Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T10:34:09.100Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Making National Diasporas

Soviet-Era Migrations and Post-Soviet Consequences

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 July 2023

Lewis H. Siegelbaum
Affiliation:
Michigan State University
Leslie Page Moch
Affiliation:
Michigan State University

Summary

This Element explains the historical conditions for the seemingly anomalous presence of people outside of 'their own' Soviet republic and the sometimes-fraught consequences for them and their post-Soviet host countries. The authors begin their inquiry with an analysis of the most massive displacements of the Stalin era – nationality-based deportations, concluding with examples of the life trajectories of deportees' children as they moved transnationally within the Soviet Union and in its successor states. The second section treats disparate parts of the country as magnets attracting Soviet citizens from far afield. Most were cities undergoing vast industrial expansion; others involved incentive programs to develop agriculture and rural-based industries. The final section is devoted to the history of immigration and emigration during the Soviet period as well as since 1991 when millions left one former Soviet republic for another or for lands farther afield.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781009371810
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 03 August 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

AFP (2021). Russia Eyes Measures to Tackle Migrant Labor Shortage. Moscow Times, February 10. www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/02/10/russia-eyes-measures-to-tackle-migrant-labor-shortage-a72894 (accessed March 7, 2023).Google Scholar
Akimov, Server. (2009). http://iremember.ru/partizani/akimov-server/stranitsa-2.html (accessed September 24, 2022).Google Scholar
Austin, L. (2023). From Internationalism to Displacement: Minoritized Communities in the Formerly Soviet Southern Tier. PhD dissertation, Michigan State University.Google Scholar
Bachmann, B. (1983). Memories of Kazakhstan: A Report on the Life Experiences of a German Woman in Russia. Lincoln, NE: American Historical Society of Germans from Russia.Google Scholar
Bekirov, Alim Uspenovich. (2009). http://iremember.ru/zenitchiki/bekirov-alim-useinovich.html (accessed September 24, 2022).Google Scholar
Berdinskikh, V. A. (2005). Spetsposelentsy: Politicheskaia ssylka narodov Sovetskoi Rossii. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie.Google Scholar
Bernstein, S. and Cherny, R. W. (2014). Searching for the Soviet Dream: Prosperity and Disillusionment on the Soviet Seattle Agricultural Commune, 1922–1927. Agricultural History, 88 (1), 2244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, K. (2003). A Biography of No Place: From Ethnic Borderland to Soviet Heartland. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Brown, K. (2013). Plutopia: Nuclear Families, Atomic Cities, and the Great Soviet and American Plutonium Disasters. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Brubaker, R. (1995). Aftermaths of Empire and the Unmixing of People: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Ethnic & Racial Studies, 18 (2), 189218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckley, M. (2009). Human Trafficking in the Twenty-First Century: Implications for Russia, Europe, and the World. In Racioppi, L. and O’Sullivan, K. See, eds., Gender Politics in Post-Communist Eurasia. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 119–45.Google Scholar
Bugai, N. F. (1995). L. Beriia – I. Stalinu: “Soglasno Vashemu ukazaniiu …”. Moscow: AIRO-XX.Google Scholar
Bugai, N. F., and Gonov, A. M. (1998). Kavkaz: Narody v eshelonakh (20–60-e gody). Moscow: Insan.Google Scholar
Byl’ ukraintsem, stal russkim. Kto byl’ Brezhnev po natsional’nosti? https://zen.yandex.ru/media/obistorii/nacionalnosti-5e8dc8c43c7302489cd3effb (accessed September 25, 2022).Google Scholar
Cameron, S. (2018). The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Chelokhaeva, Rasmie Zkimovna. (2009). http://iremember.ru/grazhdanskie/chelokhaeva-rasmie-akimovna.html (accessed September 25, 2022).Google Scholar
Chukovskaya, L. (1994). The Akhmatova Journals, vol. 1. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.Google Scholar
