone 6S display teardown reveals how 3D touch sensors actually work,” Message posted to Macworl, Oct. 2015.Google Scholar
Gao, S., Arcos, V. and Nathan, A., “Piezoelectric vs. capacitive based force sensing in capacitive touch panels,”1 IEEE Access, vol. 4, pp. 3769–3774, 2016.Google Scholar
Gao, S. and Nathan, A., “P‐180: Force Sensing Technique for Capacitive Touch Panel,” SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, vol. 47, no. 1, May, pp. 1814–1817, 2016.Google Scholar
Nathan, A. and Gao, S., “Interactive displays: The next omnipresent technology [Point of View],” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 104, Aug., pp. 1503–1507, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeon, S., Ahn, S.E., Song, L., et al., “Gated three-terminal device architecture to eliminate persistent photoconductivity in oxide semiconductor photosensor arrays,” Nature Materials, vol. 11, Apr., pp. 301–305, 2012.Google Scholar
Ahn, S.E., Song, I., Jeon, S., et al., “Metal oxide thin film phototransistor for remote touch interactive displays,” Advanced Materials, vol. 24, May, pp. 2631–2636, 2012.Google Scholar
Jeon, S., Ahn, S.E., Song, I., et al., “Dual gate photo-thin film transistor with high photoconductive gain for high reliability, and low noise flat panel transparent imager,” In Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), pp. 331–334, Dec. 2011.Google Scholar
Jeon, S., Park, S., Song, I., et al., “Nanometer-scale oxide thin film transistor with potential for high-density image sensor applications,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, vol. 3, Dec., pp. 1–6, 2010.Google Scholar
Lee, S., Jeon, S., Chaji, R., and Nathan, A., “Transparent semiconducting oxide technology for touch free interactive flexible displays,” Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 103, Apr., pp. 644–664, 2015.Google Scholar
Hua, Z. and Ng, W.L., “Speech recognition interface design for in-vehicle system,” In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, ACM, Nov., pp. 29–33, 2010.Google Scholar
Ruzaij, M.F., Neubert, S., Stoll, N., and Thurow, K., “Hybrid voice controller for intelligent wheelchair and rehabilitation robot using voice recognition and embedded technologies,” Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics, vol. 20, July, pp. 615–622, 2016.Google Scholar
Li, S., Zhang, X., Kim, F.J., da Silva, R.D., Gustafson, D., and Molina, W. R., “Attention-aware robotic laparoscope based on fuzzy interpretation of eye-gaze patterns,” Journal of Medical Devices, vol. 9, Dec., 041007, 2015.Google Scholar
Zinchenko, K., Wu, C. Y., and Song, K. T., “A study on speech recognition control for a surgical robot,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 13, Apr., pp. 607–615, 2017.Google Scholar
Do, H.M., Sheng, W., and Liu, M., “Human-assisted sound event recognition for home service robots,” Robotics and Biomimetics, vol. 3, issue 7, Dec., 2016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kwon, O.K., An, J.S., and Hong, S.K., “Capacitive touch systems with styli for touch sensors: A review”, IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 18, issue 12, pp. 4832–4846, 2018.Google Scholar
Gao, S., Lai, J., and Nathan, A., “Reduction of common-mode noise in capacitive touch panels by correlated double sampling,” IEEE/OSA Journal of Display Technology, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 639–645, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gao, S., Lai, J., and Nathan, A., “Reduction of noise spikes in touch screen systems by low pass spatial filtering,” IEEE/OSA Journal of Display Technology, vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 957–963, 2016.Google Scholar
3 M Company, “Touch technology brief: Projected capacitive technology”, 2011.Google Scholar
Walker, G., “Touch and the Apple iPhone,” Veritas et Visus, www.veritasetvisus.com/touch_panel.htm (accessed 1 Apr. 2018).Google Scholar
Walker, G., “Fundamentals of touch technologies,” In Sunday Short Course (S-4), SID Display Week 2013.Google Scholar
Gao, S., Lai, J., Micou, C., and Nathan, A., “Reduction of common mode noise and global multivalued offset in touch screen systems by correlated double sampling,” Journal of Display Technology, vol. 12, June, pp. 639–645, 2016.Google Scholar
