Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T01:58:05.909Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Metalinguistic Awareness in Second Language Reading Development

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 February 2023

Sihui Echo Ke
Affiliation:
University of Kentucky
Dongbo Zhang
Affiliation:
University of Exeter
Keiko Koda
Affiliation:
Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania

Summary

This Element aims to address the complexity of metalinguistic awareness to achieve a thorough account of its impacts on second language (L2) reading development and promote an in-depth understanding of the factors regulating the influence of first language (L1) metalinguistic awareness on L2 reading. It is guided by four questions: 1) To what extent do L1 phonological, orthographic, and morphological awareness correlate with L2 phonological, orthographic, and morphological awareness in L2 readers? 2) To what extent do phonological, orthographic, and morphological awareness correlate with word decoding intralingually in L2 readers? 3) To what extent do L1 phonological, orthographic, and morphological awareness correlate with L2 word decoding in L2 readers? 4) To what extent do the relations in questions 1–3 vary as a function of linguistic-, learner-, measurement-, and instruction-related factors? This Element is the first to systematically investigate the roles of distinct facets of metalinguistic awareness in L2 reading.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781108979801
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 23 February 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abu-Rabia, S. (2001). Testing the interdependence hypothesis among native adult bilingual Russian–English students. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 30, 437455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abu-Rabia, S., & Sanitsky, E. (2010). Advantages of bilinguals over monolinguals in learning a third language. Bilingual Research Journal, 33(2), 173199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alderson, J. C. (1984). Reading in a foreign language: A reading problem or a language problem? In Alderson, J. C. & Urquhart, A. H., eds., Reading in a Foreign Language. London: Longman, pp. 124.Google Scholar
Apel, K. (2011). What is orthographic knowledge? Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 42(4), 592603.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Apel, K., & Diehm, E. (2014). Morphological awareness intervention with kindergarteners and first and second grade students from low SES homes: A small efficacy study. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 47(1), 6575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Apel, K., Brimo, D., Diehm, E., & Apel, L. (2013). Morphological awareness intervention with kindergartners and first- and second-grade students from low socioeconomic status homes: A feasibility study. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 47(1), 6575.Google Scholar
Apel, K., Henbest, V. S., & Masterson, J. (2019). Orthographic knowledge: Clarifications, challenges, and future directions. Reading and Writing, 32(4), 873889.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Apel, K., Masterson, J., & Hart, P. (2004). Integration of language components in spelling: Instructions that maximize students’ learning. In Silliman, E. R. & Wilkinson, L. C., eds., Language and Literacy Learning in Schools. New York: Guilford, pp. 292318.Google Scholar
Apel, K., Wilson-Fowler, E. B., Brimo, D., & Perrin, N. A. (2012). Metalinguistic contributions to reading and spelling in second and third grade students. Reading and Writing, 25(6), 12831305.Google Scholar
Badian, N. A. (2001). Phonological and orthographic processing: Their roles in reading prediction. Annals of Dyslexia, 51(1), 177202.Google Scholar
Bae, H. S., & Joshi, R. (2018). A multiple-group comparison on the role of morphological awareness in reading: Within- and cross-linguistic evidence from Korean ESL and EFL learners. Reading and Writing, 31(8), 18211841.Google Scholar
Bernhardt, E., & Kamil, M. (1995). Interpreting relationships between L1 and L2 reading: Consolidating the linguistic threshold and the linguistic interdependence hypotheses. Applied Linguistics, 16(1), 1534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berninger, V. (1994). Introduction to the varieties of orthographic knowledge I: Theoretical and developmental issues. In Berninger, V. W., ed., The Varieties of Orthographic Knowledge. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berninger, V., & Nagy, W. (1999). University of Washington morphological awareness battery. Unpublished experimental test battery, Seattle, WA.Google Scholar