Daneliya, G. dir. (1977). Mimino. Mosfil’m.Google Scholar
Danilkin, A. (2006). Zhenu otdai diade … Trud. March 21.Google Scholar
Danilov, V. P., Manning, R., and Viola, L. (1999–2006). Tragediia sovetskoi derevni: Kollektivizatsiia i razkulachivanie: Dokumenty i materialy v 5 tomakh, 1927–1939, 5 vols. Moscow: ROSSPEN.Google Scholar
Diamanti-Karanou, P. (2003). Migration of Ethnic Greeks from the Former Soviet Union to Greece, 1990–2000: Policy Decisions and Implications. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 3 (1), 2545.Google Scholar
Donets, E., and Chudinovskikh, O. (2020). Russian Policy on Assistance to the Resettlement of Compatriots against the Background of International Experience. Population and Economics, 4 (3), 132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duc, D. M., Hieu, N. C., and Hung, T. D. (2022). Cooperation between Vietnam and Russia in the Field of Labor Migration: Directions and New Opportunities. DEMIS. Demographic Research, 2 (1), 191202.Google Scholar
Eaton, N. (2020). Provisional Redemption and the Fate of Kaliningrad’s Germans. Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, 21 (1), 4172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edgar, A. (2022). Intermarriage and the Friendship of Peoples: Ethnic Mixing in Soviet Central Asia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Fierman, W. (1991). Central Asian Youth and Migration. In Fierman, W., ed., Soviet Central Asia: The Failed Transformation. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Fiore, V. (2017). A Toxic, Closed-Off City on the Edge of the World. The Atlantic, November 8. www.theatlantic.com/video/index/545228/my-deadly-beautiful-city-norilsk (accessed September 21, 2022).Google Scholar
Friedgut, T. (1989). Iuzovka and Revolution: Life and Work in Russia’s Donbass, 1869–1924. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Gelb, M. (1993). Karelian Fever: The Finnish Immigrant Community during Stalin’s Purges. Europe-Asia Studies, 45 (6), 10911116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gelb, M. (1995). An Early Soviet Ethnic Deportation: The Far Eastern Koreans. Russian Review, 54 (3), 389412.Google Scholar
German, A. A., and Kurochkin, A. N. (1998). Nemtsy v SSSR v “Trudovoi armii”: 1941–1945. Moscow: Gotika.Google Scholar
Ginsburgs, G. (1989). The Case of Vietnamese Gastarbeiters in the Soviet Union. Osteuropa-Recht, H3, 166–87.Google Scholar
Goff, K. (2020). Nested Nationialisms: Making and Unmaking Nations in the Soviet Caucasus. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Goff, K. (2022). Postwar Rebuilding and Resettlements in the Soviet Union: A Case of Azeri Migration. Slavic Review, 81 (1), 97121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman, W. (2022). The War Economy: Central Asian Workers and Labor Mobilization. Industrious Nations: Reconsidering Nationality and Economy in the Soviet Union Workshop, Princeton University.Google Scholar
Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii (GARF), f. 327, op. 1, d. 2, d. 90; op. 2, d. 441, d. 442.Google Scholar
Gülçür, L., and Ilkkaracan, P. (2002). The “Natasha” Experience: Migrant Sex Workers from the Former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in Turkey. Women’s Studies International Forum, 25 (4), 411–21.Google Scholar
Gur’ianov, A. E. (1997). Repressii protiv poliakov i pol’skikh grazhdan. Moscow: Zven’ia.Google Scholar
Halavach, D. (2021). Unsettling Borderlands: The Population Exchange and the Polish Minority in Soviet Belarus, 1944–1947. ASEEES Convention.Google Scholar
Hamed-Troyansky, V. (2021). Muslim Return Migration from the Middle East to Russia, 19–21C. University of California–Santa Barbara Global Studies Colloquium Series, unpublished paper.Google Scholar
Higgins, A. (2022). Russians Find Refuge in Country They Scorned. New York Times, October 5, A1, 8.Google Scholar
Holley, D. (2005). In Russia’s Far East, a Jewish Revival. Los Angeles Times, August 7.Google Scholar
Itogi perepisi 2001 goda na Ukraine (2003). Demoskop Weekly, no. 113–14, May 19–June 1. www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2003/0113/analit03.php. (accessed May 12, 2022).Google Scholar
Ivakhnyuk, I. (2009). The Russian Migration Policy and Its Impact on Human Development: The Historical Perspective. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