Shin, H., Ko, S., Jang, H., Yun, I., and Lee, K., “A 55 dB SNR with 240 Hz frame scan rate mutual capacitor 30× 24 touch-screen panel read-out IC using code-division multiple sensing technique,” In Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers (ISSCC), Feb., pp. 388–389, 2013.Google Scholar
Miura, N., Dosho, S., Takaya, S., et al., “12.4 A 1 mm-pitch 80× 80-channel 322 Hz-frame-rate touch sensor with two-step dual-mode capacitance scan,” In Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers (ISSCC), 2014 IEEE International, Feb. pp. 216–217, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, J.H., Park, S.H., Choi, J.M., et al., “A highly noise-immune touch controller using filtered-delta-integration and a charge-interpolation technique for 10.1-inch capacitive touch-screen panels,” In Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers (ISSCC), 2013 IEEE International. IEEE, Feb., pp. 390–391, 2013.Google Scholar
Jang, H., Shin, H., Ko, S., Yun, I., and Lee, K., ”12.5 2D Coded-aperture-based ultra-compact capacitive touch-screen controller with 40 reconfigurable channels,” In Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers (ISSCC), 2014 IEEE International, Feb., pp. 218–219, 2014.Google Scholar
Ko, S., Shin, H., Lee, J., et al., “Low noise capacitive sensor for multi-touch mobile handset’s applications,” In Solid State Circuits Conference (A-SSCC), 2010 IEEE Asian, Nov. pp. 1–4, 2010.Google Scholar
Ko, S., Shin, H., Jang, H., Yun, I., and Lee, K., “A 70 dB SNR capacitive touch screen panel readout IC using capacitor-less trans-impedance amplifier and coded Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Sensing scheme,” In VLSI Circuits (VLSIC), 2013 Symposium on, June, pp. C216–C217. IEEE, 2013.Google Scholar
Park, J.E., Lim, D.H., and Jeong, D.K., “A reconfigurable 40-to-67 dB SNR, 50-to-6400 Hz frame-rate, column-parallel readout IC for capacitive touch-screen panels, “ IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 49, Oct., pp. 2305–2318, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeong, H.E., Lee, J.K., Kim, H.N., Moon, S.H., and Suh, K.Y., “A nontransferring dry adhesive with hierarchical polymer nanohairs,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 106, Apr., pp. 5639–5644, 2009.Google Scholar
Hecht, D.S., Thomas, D., Hu, L., et al., “Carbon‐nanotube film on plastic as transparent electrode for resistive touch screens,” Journal of the Society for Information Display, vol. 17, Nov., pp. 941–946, 2009.Google Scholar
Du, K.L., and Swamy, M.N., Wireless Communication Systems: From RF Subsystems to 4 G Enabling Technologies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Course Note of Hyper Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/capchg.html (accessed 3 May 2018).Google Scholar
Xu, M., Sun, J., and Lee, F.C., “Voltage divider and its application in the two-stage power architecture,” In Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, APEC’06. Twenty-First Annual IEEE, Mar., pp. 499–505, 2006.Google Scholar
Philipp, H., “Charge transfer capacitance measurement circuit,” U.S. Patent 6 466 036, Oct. 2002.Google Scholar
Peng, S.Y., Qureshi, M.S., Hasler, P.E., Basu, A., and Degertekin, F.L., “A charge-based low-power high-SNR capacitive sensing interface circuit,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I, vol. 55, Aug., pp. 1863–1872, 2008.Google Scholar
Gao, S., McLean, D., Lai, J., Micou, C., and Nathan, A., “Reduction of noise spikes in touch screen systems by low pass spatial filtering,” Journal of Display Technology, vol. 12, Sept., pp. 957–963, 2016.Google Scholar
Gao, S., Lai, J., and Nathan, A., “Fast readout and low power consumption in capacitive touch screen panel by downsampling,” Journal of Display Technology, vol. 12, Nov., pp. 1417–1422, 2016.Google Scholar
Sevastopoulos, N.G. and LaPorte, D.A., “Linear Technology Corporation, Flexible monolithic continuous-time analog low-pass filter with minimal circuitry,” U.S. Patent 6 344 773, Feb. 2002.Google Scholar
Akhtar, H. and Kakarala, R., “A methodology for evaluating accuracy of capacitive touch sensing grid patterns,” Journal of Display Technology, vol. 10, Aug., pp. 672–682,2014.Google Scholar
Akhtar, H. and Kakarala, R., “A comparative analysis of capacitive touch panel grid designs and interpolation methods,” In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Oct., pp. 5796–5800, 2014.Google Scholar