Bernstein, S. E., Flipse, J. L., Jin, Y., & Odegard, T. N. (2020). Word and sentence level tests of morphological awareness in reading. Reading and Writing, 33(6), 15911616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bialystok, E. (2001). Metalinguistic aspects of bilingual processing. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 21, 169181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bialystok, E., & Ryan, E. B. (1985). Toward a definition of metalinguistic skill. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 31(3), 229251.Google Scholar
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to Meta-Analysis. Chichester, UK: Wiley.Google Scholar
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., & Rothstein, H. (2007). Meta-analysis: Fixed effect vs random effects. www.meta-analysis.com/downloads/M-a_f_e_v_r_e_sv.pdfGoogle Scholar
Branum-Martin, L., Tao, S., Garnaat, S., Bunta, F., & Francis, D. J. (2012). Meta-analysis of bilingual phonological awareness: Language, age, and psycholinguistic grain size. Journal of Educational Psychology, 104(4), 932944.Google Scholar
Bratlie, S. S., Brinchmann, E. I., Melby-Lervåg, M., & Torkildsen, J. V. K. (2022). Morphology – A gateway to advanced language: Meta-analysis of morphological knowledge in language-minority children. Review of Educational Research, 92(4), 614650.Google Scholar
Brimo, D., Apel, K., & Fountain, T. (2017). Examining the contributions of syntactic awareness and syntactic knowledge to reading comprehension. Journal of Research in Reading, 40(1), 5774.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cain, K. (2007). Syntactic awareness and reading ability: Is there any evidence for a special relationship? Applied Psycholinguistics, 28(4), 679694.Google Scholar
Carlisle, J. F. (1995). Morphological awareness and early reading achievement. In Feldman, L. B., ed., Morphological Aspects of Language Processing. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 189209.Google Scholar
Carlisle, J. F. (2000). Awareness of the structure and meaning of morphologically complex words: Impact on reading. Reading and Writing, 12, 169190.Google Scholar
Carrell, P. L. (1991). Second language reading: Reading ability or language proficiency? Applied Linguistics, 12(2), 159179.Google Scholar
Chen, T., Ke, S., & Koda, K. (2021). The predictive role of early grapho-morphological knowledge in later reading comprehension in L2 Chinese. Frontiers in Psychology, 4870. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.757934Google Scholar
Cheung, M. W. L. (2014). Fixed- and random-effects meta-analytic structural equation modeling: Examples and analyses in R. Behavior Research Methods, 46(1), 2940.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheung, M. W. L., & Chan, W. (2005). Meta-analytic structural equation modeling: A two-stage approach. Psychological Methods, 10(1), 4064.Google Scholar
Chung, S. C., Chen, X., & Deacon, S. H. (2018). The relation between orthographic processing and spelling in grade 1 French immersion children. Journal of Research in Reading, 41(2), 290311.Google Scholar
Chung, S. C., Chen, X., & Geva, E. (2019). Deconstructing and reconstructing cross-language transfer in bilingual reading development: An interactive framework. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 50, 149161.Google Scholar
Clarke, M. A. (1980). The short circuit hypothesis of ESL reading – or when language competence interferes with reading performance. The Modern Language Journal, 64(2), 203209.Google Scholar
Commissaire, E., Duncan, L. G., & Casalis, S. (2011). Cross-language transfer of orthographic processing skills: A study of French children who learn English at school. Journal of Research in Reading, 34(1),5976.Google Scholar
Cuijpers, P., Griffin, J., & Furukawa, T. (2021). The lack of statistical power of subgroup analyses in meta-analyses: A cautionary note. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 30, E78. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796021000664CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummins, J. (1979). Linguistic interdependence and the educational development of bilingual children. Review of Educational Research, 49(2), 222251.Google Scholar
Cummins, J. (1981). The role of primary language development in promoting educational success for language minority students. In California State Department of Education, ed., Schooling and Language Minority Students: A Theoretical Framework. Los Angeles, CA: Evaluation, Dissemination and Assessment Center, California State University, pp. 349.Google Scholar
Deacon, S. H., Kieffer, M. J., & Laroche, A. (2014). The relation between morphological awareness and reading comprehension: Evidence from mediation and longitudinal models. Scientific Studies of Reading, 18(6), 432451.Google Scholar
Deacon, S. H., Wade‐Woolley, L., & Kirby, J. R. (2009). Flexibility in young second‐language learners: Examining the language specificity of orthographic processing. Journal of Research in Reading, 32(2), 215229.Google Scholar