Kaiser, C. P. (2019). What Are they Doing? After All, We’re Not Germans. In Goff, K. A. and Siegelbaum, L. H., eds., Empire and Belonging in the Eurasian Borderlands. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 8094.Google Scholar
Kagarlitsky, B. (2022). Russia Is Losing the War. Democracy Now! December 8. www.democracynow.org (accessed February 26, 2023).Google Scholar
Keller, B. (1989). Soviet Nationalist Violence Spreads to Uzbek Republic. New York Times, June 5, A6.Google Scholar
Kendall, E. (2013). Balanchine and the Lost Muse: Revolution and the Making of a Choreographer. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Khanga, Y. (1992). Soul to Soul: A Black Russian Jewish Woman’s Search for Her Roots. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Kheifets, L. (1955). Pereseliates’ k nam na Sakhalin. Iuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Pereselencheskii otdel pri Sakhalinskom oblispolkome.Google Scholar
King, C. (2000). The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the Politics of Culture. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press.Google Scholar
Kirss, T. and Hinrikus, R. eds. (2009). Estonian Life Stories. Budapest: Central European University Press.Google Scholar
Kocaoglu-Dündar, B. (2021). Georgian Immigrant Women in Turkey: Ankara Case. Antropoloji 42: 19–26. https://doi.org/10.33613/antropolojidergisi.1001365 (accessed November 6, 2022).Google Scholar
Kofman, E., Phizacklea, A., Raghuram, P., and Sales, R. (2000). Gender and International Migration in Europe. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kokaisl, P. (2018). Koreans in Central Asia: A Different Korean Nation. Asian Ethnicity, 19 (2), 125.Google Scholar
Kolotnecha, O. (2007). Osobaia fermerskaia zona. https://expert.ru/northwest/2007/37/derevnya_lesnaya (accessed September 25, 2020).Google Scholar
Kommunisticheskaia partiia Sovetskogo Soiuza (1983–90). KPSS v rezoliutsiiakh i resheniiakh s”ezdov, konferentsii i plenumov TsK. 9th ed. Moscow: Izd-vo polit. Litry, 12: 405.Google Scholar
Konov, V. (1974). Prodolzhenie sleduet… Sel’skaia molodezh, 4, 1218.Google Scholar
Korobkov, A. (2008). Post-Soviet Migration: New Trends at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century. In Buckley, C. J., Ruble, B. A., and Trouth Hofmann, E., eds., Migration, Homeland, and Belonging in Eurasia. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 6979.Google Scholar
Kotkin, S. (1993). Peopling Magnitostroi: The Politics of Demography. In Rosenberg, W. and Siegelbaum, L. H., eds., Social Dimensions of Soviet Industrialization. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 63104.Google Scholar
Kramer, A. (2014). Nowhere to Run in Eastern Ukraine. New York Times, November 14, A4.Google Scholar
Lahusen, T. (1997). How Life Writes the Book: Real Socialism and Socialist Realism in Stalin’s Russia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Lam, K. (2010). Forging a Socialist Homeland from Multiple Worlds: North American Finns in Soviet Karelia 1921–1938. Revista Română pentru Studii Baltice şi Nordice, 2 (2), 203–24.Google Scholar
Laycock, J. (2009). The Repatriation of Armenians to Soviet Armenia, 1945–49. In Gatrell, P. and Baron, N., eds., Warlands: Population Resettlement and State Reconstruction in the Soviet-East European Borderlands, 1945–50. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 140–61.Google Scholar
Lehmann, M. (2012). A Different Kind of Brothers: Exclusion and Partial Integration after Repatriation to a Soviet “Homeland.Ab Imperio, (3), 171211.Google Scholar
Lieven, A. (1999). Chechnya: Tombstone of Russian Power. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Lively, P. (1987). Moon Tiger. New York: Grove Press.Google Scholar
Lukacs (2013). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lukacs (accessed October 20, 2022).Google Scholar
Meskhetian Turks. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks (accessed September 21, 2022).Google Scholar
Makarov, A. (1974). Vysota. Sel’skaia molodezh, 3, 22–5.Google Scholar
Makarov, V. G., and Khristoforov, V. S. (2003). Passazhiry “Filosofskogo parokhoda” (sud’by intelligentsii, represirovannoi letom-oseniu 1922 g.). Voprosy filosofii, (7), 113–37.Google Scholar
