Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T16:56:01.925Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Girl Power

Sustainability, Empowerment, and Justice

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 October 2024

Jin In
Affiliation:
Boston University

Summary

Power. Gender. Sustainability. This Element harnesses powerful new data about gender and sustainability, presents inspiring stories of empowerment, and introduces a framework for building empowerment muscles. First, from a pioneering global survey, it unveils three shocking truths about young women's empowerment. It also compiles significant data on systemic gender disempowerment intersecting environmental degradation, violence, and exclusion, as well as profound societal impact if girls and women were fully empowered. Second, from climate activist Greta Thunberg to the all girl Afghan robotics team, the #NeverAgain movement against gun violence, and the Hong Kong pro-democracy movement, today's empowered girls are a transformative force for change. Each modeling a distinct skill - an empowerment muscle - seven case studies present empowerment muscles of focus, solidarity, hope, courage, advocacy, endurance, and healing. Third, unlike most works using empowerment nebulously, this Element concretizes empowerment - a set of muscles each reader can build and strengthen through 'workout' training exercises.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781009481922
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 07 November 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Chaucer, G. The Canterbury tales. (Penguin Books, 2007).Google Scholar
King, Martin Luther. Where do we go from here: Chaos or community? (Harper & Row, 1967).Google Scholar
Page, N. & Czuba, C. Empowerment: What is it? J. Ext. 37, 15 (1999).Google Scholar
Richardson, D. Conceptualising gender: Introducing gender and women’s studies. (Macmillan International, 2020).Google Scholar
Jayakarani, R., Hennink, M., Kiiti, N., Pillinger, M. & Jayakaran, R. Defining empowerment: Perspectives from international development organisations. Dev. Pract. 22, 202215 (2012).Google Scholar
Carvalho, A. B., Sampaio, M. C., Varandas, F. R. & Klaczko, L. B. An experimental demonstration of Fisher’s principle: Evolution of sexual proportion by natural selection. Genetics 148, 719731 (1998).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
UNFPA. Lives together, worlds apart: Men and women in a time of change. www.unfpa.org/publications/state-world-population-2000 (2000).Google Scholar
Chesler, P. Worldwide trends in honor killings. www.meforum.org/2646/worldwide-trends-in-honor-killings (2010).Google Scholar
Iyengar, R. Indian minister says 2,000 girls are killed across the country every day. Time, 48 (2015).Google Scholar
James Madison University. Gendercide: An issue all of us should be aware of. Shout out. https://bit.ly/43MzOP5 (2014).Google Scholar
Hesketh, T. & Xing, Z. W. Abnormal sex ratios in human populations: Causes and consequences. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 103, 1327113275 (2006).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Bank. Population – Male. https://bit.ly/43I1EMj (2023).Google Scholar
Leaders. Gendercide. The Economist (2010, March 6).Google Scholar
Bongaarts, J. & Guilmoto, C. Z. How many more missing women? Excess female mortality and prenatal sex selection, 1970–2050. Popul. Dev. Rev. 41, 241269 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basu, M. & Merrill, C. A girl gets married every 2 seconds somewhere in the world. CNN Health. www.cnn.com/2018/01/29/health/child-marriage-by-the-numbers/index.html (2018).Google Scholar
UNFPA West and Central Africa Regional Office. 7 things you might not know about child marriage. News. https://bit.ly/43MLtxc (2020).Google Scholar
Department of Justice. Office of Justice programs, Bureau of Justice statistics, sex offenses and offenders. (Department of Justice, 1997).Google Scholar
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2020 saw a woman or girl being killed by someone in their family every 11 minutes. https://bit.ly/4aDgXYO (2021).Google Scholar
Girls Not Brides. www.girlsnotbrides.org/ (2023).Google Scholar