Ehri, L. C. (2005). Development of sight word reading: Phases and findings. In Snowling, M. J. & Hulme, C., eds., The Science of Reading: A Handbook. Malden, MA: Blackwell, pp. 135154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elleman, A. M., Lindo, E. J., Morphy, P., & Compton, D. L. (2009). The impact of vocabulary instruction on passage-level comprehension of school-age children: A meta-analysis. Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, 2(1), 144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eviatar, Z., Taha, H., & Shwartz, M. (2018). Metalinguistic awareness and literacy among semitic-bilingual learners: A cross-language perspective. Reading and Writing, 31, 18691891.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genesee, F., Geva, E., Dressler, C., & Kamil, M. (2006). Synthesis: Cross-linguistic relationships in working memory, phonological processes, and oral language. In August, D. & Shanahan, T., eds., Developing Literacy in Second-Language Learners: Report of the National Literacy Panel on Language-Minority Children and Youth. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 153174.Google Scholar
Georgiou, G. K., Martinez, D., Vieira, A. P. A., & Guo, K. (2021). Is orthographic knowledge a strength or a weakness in individuals with dyslexia? Evidence from a meta-analysis. Annals of Dyslexia, 71(1), 527.Google Scholar
Geva, E., & Ryan, E. B. (1993). Linguistic and cognitive correlates of academic skills in first and second language. Language Learning, 43, 542.Google Scholar
Geva, E., & Siegel, L. S. (2000). Orthographic and cognitive factors in the concurrent development of basic reading skills in two languages. Reading and Writing, 12(1), 130.Google Scholar
Gombert, J. (1992). Metalinguistic Development. Chicago: University of Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
Goodwin, A. P., & Ahn, S. (2010). A meta-analysis of morphological interventions: Effects on literacy achievement of children with literacy difficulties. Annals of Dyslexia, 60(2), 183208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodwin, A. P., & Ahn, S. (2013). A meta-analysis of morphological interventions in English: Effects on literacy outcomes for school-age children. Scientific Studies of Reading, 17(4), 257285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodwin, A., & Jiménez, R. T. (2020). The science of reading: Supports, critiques, and questions. Reading Research Quarterly, 55(S1), S7S16.Google Scholar
Goswami, U., & Bryant, P. (1990). Phonological Skills and Learning to Read. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Gottardo, A., Chen, X., & Huo, M. R. Y. (2021). Understanding within‐and cross‐language relations among language, preliteracy skills, and word reading in bilingual learners: Evidence from the science of reading. Reading Research Quarterly, 56(S1), S371S390.Google Scholar
Gottardo, A., Yan, B., Siegel, L. S., & Wade–Woolley, L. (2001). Factors related to English reading performance in children with Chinese as a first language: More evidence of cross language transfer of phonological processing. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(3), 530542.Google Scholar
Haastrup, K. (1991). Lexical Inferencing Procedures, or, Talking About Words: Receptive Procedures in Foreign Language Learning with Special Reference to English. Tubingen, Germany: Gunter Narr Verlag.Google Scholar
Halliday, M. A. K. (1981). The origin and early development of Chinese phonological theory. In Asher, R. E. & Henderson, E.J. A., eds., Towards a Theory of Phonetics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 123140.Google Scholar
Hatakeyama, M. (2012). Lexical inferencing in L2 Japanese reading: L2 proficiency and L1 reading as predictors of semantic gap filling (SGF) at word level. J-Stage, 9, 1331.Google Scholar
Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hohn, R. E., Slaney, K. L., & Tafreshi, D. (2019). Primary study quality in psychological meta-analyses: An empirical assessment of recent practice. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2667.Google Scholar
Hu, M., & Nation, I. S.P. (2000). Unknown vocabulary density and reading comprehension. Reading in a Foreign Language, 13(1), 403430.Google Scholar
Jak, S., & Cheung, M. W. L. (2020). Meta-analytic structural equation modeling with moderating effects on SEM parameters. Psychological Methods, 25(4), 430455.Google Scholar
Jeon, E. H., & Yamashita, J. (2014). L2 reading comprehension and its correlates: A meta-analysis. Language Learning, 64(1), 160212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kang, J. Y. (2013). Decontextualized language production in two languages: An investigation of children’s word definition skills in Korean and English. Applied Psycholinguistics, 34(2), 211231.Google Scholar