Manchester, L. (2007). Repatriation to a Totalitarian Homeland: The Ambiguous Alterity of Russian Repatriates from China to the USSR. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, 16 (3), 353–88.Google Scholar
Manley, R. (2009). To the Tashkent Station: Evacuation and Survival in the Soviet Union at War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Mantsetov, N. V. (1964). Sblizhenie natsii i vozniknovenie internatsional’noi obshchnosti narodov v SSSR. Voprosy istorii, (5), 3853.Google Scholar
Martin, T. (2001). Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Maslov, V., Baranova, E., and Lopatin, M. (2022). “Nam udalos’ perevezti mebel’ i dazhe korovu, ovets i koz”: Lichnoe imushchestvo sel’skikh pereselentsev, priekhavshikh v Kaliningradskuiu oblast’ v 1946 godu. Zhurnal frontirnykh issledovanii, 3: 3462.Google Scholar
Matley, I. (1979). The Dispersal of the Ingrian Finns. Slavic Review, 38 (1), 116.Google Scholar
Moodysson, L. dir. (2002). Lilya 4-ever. Sonet Film.Google Scholar
Morray, J. P. (1983). Project Kuzbas: American Workers in Siberia, 1921–1926. New York: International.Google Scholar
Natsional’nost’ – noril’chane. (2020). www.ttelegraf.ru/projects/tsifryi-i-faktyi/nacionalnost-norilchane (accessed September 21, 2022).Google Scholar
Nornickel. (2022). www.nornickel.com (accessed September 5, 2022).Google Scholar
Nurdinova, S. (forthcoming). Uzbek migrants in Turkey: Gender, Satisfaction in Turkey, and Return Intentions. REGION: Regional Studies of Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia.Google Scholar
Ohayon, I. (2006). La sédentarisation des Kazakhs dans l’URSS de Staline: Collectivisation et changement social (1928–1945). Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose Institut français d’etudes sr l’Asie Centrale.Google Scholar
Point, On (2022). National Public Radio. October 25.Google Scholar
Pallot, J., and Piacentini, L. (2012). Gender, Geography, and Punishment: The Experience of Women in Central Russia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Paxton, R. (2007). Arctic Mosque Stays Open but Muslim Numbers Shrink. Reuters, April 15. www.reuters.com/article/us-muslims-russia-arctic-idUSL107249362007041 (accessed September 5, 2022).Google Scholar
Pereltsvaig, A. (2014). Birobidzhan: Frustrated Dreams of a Jewish Homeland. Languages of the World. www.languagesoftheworld.info (accessed October 11, 2022).Google Scholar
Pereseliates’ v zapadnyi Kazakhstan (1960). Ural’sk.Google Scholar
Pervaia vseobshchaia perepis’ naseleniia Rossiiskoi imperii. (1905). Demoskop Weekly, no. 987–8. www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97.php (accessed November 1, 2022).Google Scholar
Peyrouse, S. (2007). Nationhood and the Minority Question in Central Asia: The Russians in Kazakhstan. Europe-Asia Studies, 59 (3), 481501.Google Scholar
Pobol’, N. I., and Polian, P. M. (2005). Stalinskie deportatsii, 1928–1953 gg. Moscow: Materik.Google Scholar
Pohl, M. (2007). The “Plant of One Hundred Languages”: Ethnic Relations and Soviet Identity in the Virgin Lands. In Breyfogle, N. B., Schrader, A., and Sunderland, W., eds., Peopling the Russian Periphery: Borderland Colonization in Eurasian History. London: Routledge, 238–61.Google Scholar
Polian, P. M. (2002). Zhertvy dvukh diktatur: zhizn’, trud, unizhenie i smert’ sovetskikh voennoplennykh i ostarbeiterov na chuzhbine i na rodine. Moscow: ROSSPEN.Google Scholar
Polian, P. M. (2004). Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR. Budapest: Central European University Press.Google Scholar
Polian, P. (2006). Emigratsiia: kto i kogda v XX veke pokidal Rossiiu. Demoskop Weekly, no. 251–2, June 19–August 20. www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/analit01.php (accessed October 27, 2022).Google Scholar
Prindiville, N. (2015). The Return of the Ingrian Finns: Ethnicity, Identity and Reforms in Finland’s Return Immigration Policy 1990–2010. PhD dissertation, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London.Google Scholar
Qualls, K. (2020), Stalin’s Niños: Educating Spanish Civil War Refugee Children in the Soviet Union, 1937–1951. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Radnitz, S. (2006) Weighing the Political and Economic Motivations for Migration in Post-Soviet Space: The Case of Uzbekistan. Europe-Asia Studies, 58 (5), 653–77.Google Scholar