Béné, C. & Merten, S. Women and fish-for-sex: Transactional sex, HIV/AIDS and gender in African fisheries. World Dev. 36, 875899 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abrahams, N., Mhlongo, S., Chirwa, E., et al. Femicide, intimate partner femicide, and non-intimate partner femicide in South Africa: An analysis of 3 national surveys, 1999–2017. Plos One Med. 21 (2024).Google ScholarPubMed
Reis, C. & Meyer, S. R. Understudied and underaddressed: Femicide, an extreme form of violence against women and girls. Plos One Med. 21 (2024).Google ScholarPubMed
Goldin, C. Gender gap. The Library of Economics and Liberty. www.econlib.org/library/Enc/GenderGap.html (2019).Google Scholar
WEF. Global Gender Gap Report 2023. www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2023.pdf (2023).Google Scholar
UN Women and UNDP. Expert’s take: Most of the world’s women and girls struggle with large gaps in equality and empowerment. https://bit.ly/3TIfwBG (2019).Google Scholar
Arsht-Rock., The scorching divide: How extreme heat inflames gender inequalities in health and income. One Billion Resilient. https://onebillionresilient.org/extreme-heat-inflames-gender-inequalities/ (2023).Google Scholar
ILO. Rural women at work: Bridging the gap. https://bit.ly/43P4pv9 (2017).Google Scholar
FAO. The role of women in agriculture. www.fao.org/3/am307e/am307e00.pdf (2011).Google Scholar
UNDP. What does gender equality have to do with climate change? News and Stories. https://bit.ly/43MzUGr (2023).Google Scholar
FAO. The state of food and agriculture 2010–2011: Women in agriculture: Closing the gender gap for development. www.fao.org/docrep/013/i2050e/i2050e00.htm (2011).Google Scholar
Gates, M. F. Putting women and girls at the center of development. Science (80–) 345, 12731275 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mavisakalyan, A. & Tarverdi, Y. Gender and climate change: Do female parliamentarians make difference? Eur. J. Polit. Econ. 56, 151164 (2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haas, T. Women reclaiming the city international research on urbanism, architecture, and planning. (Rowman & Littlefield, 2023).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Project Drawdown. Family, planning and education. Health and Education. www.drawdown.org/solutions/family-planning-and-education (2023).Google Scholar
Kwauk, C. & Braga, A. Three platforms for girls’ education in climate strategies. Brookings. https://bit.ly/4cAPhpc (2017).Google Scholar
Redmore, L. E. (Re)claiming forestry: A case study of women’s empowerment (Master’s thesis, Oregon State University, 2009).Google Scholar
Begum, F., Bruyn, L. L. de, Kristiansen, P. & Islam, M. A. Forest co-management in the Sundarban mangrove forest: Impacts of women’s participation on their livelihoods and sustainable forest resource conservation. Environ. Dev. 43, 100731 (2022).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carr, M. & Hartl, M. Gender and non-timber forest products: Promoting food security and economic empowerment. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://bit.ly/3VFftZT (2008).Google Scholar
Davis, R. & Silver, M. How women in a fishing village are fighting for power. NPR. https://bit.ly/3vupYoh (2019).Google Scholar
Salim, S. S. & Rajamanickam, G. Empowerment of fisherwomen in Kerala: An assessment. Indian J. Fish. 60, 7380 (2013).Google Scholar
Nathenson, P., Slater, S., Higdon, P., Aldinger, C. & Ostheimer, E. No sex for fish: Empowering women to promote health and economic opportunity in a localized place in Kenya. Health Promot. Int. 32, 800807 (2017).Google Scholar
Kumar, P. & Igdalsky, L. Sustained uptake of clean cooking practices in poor communities: Role of social networks. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 48, 189193 (2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asian Development Bank. Energy for all: Addressing the energy, environment, and poverty nexus in Asia. https://bit.ly/3xmJtj7 (2007).Google Scholar
Juntarawijit, Y. & Juntarawijit, C. Cooking smoke exposure and respiratory symptoms among those responsible for household cooking: A study in Phitsanulok, Thailand. Heliyon 5, e01706 (2019).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Polsky, D. & Ly, C. Consequences of indoor air pollution: A review of the solutions and challenges. (Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, 2012).Google Scholar