Ke, S., & Koda, K. (2017). Contributions of morphological awareness to adult L2 Chinese word meaning inferencing. The Modern Language Journal, 101(4), 742755.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ke, S., & Koda, K. (2019). Is vocabulary knowledge sufficient for word meaning inference? An investigation of the role of morphological awareness in adult L2 learners of Chinese. Applied Linguistics, 40(3), 456477.Google Scholar
Ke, S., Miller, R., Zhang, D., & Koda, K. (2021). Crosslinguistic sharing of morphological awareness in biliteracy development: A systematic review and meta-analysis of correlation coefficients. Language Learning, 71(1), 854.Google Scholar
Ke, S., & Koda, K. (2021). Transfer facilitation effects of morphological awareness on multicharacter word reading in Chinese as a second language. Applied Psycholinguistics, 42(5), 12631286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ke, S., & Zhang, D. (2021). Morphological instruction and reading development in young L2 readers: A scoping review of causal relationships. In B. Reynolds & M. Teng, eds., Teaching English reading and writing to young learners. Special issue of Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 11(3), 331350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerlinger, F. N. (1999). Foundations of Behavioral Research. New York: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
Kieffer, M. J., Biancarosa, G., & Mancilla-Martinez, J. (2013). Roles of morphological awareness in the reading comprehension of Spanish-speaking language minority learners: Exploring partial mediation by vocabulary and reading fluency. Applied Psycholinguistics, 34(4), 697725.Google Scholar
Kirby, R. J., & Bowers, P. N. (2017). Morphological instruction and literacy: Binding phonological, orthographic, and semantic features of words. In Cain, K., Compton, D. L., and Parrila, R. K., eds., Theories of Reading Development. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins, pp. 437461.Google Scholar
Koda, K. (2005). Insights into Second Language Reading: A Cross-Linguistic Approach. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Koda, K. (2007). Reading and language learning: Cross-linguistic constraints on second language reading development. Language Learning, 57(Suppl.1), 144.Google Scholar
Koda, K. (2008). Impacts of prior literacy experience on second-language learning to read. In Koda, K. & Zehler, A. M., eds., Learning to Read Across Languages: Cross-Linguistic Relationships in First- and Second-Language Literacy Development. New York: Routledge, pp. 6896.Google Scholar
Koda, K., & Ke, S. (2018). L1-induced facilitation in L2 reading development (in Chinese). Journal of International Chinese Teaching, 18(2), 4048.Google Scholar
Koda, K., , C., & Zhang, D. (2014). L1-induced facilitation in biliteracy development in Chinese and English. In Chen, X., Wang, Q., & Luo, Y., eds., Reading Development and Difficulties in Monolingual and Bilingual Chinese Children. New York: Springer, pp. 141170.Google Scholar
Koda, K., & Miller, R. T. (2018). Cross-linguistic interaction in L2 word meaning inference in English as a foreign language. In, H. K. Pae, e d., Writing Systems, Reading Processes, and Cross-Linguistic Influences: Reflections from the Chinese, Japanese and Korean Languages. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins, pp. 293312.Google Scholar
Koda, K., & Reddy, P. (2008). Cross-linguistic transfer in second language reading. Language Teaching, 41(4), 497508.Google Scholar
Koda, K., & Yamashita, J. (2018). Reading to Learn in a Foreign Language: An Integrated Approach to Foreign Language Instruction and Assessment. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kuo, L. J., & Anderson, R. C. (2008). Conceptual and methodological issues in comparing metalinguistic awareness across languages. In Koda, K. & Zehler, A. M., eds., Learning to Read Across Languages: Cross-Linguistic Relationships in First- and Second-Language Literacy Development. New York: Routledge, pp. 3967.Google Scholar
Kuo, L. J., & Anderson, R. C. (2010). Beyond cross-language transfer: Reconceptualizing the impact of early bilingualism on phonological awareness. Scientific Studies of Reading, 14(4), 365385.Google Scholar
Lado, R. (1957). Linguistics Across Cultures: Applied Linguistics for Language Teachers. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Leong, C. K., Tse, S. K., Loh, K. Y., & Ki, W. W. (2011). Orthographic knowledge important in comprehending elementary Chinese text by users of alphasyllabaries. Reading Psychology, 32(3), 237271.Google Scholar
Levesque, K. C., Breadmore, H. L., & Deacon, S. H. (2021). How morphology impacts reading and spelling: Advancing the role of morphology in models of literacy development. Journal of Research in Reading, 44(1), 1026.Google Scholar