Reeves, M. (2007). Travels in the Margins of the State: Everyday Geography in the Ferghana Valley Borderlands. In Sahadeo, J. and Zanca, R., eds., Everyday Life in Central Asia Past and Present. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 281300.Google Scholar
Rittersporn, G. T. (forthcoming). Lost and Found Revolutions: Between Emancipatory Dreams and Mass Terror in the Soviet Union. In Getty, J. A. and Siegelbaum, L. H., eds., Reflections on Stalinism. Ithaca, NY: Northern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Roman, M. (2002). Making Caucasians Black: Moscow since the Fall of Communism and the Racialization of Non-Russians. Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 18 (2), 127.Google Scholar
Russia Hit by Fall in Migrant Workers from Central Asia (2021). Financial Times, May 8. www.ft.com/content//c7c17f5e-e7b2-45bb-97d7-d5b456fb2bec (accessed March 5, 2023).Google Scholar
Russian Ethnic Minorities Flee to Mongolia. Deutsche Welle, November 22. www.dw.com/en/russian-minorities-flee-to-mongolia-to-avoid-draft/video-63851042 (accessed February 23, 2023).Google Scholar
Sahadeo, J. (2019). Voices from the Soviet Edge: Southern Migrants in Leningrad and Moscow. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Saramo, S. (2022). Building That Bright Future: Soviet Karelia in the Life Writing of Finnish North Ameicans. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savoskul, M. (2016). Vyezd nemtsev iz SSSR i stran SNG i Baltii. Demoskop Weekly, no. 681–2, April 4–17. www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2016/0681/tema02.php (accessed October 24, 2020).Google Scholar
Sawyer, B. (2013). American “Know-How” on the Soviet Frontier: Soviet Institutions and American Immigration to the Soviet Union in the Era of the New Economic Policy. PhD dissertation, Michigan State University.Google Scholar
Schlögel, K. (2023). The Soviet Century: Archeology of a Lost World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Scott, E. R. (2016). Familiar Strangers: The Georgian Diaspora and the Evolution of the Soviet Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Scott, E. R. (2023). World without Exit: Soviet Cold War Defectors and the Borders of Globalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Scott, J. (1942 [1989]). Behind the Urals: An American Worker in Russia’s City of Steel. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Shulman, E. (2008). Stalinism on the Frontier of Empire: Women and State Formation in the Soviet Far East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Siegelbaum, L. H. (1988). Stakhanovism and the Politics of Productivity in the USSR, 1935–1941. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Siegelbaum, L. H. (2008). Cars for Comrades: The Life of the Soviet Automobile. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Siegelbaum, L. H. (2016). People on the Move during the “Era of Stagnation”: The Rural Exodus in the RSFSR during the 1960s–1980s. In Fainburg, D. and Kalinovsky, A., eds., Reconsidering Stagnation in the Brezhnev Era. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 4358.Google Scholar
Siegelbaum, L. H. (2017). The “Flood” of 1945: Regimes and Repertoires of Migration in the Soviet Union at War’s End. Social History, 42 (1), 5272.Google Scholar
Siegelbaum, L. H. (2019). Stuck on Communism: Memoir of a Russian Historian. Ithaca, NY: Northern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Siegelbaum, L. H., and Moch, L. P. (2014). Broad Is My Native Land: Repertoires and Regimes of Migration in Russia’s Twentieth Century. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Siegelbaum, L. H., and Moch, L. P. (2016). Transnationalism in One Country? Seeing and Not Seeing Transborder Migration within the Soviet Union. Slavic Review, 75 (4), 970–96.Google Scholar
Siegelbaum, L. H., and Walkowitz, D. J. (1995). Workers of the Donbass Speak: Survival and Identity in the New Ukraine, 1989–1992, Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Snyder, T. (2003). The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Spevack, E. (1995). Ethnic Germans from the East: “Aussiedler” in Germany, 1970–1994. German Politics & Society, 13 (4), 7191.Google Scholar
Stadnik, K. (2009). Ukrainian-Polish Population Transfers, 1944–46: Moving in Opposite Directions. In Gatrell, P. and Baron, N., eds., Warlands: Population Resettlement and State Reconstruction in the Soviet-East European Borderlands, 1945–50 Houndmills: Palgrave-Macmillan, 165–87.Google Scholar