Lim, Stephen S., Vos, T., Flaxman, A., et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380, 22242260 (2012).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, K. R., Bruce, N., Balakrishnan, K., et al. Millions dead: how do we know and what does it mean? Methods used in the comparative risk assessment of household air pollution. Annu. Rev. Public Heal. 35, 185206 (2014).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sovacool, B. K. & Griffiths, S. The cultural barriers to a low-carbon future: A review of six mobility and energy transitions across 28 countries. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 119 (2020).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaye, A. Access to energy and human development 2007/2008. https://purocihle.rrojasdatabank.info/gaye_amie.pdf (2007).Google Scholar
Reddy, B. S., Balachandra, P. & Nathan, H. S. K. Universalization of access to modern energy services in Indian households: Economic and policy analysis. Energy Policy 37, 46454657 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sagar, A. D. Alleviating energy poverty for the world’s poor. Energy Policy 33, 13671372 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laxmi, V., Parikh, J., Karmakar, S. & Dabrase, P. Household energy, women’s hardship and health impacts in rural Rajasthan, India: Need for sustainable energy solutions. Energy Sustain. Dev. 7, 5068 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sovacool, B. K. Energy, poverty, and development. (Routledge, 2014).Google Scholar
Barnes, D. F. The challenge of rural electrification: Strategies for developing countries. (Routledge, 2007).Google Scholar
Barnes, D. F. & Sen, M. The impact of energy on women’s lives in rural India. (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2004).Google Scholar
Misana, S. & Karlsson, G. V. Generating opportunities: Case studies on energy and women. (United Nations Development Programme, 2001).Google Scholar
United Nations Development Program. Gender and energy toolkit. (2004).Google Scholar
Sovacool, B. K. & Drupady, I. M. Summoning earth and fire: The energy development implications of Grameen Shakti (GS) in Bangladesh. Energy 36, 44454459 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mekonnen, M. & Hoekstra, A. Four billion people facing severe water scarcity. Sci. Adv. 2 (2016).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Water.org. How does the world water crisis affect women and girls? A women’s crisis. https://water.org/our-impact/water-crisis/womens-crisis/ (2016).Google Scholar
Sinharoy, S. S. & Caruso, B. A. On World Water Day, gender equality and empowerment require attention. Lancet Planet. Heal. 3 (2019).Google ScholarPubMed
Graham, J. P., Hirai, M. & Kim, S.-S. An analysis of water collection labor among women and children in 24 sub-Saharan African countries. PLoS One 11, e0155981 (2016).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sorenson, S. B., Morssink, C. & Campos, P. A. Safe access to safe water in low income countries: Water fetching in current times. Soc. Sci. Med. 72, 15221526 (2011).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bisung, E. & Elliott, S. J. Psychosocial impacts of the lack of access to water and sanitation in low- and middle-income countries: A scoping review. J. Water Health 15 (2017).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deepa, J. & Fawcet, B. Water projects and women’s empowerment. In Scott, R. (ed.), People and systems for water, sanitation and health: Proceedings of the 27th WEDC International Conference, Lusaka, Zambia, 20–24 August, pp. 423426 (2001). https://hdl.handle.net/2134/29197.Google Scholar
Aladuwaka, S. & Momsen, J. Sustainable development, water resources management and women’s empowerment: The Wanaraniya Water Project in Sri Lanka. Gend. Dev. 18, 4358 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leder, S., Clement, F. & Karki, E. Reframing women’s empowerment in water security programmes in Western Nepal. Gend. Dev. 25, 235251 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naiga, R., Ananga, E. O. & Kakumba, U. Gendered participation in water governance: Implications for successful community-based water management and women empowerment. Int. J. Rural Manag. 0 (2023).Google Scholar
UNICEF. Twenty-five years of progress for women since the Beijing Declaration. https://bit.ly/3UwMypK (2020).Google Scholar
