The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) outbreak first emerged in China late last year. The COVID-19 epidemic has spread to all continents. Millions of people got sick with COVID-19. In this letter to the editor, I suggest that the COVID-19 survivors especially individuals who had severe COVID-19 are at increased suicide risk. Suicidality among individuals who had COVID-19 may be related to both psychological and neurobiological factors.
Psychological factors that may increase suicide risk among COVID-19 patients include learning about their diagnosis, anxiety, and distress related to symptoms of the disease and stress related to hospitalisation and hospital treatment. Realising that they have COVID-19 may be very stressful, especially for low-resilient individuals. Symptoms of the disease, especially severe symptoms, as well as social isolation and fear of infecting other people may lead to a serious psychological trauma. Individuals who needed an admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) are at especially high risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, sleep abnormalities, and cognitive impairments (McGiffin et al., Reference McGiffin, Galatzer-Levy and Bonanno2016). Ventilation adjustments, gaps in anaesthesia and/or analgesia, long sedation, restraint use, and other ICU-related factors contribute to a profound psychological effect of ICU hospitalisations. A recent study in China indicated that 96.2% of recovering COVID-19 patients had significant post-traumatic stress symptoms (Bo et al., Reference Bo, Li, Yang, Wang, Zhang, Cheung, Wu and Xiang2020).
Multiple lines of evidence indicate that stress-related disorders including depression, PTSD, and sleep disorders are associated with suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and death by suicide (Sher, Reference Sher2019). Sleep abnormalities are a stand-alone risk factor for suicidal behaviour. Cognitive impairments are also associated with suicidality (Sher, Reference Sher2019). Many recovering COVID-19 patients have physical symptoms for a long time and experience psychosocial difficulties such as loss of employment and financial issues. Both physical symptoms and psychosocial stressors contribute to suicidal behaviour (Sher, Reference Sher2019).
COVID-19 has neurobiological effects (Asadi-Pooya & Simani, Reference Asadi-Pooya and Simani2020). Studies have shown human coronavirus infections are associated with neuroinvasion and neurotropism (Asadi-Pooya & Simani, Reference Asadi-Pooya and Simani2020). A recent review of the effect of COVID-19 on the central nervous system indicates that neurological manifestations are present in about 25% of the patients (Asadi-Pooya & Simani, Reference Sher2020). Headache, dizziness, acute ischaemic stroke, ataxia, seizures, and other neurological conditions have been observed in COVID-19 patients. Neurological conditions including ischaemic stroke and headache are associated with increased suicide risk (Hudzik & Marek, Reference Hudzik, Marek, Cannon and Hudzik2014).
COVID-19 survivors should be regarded as individuals at elevated risk for suicide. The single most significant predictor of suicide is the presence of depression. Recovered COVID-19 patients need to be screened for depression and suicidality. Many coronavirus disease survivors will need long-term psychological interventions. There should be specific strategies to enhance the psychological condition of COVID-19 survivors and reduce suicidality in this population. We need to examine what kind of early interventions in coronavirus disease survivors may decrease psychiatric morbidity and suicidality in the future.
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