Li, L., & Wu, X. (2015). Effects of metalinguistic awareness on reading comprehension and the mediator role of reading fluency from grades 2 to 4. PLOS ONE, 10(3), e0114417.Google Scholar
Li, X., & Koda, K. (2022). Linguistic constraints on the cross-linguistic variations in L2 word recognition. Reading and Writing, 35, 14011424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Y. (2021). How do children learn new words in a second language? The role of self-teaching in orthographic learning. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland.Google Scholar
Li, Y., Li, H., & Wang, M. (2020). The roles of phonological recoding, semantic radicals and writing practice in orthographic learning in Chinese. Scientific Studies of Reading, 24(3), 252263.Google Scholar
Liu, N., & Nation, P. (1985). Factors affecting guessing vocabulary in context. RECL Journal, 16(1), 3342.Google Scholar
Luo, Y. (2013). Biliteracy development in Chinese and English: The roles of phonological awareness, morphological awareness and orthographic processing in word-level reading and vocabulary acquisition. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto.Google Scholar
Marsden, E., Morgan-Short, K., Thompson, S., & Abugaber, D. (2018). Replication in second language research: Narrative and systematic reviews and recommendations for the field. Language Learning, 68(2), 321391.Google Scholar
Masterson, J. J., & Apel, K. (2000). Spelling assessment: Charting a path to optimal intervention. Topics in Language Disorders, 20(3), 5065.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McBride-Chang, C. (1995). What is phonological awareness? Journal of Educational Psychology, 87(2), 179192.Google Scholar
McBride-Chang, C., Cho, J. R., Liu, H., Wagner, R. K., Shu, H., Zhou, A., Cheuk, C. S., & Muse, A. (2005). Changing models across cultures: Associations of phonological awareness and morphological structure awareness with vocabulary and word recognition in second graders from Beijing, Hong Kong, Korea, and the United States. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 92(2), 140160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McBride-Chang, C., Tardif, T., Cho, J. R., Shu, H. U. A., Fletcher, P., Stokes, S. F., Wong, A., & Leung, K. (2008). What’s in a word? Morphological awareness and vocabulary knowledge in three languages. Applied Psycholinguistics, 29(3), 437462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McBride-Chang, C., Wagner, R. K., Muse, A., Chow, B. W. Y., & Shu, H. U. A. (2005). The role of morphological awareness in children’s vocabulary acquisition in English. Applied Psycholinguistics, 26(3), 415435.Google Scholar
Meara, P. (1996). The dimensions of lexical competence. In Brown, G., Malmkjaer, K., and Williams, J., eds., Performance and Competence in Second Language Acquisition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 3355.Google Scholar
Melby‐Lervåg, M., & Lervåg, A. (2011). Cross‐linguistic transfer of oral language, decoding, phonological awareness and reading comprehension: A meta‐analysis of the correlational evidence. Journal of Research in Reading, 34(1), 114135.Google Scholar
Messick, S. (1989). Validity. In Linn, R. L. (Ed.), Educational Measurement, 3rd ed. New York: American Council on Education, pp. 13103.Google Scholar
Míguez‐Álvarez, C., Cuevas‐Alonso, M., & Saavedra, Á. (2021). Relationships between phonological awareness and reading in Spanish: A meta‐analysis. Language Learning, 72(1), 113157.Google Scholar
Nagy, W. (2007). Metalinguistic awareness and the vocabulary-comprehension connection. In Wagner, R. K., Muse, A. E., and Tannenbaum, K. R., eds., Vocabulary Acquisition: Implications for Reading Comprehension. London; New York: Guilford Press, pp. 5277.Google Scholar
Nagy, W. E., & Anderson, R. C. (1995). Metalinguistic Awareness and Literacy Acquisition in Different Languages. Center for the Study of Reading technical report no. 618. Urbana, IL: Center for the Study of Reading.Google Scholar
Nagy, W., Berninger, V., Abbott, R., Vaughan, K., & Vermeulen, K. (2003). Relationship of morphology and other language skills to literacy skills in at-risk second-grade readers and at-risk fourth-grade writers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(4), 730742.Google Scholar
Nagy, W. E., Carlisle, J. F., & Goodwin, A. P. (2014). Morphological knowledge and literacy acquisition. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 47(1), 312.Google Scholar
Nagy, W., & Townsend, D. (2012). Words as tools: Learning academic vocabulary as language acquisition. Reading Research Quarterly, 47(1), 91108.Google Scholar
Nassaji, H. (2003). L2 vocabulary learning from context: Strategies, knowledge sources, and their relationship with success in L2 lexical inferencing. TESOL Quarterly, 37(4), 645670.Google Scholar
Nassaji, H. (2006). The relationship between depth of vocabulary knowledge and L2 learners’ lexical inferencing strategy use and success. The Modern Language Journal, 90(3), 387401.Google Scholar