Stankova, M. (2010). Georgi Dimitrov: A Life. London: Tauris.Google Scholar
Statista Research Department. (2023). Estimated Number of Refugees from Ukraine Recorded in Europe and Asia since February 2022 as of May 9, 2023, by Selected Country. www.statista.com/statistics/1312584/ukrainian-refugees-by-country (accessed May 22, 2023).Google Scholar
Stepakov, V. N., and Balashov, E. A. (2001). V ‘novykh raionakh:’ Iz istorii osvoeniia karel’skogo peresheika, 1940–1941, 1944–1950 gg. St. Petersburg: Nordmedizdat.Google Scholar
Suny, R. G. (1993). The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Suny, R. G., and Martin, T. eds. (2001). A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-Making in the Age of Lenin and Stalin. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Susokolov, A. A. (1987). Mezhnatsional’nye braki v SSSR. Moscow: Mysl’.Google Scholar
Taubman, W. (2003). Khrushchev: The Man and His Era. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Time (1934). Austria: Stalin, Schutzbund & Orphans, August 20. https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,747706,00.html (accessed October 13, 2022).Google Scholar
Tolts, M. (2019). A Half Century of Jewish Emigration from the Former Soviet Union: Demographic Aspects, Project for Russian and Eurasian Jewry, Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies, Harvard University, November.Google Scholar
Total Immigration to Israel from the Former Soviet Union, 1948–Present. Jewish Virtual Library. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/total-immigration-to-israel-from-former-soviet-union (accessed March 7, 2023).Google Scholar
United Nations General Assembly (2016). Executive Committee of Programme … of the High Commissioner for Refugees, 67th session (Geneva), October 5. www.unhcr.org/en-us/excom/excomrep/5906e1d47/summary-record-of-the-697th-meeting.html (accessed November 7, 2022).Google Scholar
United Nations General Assembly (2022). Executive Committee of Programme … of the High Commissioner for Refugees, 84th meeting (Geneva), June 28. www.unhcr.org/62bc19e04 (accessed November 7, 2022).Google Scholar
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) (1990) RG-31.053, Memoirs of Abram Tseitlin.Google Scholar
Viola, L. (2001). The Other Archipelago. Slavic Review, 60 (4), 730–55.Google Scholar
Vsesoiuznaia perepis’ naseleniia 1959 goda: Natsional’nyi sostav naseleniia po respublikam SSSR. Demoskop Weekly. www.demoscope.ru (accessed October 6, 2022).Google Scholar
Vsesoiuznaia perepis’ naseleniia 1970 goda: Natsional’nyi sostav naseleniia po respublikam SSSR. Demoskop Weekly. www.demoscope.ru (accessed October 6, 2022).Google Scholar
Vsesoiuznaia perepis’ naseleniia 1989 goda: Natsional’nyi sostav naseleniia po respublikam SSSR. Demoskop Weekly. www.demoscope.ru (accessed October 6, 2022).Google Scholar
Williams, C. (2015). Latvia with a Large Minority. Los Angeles Times, May 2. www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-latvia-russia-next-20150502-story.html (accessed September 23, 2022).Google Scholar
Woodard, L. (2020). “Yeast for the Russian Land”: Envisioning the Return of Primorskii Krai’s Old Believers. REGION: Regional Studies of Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia, 9 (2), 8199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World’s Worst Polluted Places: The Top Ten of the Dirty Thirty. A Project of the Blacksmith’s Institute (2007). www.worstpolluted.org/reports/file/2007%20Report%20updated%202009.pdf (accessed September 25, 2022).Google Scholar
Ylikangas, M. (2011). The Sower Commune: An American Finnish Agricultural Utopia in the Soviet Russia. Journal of Finnish Studies, 15 (1), 5285.Google Scholar
Young, Glennys (2014). To Russia with “Spain”: Spanish Exiles in the USSR and the Longue Durée of Soviet History. Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, 15 (2), 395419.Google Scholar
Zemskov, V. N. (2003). Spetsposelentsy v SSSR, 1930–1960. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Zevelev, I. (2001). Russia and Its New Diasporas. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Making National Diasporas
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Making National Diasporas
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Making National Diasporas
Available formats
×