Napp, C. & Breda, T. The stereotype that girls lack talent: A worldwide investigation. Sci. Adv. 8 (2022).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawson, M. A., Martin, A. E., Huda, I. & Matz, S. C. Hiring women into senior leadership positions is associated with a reduction in gender stereotypes in organizational language. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 119, e2026443119 (2022).Google ScholarPubMed
Graves, J. L. G. Jr, Kearney, M., Barabino, G. & Malcom, S. Inequality in science and the case for a new agenda. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 119, e2117831119 (2022).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vlasceanu, M. & Amodio, D. M. Propagation of societal gender inequality by internet search algorithms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 119, e2204529119 (2022).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sarant, L. The gender divide: Agents of change. Nature 549, S70S74 (2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donneys, C. O. & Perea, J. D. Empowering Afro-Indigenous girls. Science (80–.) 375, 730 (2022).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UNICEF. Girls’ education. Programme. www.unicef.org/education/girls-education (2023).Google Scholar
World Bank. Missed opportunities: The high cost of not educating girls. https://bit.ly/49RI0Pd (2018).Google Scholar
Bank, T. W. Unrealized potential: The high cost of gender inequality in earnings. https://bit.ly/49S9T9K (2018).Google Scholar
McKinsey Global Institute. How advancing women’s equality can add $12 trillion to global growth. https://bit.ly/4aQXQLg (2015).Google Scholar
World Economic Forum. The global gender gap report. www.weforum.org/publications/global-gender-gap-report-2023/ (2023).Google Scholar
World Bank. World development report 2012: Gender equality and development. http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/978-0-8213-8810-5 (2012).Google Scholar
World Bank. Women, business and the law. https://wbl.worldbank.org/en/wbl (2016).Google Scholar
Cappa, C., Moneti, F., Wardlaw, T. & Bissell, S. Elimination of female genital mutilation/cutting. Lancet 382, 10801081 (2013).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, E., Helzner, E., Shayowitz, M., Kohlhoff, S. & Smith-Norowitz, T. A. Genital mutilation: Health consequences and complications: A short literature review. Obstet. Gynecol. Int. 7365715 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7365715.Google Scholar
WHO/UNICEF/UNFPA. Female genital mutilation: A joint WHO/UNICEF/UNFPA statement. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/41903 (1997).Google Scholar
Berg, R. C. & Underland, V. The obstetric consequences of female genital mutilation/cutting: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet. Gynecol. Int., 115 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/496564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mulongo, P., Martin, C. H. & McAndrew, S. The psychological impact of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) on girls/women’s mental health: A narrative literature review. J. Reprod. Infant Psychol. 32, 469485 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WHO study group on female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome et al. Female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome: WHO collaborative prospective study in six African countries. Lancet 367, 18351841 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, L. C., Khan, F., Frankenberger, T. R., et al. Admissible evidence in the court of development evaluation? The impact of care’s Shouhardo Project on child stunting in Bangladesh. World Dev. 41, 196216 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langer, A., Meleis, A., Knaul, F. M., et al. Women and health: the key for sustainable development. Lancet 386, 11651210 (2015).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
UNOCD. Global report on trafficking in persons. https://bit.ly/3w99nqg (2018).Google Scholar
ILO. Profits and poverty: The economics of forced labour. https://bit.ly/3WfrPs6 (2014).Google Scholar
Free, Walk. Stacked odds. https://bit.ly/4b86lkN (2020).Google Scholar
Ricaforte, M. Why women are more likely to be impacted by human trafficking. Dressember. www.dressember.org/blog/dressemberreading 3 (2020).Google Scholar
Bhattacharya, A. ISIL’s human traffickers are using Facebook, WhatsApp, and Telegram to sell slaves. Quartz. https://qz.com/777152/isil-is-using-facebook-fb-whatsapp-and-telegram-to-sell-slaves (2016).Google Scholar