Nassaji, H., & Geva, E. (1999). The contribution of phonological and orthographic processing skills to adult ESL reading: Evidence from native speakers of Farsi. Applied Psycholinguistics, 20(2), 241267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nation, I. S. P. (2001). Learning Vocabulary in Another Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nation, I. (2006). How large a vocabulary is needed for reading and listening? Canadian Modern Language Review, 63(1), 5982.Google Scholar
Nunes, T., Bryant, P., & Bindman, M. (1997). Morphological spelling strategies: Developmental stages and processes. Developmental Psychology, 33(4), 637649.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ordóñez, C. L., Carlo, M. S., Snow, C. E., & McLaughlin, B. (2002). Depth and breadth of vocabulary in two languages: Which vocabulary skills transfer? Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(4), 719728.Google Scholar
Pan, J., Song, S., Su, M., McBride, C., Liu, H., Zhang, Y., … & Shu, H. (2016). On the relationship between phonological awareness, morphological awareness and Chinese literacy skills: Evidence from an 8‐year longitudinal study. Developmental Science, 19(6), 982991.Google Scholar
Paribakht, T. S., & Wesche, M. (1999). “Incidental” vocabulary acquisition through reading: An introspective study. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 21(2), 203220.Google Scholar
Pasquarella, A., Deacon, H., Chen, X., Commissaire, & Au-Yeung, K. (2014). Acquiring orthographic processing through word reading: Evidence from children learning to read French and English. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 61(3), 240257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peng, P., Lee, K., Luo, J., Li, S., Joshi, R. M., & Tao, S. (2021). Simple view of reading in Chinese: A one-stage meta-analytic structural equation modeling. Review of Educational Research, 91(1), 333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perfetti, C. A. (2003). The universal grammar of reading. Scientific Studies of Reading, 7(1), 324.Google Scholar
Perfetti, C. A. (2007). Reading ability: Lexical quality to comprehension. Scientific Studies of Reading, 11(4), 357383.Google Scholar
Perfetti, C. A., & Hart, L. (2002). The lexical quality hypothesis. In Vehoeven, L., Elbro, C., & Reitsma, P., eds., Precursors of Functional Literacy. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 189213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perfetti, C., & Stafura, J. (2014). Word knowledge in a theory of reading comprehension. Scientific Studies of Reading, 18(1), 2237.Google Scholar
Plaut, D. C., McClelland, J. L., Seidenberg, M. S., & Patterson, K. (1996). Understanding normal and impaired word reading: Computational principles in quasi-regular domains. Psychological Review, 103(1), 56115.Google Scholar
Plonsky, L., & Derrick, D. J. (2016). A meta‐analysis of reliability coefficients in second language research. The Modern Language Journal, 100(2), 538553.Google Scholar
Plonsky, L., & Ghanbar, H. (2018). Multiple regression in L2 research: A methodological synthesis and guide to interpreting R2 values. The Modern Language Journal, 102(4), 713731.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plonsky, L., & Oswald, F. L. (2014). How big is “big”? Interpreting effect sizes in L2 research. Language Learning, 64(4), 878912.Google Scholar
Qian, D. D. (1998). Depth of vocabulary knowledge: Assessing its role in adults’ reading comprehension in English as a Second Language. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto.Google Scholar
Qian, D. D. (2005). Demystifying lexical inferencing: The role of aspects of vocabulary knowledge. TESL Canada Journal, 22(2), 3454.Google Scholar
Read, J. (1993). The development of a new measure of L2 vocabulary knowledge. Language Testing, 10(3), 355371.Google Scholar
Read, J. (2000). Assessing Vocabulary. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Reddy, P. P., & Koda, K. (2013). Orthographic constraints on phonological awareness in biliteracy development. Writing Systems Research, 5(1), 110130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riches, C., & Genesee, F. (2006). Crosslanguage and crossmodal influences. In Genesee, F., Lindholm-Leary, K., Saunders, W., and Christian, D., eds., Educating English Language Learners: A Synthesis of Research Evidence. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 6487.Google Scholar
Ricketts, J., Bishop, D. V., & Nation, K. (2009). Orthographic facilitation in oral vocabulary acquisition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62(10), 19481966.Google Scholar