Luo, C., Borkar, M.A., Redfern, A.J., and McClellan, J.H., “Compressive sensing for sparse touch detection on capacitive touch screens,” IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems, vol. 2, Sept., pp. 639–648, 2012.Google Scholar
Kawai, H., “The piezoelectricity of poly (vinylidene fluoride),” Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 8, July, pp. 975–976, 1969.Google Scholar
Liu, F., Hashim, N.A., Liu, Y., Abed, M.M., and Li, K., “Progress in the production and modification of PVDF membranes,” Journal of Membrane Science, vol. 375, June, pp. 1–27, 2011.Google Scholar
Goldacker, T., Abetz, V., Stadler, R., Erukhimovich, I., and Leibler, L., “Non-centrosymmetric superlattices in block copolymer blends,” Nature, vol. 398, Mar., pp. 137–139, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Briscoe, J., Jalali, N., Woolliams, P., et al., “Measurement techniques for piezoelectric nanogenerators,” Energy & Environmental Science, vol. 6, pp. 3035–3045, 2013.Google Scholar
Cain, M.G, ed., Characterisation of Ferroelectric Bulk Materials and Thin Films, vol. 2. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer, 2014.Google Scholar
Nathan, A. and Henry, B., Microtransducer CAD: Physical and Computational Aspects, Vienna, Springer, 1999.Google Scholar
Berlincourt, D., Jaffe, H., and Shiozawa, L.R., “Electroelastic properties of the sulfides, selenides, and tellurides of zinc and cadmium,” Physical Review, vol. 129, Feb., pp. 1009–1017, 1963.Google Scholar
Hall, D.A., “Review nonlinearity in piezoelectric ceramics,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 36, Oct., pp. 4575–4601, 2001.Google Scholar
Wooldridge, J., Muniz-Piniella, A., Stewart, M., Shean, T.A.V., Weaver, P.M., and Cain, M.G., “Vertical comb drive actuator for the measurement of piezoelectric coefficients in small-scale systems,” Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, vol. 23, Feb., 035028, 2013.Google Scholar
Cain, M.G., Stewart, M., and Gee, M.G., “Degradation of piezoelectric materials,” Teddington: National Physical Laboratory, Jan. 1999.Google Scholar
Blackburn, J.F. and Cain, M.G., “Nonlinear piezoelectric resonance: A theoretically rigorous approach to constant I− V measurements,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 100, Dec., 114101, 2006.Google Scholar
Hurst, G.S. and Colwell, J.W.C., “Elographics Inc, Discriminating contact sensor,” U.S. Patent 3 911 215, Oct. 1975.Google Scholar
740 PVDF Material Data Sheet, Kynar Corp., www.professionalplastics.com/professionalplastics/Kynar740DataSheet.pdf (accessed 25 May 2018).Google Scholar
Jones, G.D., Assink, R.A., Dargaville, T.R., et al., “Characterization, performance and optimization of PVDF as a piezoelectric film for advanced space mirror concepts, (No. SAND2005-6846),” Sandia National Laboratories, Nov. 2005.Google Scholar
“Interfacing Piezo Film to Electronics,” Measurement Specialties Inc., Application Note 01800004–000, March 2006.Google Scholar
Karki, J., “Signal Conditioning Piezoelectric Sensors,” Application Report – SLOA033A, Texas Instruments, 2000.Google Scholar
Kang, M., Kim, J., Jang, B., Chae, Y., Kim, J.H., and Ahn, J.H., “Graphene-based three-dimensional capacitive touch sensor for wearable electronics,” ACS Nano, vol. 11, July, pp. 7950–7957, 2017.Google Scholar
Zi, Y., Lin, L., Wang, J., et al., “Triboelectric–pyroelectric–piezoelectric hybrid cell for high‐efficiency energy‐harvesting and self‐powered sensing,” Advanced Materials, vol. 27(14), Apr., pp. 2340–2347, 2015.Google Scholar
Filiz, S., Huppi, B.Q., Wang, K., Richards, P.W., and Vikram, G.A.R.G., “Apple Inc, Force detection in touch devices using piezoelectric sensors,” U.S. Patent 9 983 715, May 2018.Google Scholar
Chen, Y.L., Wang, S., Shimizu, Y., Ito, S., Gao, W., and Ju, B.F., “An in-process measurement method for repair of defective microstructures by using a fast tool servo with a force sensor,” Precision Engineering, vol. 39, Jan., pp.134–142, 2015.Google Scholar
Wang, P., Fu, Y., Yu, B., Zhao, Y., Xing, L., and Xue, X., “Realizing room-temperature self-powered ethanol sensing of ZnO nanowire arrays by combining their piezoelectric, photoelectric and gas sensing characteristics,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A, vol. 3, pp. 3529–3535, 2015.Google Scholar