Global Peace Index 2023. Institute for Economics & Peace. www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/GPI-2023-Web.pdf (2023).Google Scholar
Hudson, V. M., Caprioli, M., Ballif-Spanvill, B., McDermott, R. & Emmett, C. F. The heart of the matter: The security of women and the security of states. Int. Secur. 33, 745 (2008).Google Scholar
Hudson, V. M. What sex means for world peace. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/04/24/what-sex-means-for-world-peace/ (2012).Google Scholar
Washington State for Public Policy. Washington’s offender accountability act: Department of Corrections’ static risk instrument. https://bit.ly/3wa7MRa (2007).Google Scholar
Cliff, A. A future world. DAZED. https://bit.ly/44CJoUN (2019).Google Scholar
Martiskainen, M., Axon, S., Sovacool, B. K., et al. Contextualizing climate justice activism: knowledge, emotions, motivations, and actions among climate strikers in six cities. Glob. Environ. Chang. (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thunberg, G. Speech to the European Commission. (2019).Google Scholar
The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Basic law. www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclaw/index.html (2023).Google Scholar
BBC. The Hong Kong protests explained in 100 and 500 words. China. www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-49317695 (2019).Google Scholar
Chan, H. Explainer: Hong Kong’s five demands: Universal suffrage. Hong Kong Free Press https://hongkongfp.com/2019/12/26/explainer-hong-kongs-five-demands-universal-suffrage/ (2020).Google Scholar
Reuters. US and UK condemn arrest of Hong Kong democracy activists. The Guardian (2020).Google Scholar
BBC. Hong Kong national security law: What is it and is it worrying? News. www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-52765838 (2022).Google Scholar
NHK World – Japan. “Be water”: Hong Kong protesters learn from Bruce Lee. News2. www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/backstories/745/ (2019).Google Scholar
Engelbrecht, C., Marcolini, B., Tiefenthäler, A., Al-Hlou, Y. & Chow, Y. Meet the students fueling Hong Kong’s protests: “We may die.” New York Times (2019).Google Scholar
Hao, A. Young women are front and center in the Hong Kong protests. Teen Vogue (2019).Google Scholar
Tsoi, G. “Shield Girl”: The face of Hong Kong’s anti-extradition movement. BBC. www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-48604933 (2019).Google Scholar
Lau, J. Hong Kong is still waiting for its feminist uprising. The Nation (2020).Google Scholar
Ng, J. Chinese propaganda paints Hong Kong as a spoiled brat. Foreign Policy (2019).Google Scholar
Anderson, L. Afghanistan is most dangerous country for women. Reuters. www.reuters.com/article/us-women-danger-idUSTRE75E31R20110615 (2011).Google Scholar
Gresko, J. Afghan girls robotics team competes after visa obstacles. USA Today (2017).Google Scholar
George, S. Afghan forces are claiming victory in some Taliban-controlled areas. Civilians say they’re still in danger. Washington Post (2020).Google Scholar
UNFPA. Afghanistan: Young people: What we do. https://afghanistan.unfpa.org/en/node/15227 (2022).Google Scholar
Mahboob, R. Empower and educate Afghanistan’s youth to ensure a peaceful future. New York Times (2019).Google Scholar
Oslo Freedom Forum. Fatemah Qaderyan | The Afghan Dreamers. (YouTube, 2018).Google Scholar
Stahl, L. The Chibok girls: Survivors of kidnapping by Boko Haram share their stories. CBS News. https://bit.ly/3xJpPOj (2019).Google Scholar
Amnesty International. Nigeria: Starving women raped by soldiers and militia who claim to be rescuing them. News. https://bit.ly/4d9y3zB (2018).Google Scholar
Maclean, R. & Abrak, I. Boko Haram returns more than 100 schoolgirls kidnapped last month. The Guardian (2018).Google Scholar
Amnesty International. Nigeria: Abducted women and girls forced to join Boko Haram attacks. News. https://bit.ly/49Sefh6 (2015).Google Scholar
Amnesty International. Nigeria: Eight years after Chibok more than 1,500 children abducted by armed groups. Press Release. https://bit.ly/3U8E4DY (2014).Google Scholar
UNICEF. More than 1,000 children in northeastern Nigeria abducted by Boko Haram since 2013. Press Release. https://bit.ly/4aLUdGs (2018).Google Scholar
Hudson, V. M., Ballif-Spanvill, B., Caprioli, M. & Emmett, C. F. Sex and world peace. (Columbia University Press, 2014). https://doi.org/10.7312/huds13182.Google Scholar