Roehr-Brackin, K. (2018). Metalinguistic Awareness and Second Language Acquisition. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ruan, Y., Georgiou, G. K., Song, S., Li, Y., & Shu, H. (2018). Does writing system influence the associations between phonological awareness, morphological awareness, and reading? A meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 110(2), 180202.Google Scholar
Russak, S. (2020). The contribution of cognitive and linguistic skills in L1 and EFL to English spelling among native speakers of Arabic and Hebrew. Cognitive Development, 55, 100924.Google Scholar
Saiegh-Haddad, E., & Geva, E. (2008). Morphological awareness, phonological awareness, and reading in English–Arabic bilingual children. Reading and Writing, 21, 481504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saiegh-Haddad, E., Lask, L., & McBride, C. (eds.). (2022). Handbook of Literacy in Diglossia and in Dialectal Contexts: Psycholinguistic, Neurolinguistic, and Educational Perspectives. Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salins, A., Cupples, L., Leigh, G., & Castles, A. (2022). Orthographic facilitation of oral vocabulary acquisition in primary school children. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218221102916Google Scholar
Schatschneider, C., Francis, D. J., Foorman, B. R., Fletcher, J. M., & Mehta, P. (1999). The dimensionality of phonological awareness: An application of item response theory. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(3), 439449.Google Scholar
Schmitt, N., Jiang, X., & Grabe, W. (2011). The percentage of words known in a text and reading comprehension. The Modern Language Journal, 95(1), 2643.Google Scholar
Seidenberg, M. S., & McClelland, J. L. (1989). A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming. Psychological Review, 96(4), 523568.Google Scholar
Share, D. L. (2021). Is the science of reading just the science of reading English? Reading Research Quarterly, 56(S1), S391S402.Google Scholar
Singson, M., Mahony, D., & Mann, V. (2000). The relation between reading ability and morphological skills: Evidence from derivational suffixes. Reading and Writing, 12, 219252.Google Scholar
Sohail, J., Sorenson Duncan, T., Koh, P. W., Deacon, S. H., & Chen, X. (2022). How syntactic awareness might influence reading comprehension in English–French bilingual children. Reading and Writing, 35(5), 12891313.Google Scholar
Sparks, R. L., & Ganschow, L. (1991). Foreign language learning differences: Affective or native language aptitude differences? The Modern Language Journal, 75(1), 316.Google Scholar
Sparks, R., Ganschow, L., & Pohlman, J. (1989). Linguistic coding deficits in foreign language learners. Annals of Dyslexia, 39(1), 177195.Google Scholar
Stahl, S. A., & Murray, B. A. (1994). Defining phonological awareness and its relationship to early reading. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86(2), 221234.Google Scholar
Sun-Alperin, M. K., & Wang, M. (2011). Cross-language transfer of phonological and orthographic processing skills from Spanish L1 to English L2. Reading and Writing, 24, 591614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Templeton, S., & Morris, D. (2000). Spelling. In Kamil, M., Mosenthal, P., Pearson, P. D., & Barr, R., eds., Handbook of Reading Research. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 525543.Google Scholar
Tighe, E. L., Little, C. W., Arrastia-Chisholm, M. C., Schatschneider, C., Diehm, E., Quinn, J. M., & Edwards, A. A. (2019). Assessing the direct and indirect effects of metalinguistic awareness to the reading comprehension skills of struggling adult readers. Reading and Writing, 32(3), 787818.Google Scholar
Tong, X., Kwan, J. L. Y., Tong, S., & Deacon, S. H. (2022). How Chinese–English bilingual fourth graders draw on syntactic awareness in reading comprehension: Within‐and cross‐language effects. Reading Research Quarterly, 57(2), 409429.Google Scholar
Tunmer, W. E., Pratt, C., & Herriman, M. L. (1984.). Metalinguistic Awareness in Children: Theory, Research, and Implications. New York: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Valentine, J. C., Pigott, T. D., & Rothstein, H. R. (2010). How many studies do you need? A primer on statistical power for meta-analysis. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 35(2), 215247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagner, R. K., & Meros, D. (2010). Vocabulary and reading comprehension: Direct, indirect, and reciprocal influences. Focus on Exceptional Children, 1G1-245473138.Google Scholar
Wang, M., Lin, C. Y., & Yang, C. (2014). Contributions of phonology, orthography, and morphology in Chinese–English biliteracy acquisition: A one-year longitudinal study. In Chen, X. Wang, Q., and Luo, Y.C., eds., Reading Development and Difficulties in Monolingual and Bilingual Chinese Children. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 191211.Google Scholar
Wang, M., Yang, C., & Cheng, C. (2009). The contributions of phonology, orthography, and morphology in Chinese–English biliteracy acquisition. Applied Psycholinguistics, 30(2), 291314.Google Scholar