Aranda-Michel, E., Yi, J., Wirekoh, J., et al., “Miniaturized robotic end-effector with piezoelectric actuation and fiber optic sensing for minimally invasive cardiac procedures,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 18, June, pp. 4961–4968, 2018.Google Scholar
Spanu, A., Pinna, L., Viola, F., et al., “A high-sensitivity tactile sensor based on piezoelectric polymer PVDF coupled to an ultra-low voltage organic transistor,” Organic Electronics, vol. 36, Sept., pp. 57–60, 2016.Google Scholar
Dagdeviren, C., Su, Y., Joe, P., et al., “Conformable amplified lead zirconate titanate sensors with enhanced piezoelectric response for cutaneous pressure monitoring,” Nature Communications, Vol. 5, Aug., 4496, 2014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
“Specialty glass products technical reference document,” Corning Inc., Aug. 2012, https://abrisatechnologies.com/specs/Corning%200211%20Microsheet%20Spec%20Sheet%2012_10.pdf (accessed 17 April 2019).Google Scholar
Mohammadi, B., Yousefi, A.A., and Bellah, S.M., “Effect of tensile strain rate and elongation on crystalline structure and piezoelectric properties of PVDF thin films,” Polymer Testing, Vol. 26, Feb., pp. 42–50, 2007.Google Scholar
Speight, J. G., “Norbert Adolph Lange,” In Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry (16 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005.Google Scholar
“The future is flexible: Corning willow glass,” Technique Datasheet, Corning Inc., 2012.Google Scholar
Ren, B. and Lissenden, C.J., “Pvdf multielement lamb wave sensor for structural health monitoring,” IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, vol. 63, Jan., pp. 178–185, 2016.Google Scholar
Crescentini, M., Bennati, M., Carminati, M., and Tartagni, M., “Noise limits of CMOS current interfaces for biosensors: A review,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, vol. 8, Apr., pp. 278–292, 2014.Google Scholar
Walker, G., “Fundamentals of Projected-Capacitive Touch Technology,” Society for Information Display Display Week, 2014, http://walkermobile.com/Touch_technologies_Tutorial_Latest_Version.pdf (Accessed 17 April 2019).Google Scholar
Properties of poled PVDF, Acoustics Inc., www.acoustics.co.uk/pal/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Properties-of-poled-PVDF.pdf (accessed 5 May 2018).Google Scholar
Wu, X., Zhong, G., D’Arsié, L., et al., “Growth of continuous monolayer graphene with millimeter-sized domains using industrially safe conditions, “ Scientific Reports, vol. 6, Feb., 21152, 2016.Google Scholar
Nair, R.R., Blake, P., Grigorenko, A.N., et al., “Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of grapheme,” Science, vol. 320, June, pp. 1308–1308, 2008.Google Scholar
Lee, S.K., Kim, B.J., Jang, H., et al., “Stretchable graphene transistors with printed dielectrics and gate electrodes,” Nano Letters, vol. 11, Oct., pp. 4642–4646, 2011.Google Scholar
Liu, Z., Liu, Q., Huang, Y., et al., “Organic photovoltaic devices based on a novel acceptor material: Grapheme,” Advanced Materials, vol. 20, Oct., pp. 3924–3930, 2008.Google Scholar
Han, T.H., Lee, Y., Choi, M.R., et al., “Extremely efficient flexible organic light-emitting diodes with modified graphene anode,” Nature Photonics, vol. 6, Feb., pp. 105–110, 2012.Google Scholar
Kim, R.H., Bae, M.H., Kim, D.G., et al., “Stretchable, transparent graphene interconnects for arrays of microscale inorganic light emitting diodes on rubber substrates,” Nano Letters, Vol. 11, Aug., pp. 3881–3886, 2011.Google Scholar
Rogers, J.A., “Electronic materials: Making graphene for macroelectronics,” Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 3, May, pp. 254–255, 2008.Google Scholar
Bonaccorso, F, Sun, Z., Hasan, T., and Ferrari, A.C., “Graphene photonics and optoelectronics,” Nature Photonics, vol. 4, Sept., pp. 611–622, 2010.Google Scholar
Bae, S.H., Lee, Y., Sharma, B.K., Lee, H.J., Kim, J.H., and Ahn, J.H., “Graphene-based transparent strain sensor,” Carbon, vol. 51, Jan., pp. 236–242, 2013.Google Scholar
Lee, C., Wei, X., Kysar, J.W., and Hone, J., “Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer grapheme,” Science, vol. 321, July, pp. 385–388, 2008.Google Scholar