UN Women. Preventing violent extremism and countering terrorism. Peace and Security. https://bit.ly/4aNXDbD (2023).Google Scholar
Vogelstein, R. B. & Bigio, J. Women and terrorism: Hidden threats, forgotten partners. Council on Foreign Relations. www.cfr.org/blog/women-and-terrorism-hidden-threats-forgotten-partners (2019).Google Scholar
Hayes, C. “We’re not backing down”: One month after shooting, Parkland student movement picking up steam. USA Today (2018).Google Scholar
March for Our Lives. Our Mission https://marchforourlives.com/mission-story/ (2023).Google Scholar
North, A. “Teenagers don’t really take no for an answer”: Young activists see a turning point on guns. The Vox. https://bit.ly/3w4GITl (2018).Google Scholar
Johnson, A. Florida school shooting: Teachers describe chaos as students fled gunman. NBC News. https://bit.ly/3w7cIWO (2018).Google Scholar
Martin, M. 2019 has seen more mass shootings than days on the calendar. NPR. https://bit.ly/3y21OSE (2019).Google Scholar
Aradillas, E. What to know about Jaclyn Corin, class president who became national activist after school shooting. People (2018).Google Scholar
Bromwich, J. E. How the Parkland students got so good at social media. New York Times (2018).Google Scholar
Leitner, T. & Silva, D. Parkland students travel to Florida capital to push gun law reform. NBC News. https://bit.ly/3yjRNAr (2018).Google Scholar
Adeyina, S. I helped organize the “March for Our Lives” because there is strength in numbers. Seventeen (2018).Google Scholar
Gifford Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence. Statistics. https://giffords.org/lawcenter/gun-violence-statistics/ (2023).Google Scholar
Politi, D. March for Our Lives put Sarah Chadwick’s spoof NRA ad on the big screen and it was glorious. Slate. https://bit.ly/3U6zxlu (2018).Google Scholar
Kaleem, J. & Agrawal, N. These are the Florida students behind the movement to end gun violence. Los Angeles Times (2018).Google Scholar
Perez, M. Parkland student slams NRA for promoting gun that looks like cellphone on website. NewsWeek. www.newsweek.com/parkland-guns-nra-cell-phone-907674 (2018).Google Scholar
Fox, K. How US gun culture compares with the world. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/03/americas/us-gun-statistics/index.html (2019).Google Scholar
Karp, A. Estimating global civilian-held firearms numbers. Small Arms Survey. https://bit.ly/49RippI (2018).Google Scholar
Grinshteyn, E. & Hemenway, D. Violent death rates: The US compared with other high-income OECD countries, 2010. Am. J. Med. 129, 266273 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, J. A. & Fridel, E. E. The tenuous connections involving mass shootings, mental illness, and gun laws. Violence Gend. 30 (2016).Google Scholar
Gold, L. H. Domestic violence, firearms, and mass shootings. J. Am. Acad. Psychiatry Law Online 48 (2020).Google ScholarPubMed
FBI. Crime in the U.S. 2016. Crime in the US. https://bit.ly/4aUvShN (2016).Google Scholar
Washington State Institute for Public Policy. No Washington’s offender accountability act. https://bit.ly/4bsA1JL (2008).Google Scholar
Research Department, Statista. Number of mass shootings in the United States between 1982 and August 2023, by shooter’s gender. Crime & Law Enforcement. https://bit.ly/49Qzv7e (2023).Google Scholar
Goldberg, E. Nada Al-Ahdal, Yemeni girl who evaded child marriage, says she’d “rather die” than get married off (VIDEO). Huffington Post. www.huffpost.com/entry/nada-al-ahdal-child-bride_n_3634468 (2013).Google Scholar
al-Ahdal, Nada. Remember Nada Al-Ahdal? Here she is today. https://bit.ly/49NIwh7 (2019).Google Scholar
Videos, Memri TV. 11-year-old Yemeni girl Nada Al-Ahdal flees home to avoid forced marriage: I’d rather kill myself. YouTube. (2016).Google Scholar
Letsoalo, I. 6 activists who are fighting child marriage in their countries. Demand Equity. www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/child-marriage-women-activists-africa/ (2019).Google Scholar
Alahdal, N. Yemeni girl’s fight against forced marriage going viral. YouTube. (2016).Google Scholar
Foundation, Nada. The rights of women in the Middle East. https://nadafund.org/home (2020).Google Scholar
Saleh, S. A. “Early marriage fears of Nada Al-Ahdal are fabricated” says her parents, interior ministry officials, and prominent child rights NGO. Yemen Post (2013).Google Scholar