Williams, J. P., & Atkins, J. G. (2009). The role of metacognition in teaching reading comprehension to primary students. In Hacker, D. J., Dunlosky, J., & Graesser, A. C., eds., Handbook of Metacognition in Education. New York: Routledge, pp. 2643.Google Scholar
Wong, Y. K., & Zhou, Y. (2021). Effects of metalinguistic awareness on Chinese as a second language spelling through the mediation of reading and copying. Reading and Writing, 35, 853875.Google Scholar
Yuill, N. (2007). Visiting joke city: How can talking about jokes foster metalinguistic awareness in poor comprehenders In McNamara, D., ed., Reading Comprehension Strategies: Theories, Interventions, and Technologies. London: Routledge, pp. 325345.Google Scholar
Zhang, D. (2016). Morphology in Malay–English biliteracy acquisition: An intervention study. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 19(5), 546562.Google Scholar
Zhang, D. (2017a). Multidimensionality of morphological awareness and text comprehension among young Chinese readers in a multilingual context. Learning and Individual Differences, 56, 1323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, D. (2017b). Word reading in L1 and L2 learners of Chinese: Similarities and differences in the functioning of component processes. The Modern Language Journal, 101(2), 391411.Google Scholar
Zhang, D., & Ke, S. (2019). The simple view of reading made complex by morphological decoding fluency in bilingual fourth-grade readers of English. Reading Research Quarterly, 55(2), 311329.Google Scholar
Zhang, D., & Koda, K. (2012). Contribution of morphological awareness and lexical inferencing ability to L2 vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension among advanced EFL learners: Testing direct and indirect effects. Reading and Writing, 25(5), 11951216.Google Scholar
Zhang, D., & Koda, K. (2013). Morphological awareness and reading comprehension in a foreign language: A study of young Chinese EFL learners. System, 41(4), 901913.Google Scholar
Zhang, D., & Yang, X. (2016). Chinese L2 learners’ depth of vocabulary knowledge and its role in reading comprehension. Foreign Language Annals, 49(4), 699715.Google Scholar
Zhang, H., & Koda, K. (2018). Vocabulary knowledge and morphological awareness in Chinese as a heritage language (CHL) reading comprehension ability. Reading and Writing, 31, 5374.Google Scholar
Zhang, H., & Koda, K. (2021). Cross-linguistic morphological awareness in Chinese heritage language reading acquisition. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 50(2), 335353.Google Scholar
Zhang, H., & Lin, J. (2021). Morphological knowledge in second language reading comprehension: Examining mediation through vocabulary knowledge and lexical inference. Educational Psychology, 41(5), 563581.Google Scholar
Zhang, J., Lin, T. J., Liu, Y., & Nagy, W. E. (2020). Morphological awareness and reading comprehension: Differential mediation mechanisms in native English speakers, fluent English learners, and limited English learners. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 199, 104915.Google Scholar
Zhao, J., Joshi, R. M., Dixon, L. Q., & Chen, S. (2017). Contribution of phonological, morphological and orthographic awareness to English word spelling: A comparison of EL1 and EFL models. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 49, 185194.Google Scholar
Zhao, Y., Wu, X., Sun, P., Xie, R., Feng, J., & Chen, H. (2019). The relationship between morphological awareness and reading comprehension among Chinese children: Evidence from multiple mediation models. Learning and Individual Differences, 72, 5968.Google Scholar
Zhou, Y., McBride, C., Leung, J. S. M., Wang, Y., Joshi, M., & Farver, J. (2018). Chinese and English reading-related skills in L1 and L2 Chinese-speaking children in Hong Kong. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 33(3), 300312.Google Scholar
Ziegler, J. C., & Goswami, U. (2005). Reading acquisition, developmental dyslexia, and skilled reading across languages: A psycholinguistic grain size theory. Psychological Bulletin, 131(1), 329.Google Scholar
Ziegler, J. C., & Goswami, U. (2006). Becoming literate in different languages: Similar problems, different solutions. Developmental Science, 9(5), 429436.Google Scholar
Zipke, M., Ehri, L. C., & Cairns, H. S. (2009). Using semantic ambiguity instruction to improve third graders’ metalinguistic awareness and reading comprehension: An experimental study. Reading Research Quarterly, 44(3), 300321.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Metalinguistic Awareness in Second Language Reading Development
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Metalinguistic Awareness in Second Language Reading Development
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Metalinguistic Awareness in Second Language Reading Development
Available formats
×