Novoselov, K.S., Fal, V.I., Colombo, L., Gellert, P.R., Schwab, M.G., and Kim, K., “A roadmap for graphene,” Nature, vol. 490, Oct., pp. 192–200, 2012.Google Scholar
www.mit.edu/~6.777/matprops/ito.htm (accessed 30 Sept. 2017).Google Scholar
Li, X., Cai, W., An, J., et al., “Large-area synthesis of high-quality and uniform graphene films on copper foils,” Science, vol. 324, pp. 1312–1314, 2009.Google Scholar
Liang, X., Sperling, B.A., and Calizo, I., “Toward clean and crackless transfer of graphene,” ACS Nano, vol. 5, issue 11, pp. 9144–9153, 2011.Google Scholar
Cha, S., Kim, S.M., Kim, H., et al., “Porous PVDF as effective sonic wave driven nanogenerators,” Nano Letters, vol. 11, Nov., pp. 5142–5147, 2011.Google Scholar
Chang, C., Tran, V.H., Wang, J., Fuh, Y.K., and Lin, L., “Direct-write piezoelectric polymeric nanogenerator with high energy conversion efficiency,” Nano Letters, vol. 10, Jan., pp. 726–731, 2010.Google Scholar
Choi, S.W., Jo, S.M., Lee, W.S., and Kim, Y.R., “An electrospun poly (vinylidene fluoride) nanofibrous membrane and its battery applications,” Advanced Materials, Vol. 15, Dec., pp. 2027–2032, 2003.Google Scholar
Furukawa, T., “Ferroelectric properties of vinylidene fluoride copolymers,” Phase Transitions, vol. 18, Aug., pp. 143–211, 1989.Google Scholar
Fujisaki, S., Ishiwara, H., and Fujisaki, Y., “Low-voltage operation of ferroelectric poly (vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) copolymer capacitors and metal-ferroelectric-insulator-semiconductor diodes,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 90, Apr., 162902, 2007.Google Scholar
Kepler, R.G. and Anderson, R.A., “Ferroelectric polymers,” Advances in Physics, vol. 41, pp. 1–57, 1992.Google Scholar
Xu, Y., Ferroelectric Materials and Their Applications. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2013.Google Scholar
He, X. and Yao, K., “Crystallization mechanism and piezoelectric properties of solution-derived ferroelectric poly (vinylidene fluoride) thin films,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 89, Sept., 112909, 2006.Google Scholar
Sodano, H.A., Inman, D.J., and Park, G., “A review of power harvesting from vibration using piezoelectric materials,” Shock and Vibration Digest, vol. 36, May, pp. 197–206, 2004.Google Scholar
Carroll, A. and Heiser, G., “An analysis of power consumption in a smartphone,” USENIX Annual Technical Conference, vol. 14, June, pp. 21–21, 2010.Google Scholar
Mehendale, M., Das, S., Sharma, M., et al., “A true multistandard, programmable, low-power, full HD video-codec engine for smartphone SoC,” In Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers (ISSCC), 2012 IEEE International, Feb., pp. 226–228, 2012.Google Scholar
Sampson, A., Dietl, W., Fortuna, E., Gnanapragasam, D., Ceze, L., and Grossman, D., “EnerJ: Approximate data types for safe and general low-power computation,” ACM SIGPLAN Notices, vol. 46, June, pp. 164–174, 2011.Google Scholar
Gomez, C., Oller, J., and Paradells, J., “Overview and evaluation of bluetooth low energy: An emerging low-power wireless technology,” Sensors, vol. 12, Aug., pp. 11734–11753, 2012.Google Scholar
Cuervo, E., Balasubramanian, A., Cho, D.K., et al., “MAUI: making smartphones last longer with code offload,” In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services, June, pp. 49–62, 2010.Google Scholar
Li, D. and Halfond, W.G., “An investigation into energy-saving programming practices for android smartphone app development,” In Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Green and Sustainable Software, June, pp. 46–53, 2014.Google Scholar
Fan, P.M.Y., Wong, O.Y., Chung, M.J., Su, T.Y., Zhang, X. and Chen, P.H., “Energy harvesting techniques: Energy sources, power management and conversion,” In 2015 European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design (ECCTD), Aug., pp. 1–4, 2015.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

A Flexible Multi-Functional Touch Panel for Multi-Dimensional Sensing in Interactive Displays
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

A Flexible Multi-Functional Touch Panel for Multi-Dimensional Sensing in Interactive Displays
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

A Flexible Multi-Functional Touch Panel for Multi-Dimensional Sensing in Interactive Displays
Available formats
×