Alahdal, N. She was kidnapped by al-Qaeda, placed under house arrest and arrested by Interior Ministry. YouTube. (2017).Google Scholar
The Borgen Project. 5 activists ending child marriages. Latest news. https://borgenproject.org/5-activists-ending-child-marriages/ (2019).Google Scholar
Foundation, Nada. The life march of the girl Nada Al-hdal. https://nadafund.org/2019/02/08/the-life-march-of-the-girl-nada-al-hdal.html (2019).Google Scholar
Equality Now. Child marriage in the United States. www.equalitynow.org/learn_more_child_marriage_us/ (2020).Google Scholar
Foroudi, L. Rising domestic violence is a hidden front in Ukraine’s war. Reuters. https://bit.ly/4d9zVZ9 (2023).Google Scholar
Cornwall, A. Women’s empowerment: What works? J. Int. Dev., 28, 342359 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
US Department of State. Office of Global Women’s Issues. Washington, DC. https://bit.ly/3UzxJmA (2023).Google Scholar
Alsop, R., Heinsohn, N., & Somma, A. Measuring empowerment: An analytic framework. In Alsop, R. (ed.), Power, Rights and Poverty: Concepts and Connections. (World Bank, 2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
United Nations. Gender Parity Strategy. Geneva, October 2017. https://bit.ly/4aSC9dK.Google Scholar
Reshi, I. A. & Sudha, T. Women empowerment: A literature review. IJEBAS 2(6), 13531359 (2022). https://doi.org/10.54443/ijebas.v2i6.753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reshi, I. A., Sudha, T., & Dar, S. A. Women’s access to education and its impact on their empowerment: A comprehensive review. MORFAI Journal 1(2), 446450 (2022). https://doi.org/10.54443/morfai.v1i2.760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sundaram, M. S., Sekar, M., & Subburaj, A. Women empowerment: Role of education. IJMSS 2(12), 7685 (2014).Google Scholar
Perper, R. Hong Kong protesters say they are prepared to fight for democracy “until we win, or we die.” Business Insider. https://bit.ly/49Ucyjv (2019).Google Scholar
Truesdell, J., & Truesdell, J. Parkland school shooting survivors David and Lauren Hogg write in book: “When it happened to us, we woke up.” People. https://bit.ly/49Wuj1z (2018).Google Scholar
Whitney, S. A Parkland shooting survivor to adults: “We need you.” Glamour. www.glamour.com/story/parkland-survivor-message-to-adults (2018).Google Scholar
United Nations. The four pillars of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325. UNOAU. https://bit.ly/3Qkev1L (2021).Google Scholar
O’Reilly, M., Ó, S. A., & Paffenholz, T. Reimagining peacemaking: Women’s roles in Peace processes. https://bit.ly/3WdtWwe (2015).Google Scholar
World Bank. Gender equality: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girl. https://bit.ly/3WfgVCp (2017).Google Scholar
World Bank. Women, business and the law. https://wbl.worldbank.org/en/wbl (2018).Google Scholar
Chenoweth, E. & Stepha, M. J. Why civil resistance works: The strategic logic of nonviolent conflict. (Columbia University Press, 2012).Google Scholar
Hugo, V. The future of man: From the series Great Ideas of Western Man. (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institute, 1964).Google Scholar
UNDP. The paths to equal: New twin indices on gender equality and women’s empowerment. https://bit.ly/3UtpY1j (2015).Google Scholar
UN Women. The Shadow Pandemic: Violence against women during COVID-19. https://bit.ly/4db4m18 (2020).Google Scholar
Wittenberg-Cox, A. What do countries with the best coronavirus responses have in common? Forbes. https://bit.ly/4b6ZEQ7 (2020).Google Scholar
Taub, A. Why are women-led nations doing better with Covid-19? New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2020/05/15/world/coronavirus-women-leaders.html (2020).Google Scholar
Musgrave, P. Afghan teenage girls innovate low cost ventilator. The Borgen Project. https://borgenproject.org/tag/the-afghan-dreamers/ (2020).Google Scholar
Ebrahimji, A. Greta Thunberg is donating $100,000 to help children affected by coronavirus pandemic. CNN News. https://bit.ly/3Uw7FbT (2020).Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Girl Power
  • Jin In, Boston University
  • Online ISBN: 9781009481922
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Girl Power
  • Jin In, Boston University
  • Online ISBN: 9781009481922
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Girl Power
  • Jin In, Boston University
  • Online ISBN: 9781009481922
Available formats
×