Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T05:42:25.210Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Brief neuropsychological profiles in psychosis: a pilot study using the Audio Recorded Cognitive Screen (ARCS)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 June 2014

Carmel M Loughland ,
Joanne Allen ,
Louisa Gianacas ,
Peter W Schofield ,
Terry J Lewin ,
Mick Hunter  and
Vaughan J Carr
Carmel M Loughland*
Affiliation:
Schizophrenia Research Institute (SRI), Sydney, NSW, Australia Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle and Hunter New England Mental Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Joanne Allen
Affiliation:
Schizophrenia Research Institute (SRI), Sydney, NSW, Australia Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle and Hunter New England Mental Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Louisa Gianacas
Affiliation:
Schizophrenia Research Institute (SRI), Sydney, NSW, Australia Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle and Hunter New England Mental Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Peter W Schofield
Affiliation:
Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle and Hunter New England Mental Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia Neuropsychiatry Service, Hunter New England Mental Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Terry J Lewin
Affiliation:
Schizophrenia Research Institute (SRI), Sydney, NSW, Australia Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle and Hunter New England Mental Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Mick Hunter
Affiliation:
Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle and Hunter New England Mental Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Vaughan J Carr
Affiliation:
Schizophrenia Research Institute (SRI), Sydney, NSW, Australia School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
*
Carmel M Loughland, Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, PO Box 833, Newcastle, New South Wales 2300, Australia. Tel: +61 2 4033 5722; Fax: +61 2 4033 5692; E-mail: carmel.loughland@newcastle.edu.au
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Loughland CM, Allen J, Gianacas L, Schofield PW, Lewin TJ, Hunter M, Carr VJ. Brief neuropsychological profiles in psychosis: a pilot study using the Audio Recorded Cognitive Screen (ARCS).

Objective:

This pilot study examines the utility of a novel, standardised brief neuropsychological assessment tool (the ARCS, Audio Recorded Cognitive Screen) in a different clinical setting to that in which it was initially developed. We hypothesised that the ARCS would be feasible to administer to individuals with a psychotic illness and that it would detect cognitive deficits similar to those identified by an established instrument (the RBANS, Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status).

Methods:

Twenty-five people with psychosis (mean age = 43.72, SD = 9.78) and 25 age- and gender-matched controls were recruited from the Newcastle community (NSW, Australia). The ARCS and RBANS were completed about 1 week apart in a counterbalanced order.

Results:

The ARCS was well received, performed satisfactorily and both the ARCS and RBANS were sensitive to deficits typically associated with psychosis (e.g. memory and attention). After controlling for memory deficits, the largest disparity between the psychosis and control groups was on the ARCS fluency domain [p < 0.001, partial Eta-squared (ηp2) = 0.21].

Conclusion:

The ARCS uses audio administration (approximately 34 min) to reduce clinician time (to 3–5 min for scoring) and appears to be a useful brief assessment tool for examining the cognitive deficits associated with psychosis. However, the potential clinical utility of the ARCS needs to be investigated further in larger samples drawn from a wider variety of specialist and non-specialist settings.

Keywords

Audio Recorded Cognitive Screencognitive deficitsneuropsychological testsRepeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Statusschizophrenia
Type
Research Article
Information
Acta Neuropsychiatrica , Volume 22 , Issue 5 , October 2010 , pp. 243 - 252
Copyright
Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Tracy, JI, Mattson, R, King, C, Bundick, T, Celenza, MA, Glosser, G.A comparison of memory for verbal and non-verbal material in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2001;50:199–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tuulio-Henriksson, A, Partonon, T, Suvisaari, J, Haukka, J, Lonnqvist, J.Age at onset and cognitive functioning in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2004;185:215–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brebion, G, David, AS, Jones, H, Pilowsky, LS.Semantic organisation and verbal memory efficiency in patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychology 2004;18:378–383.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuller, R, Luck, S, McMahon, R, Gold, J.Working memory consolidation is abnormally slow in schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 2005;114:279–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, J, Park, S.Working memory impairments in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. J Abnorm Psychol 2005;114:599–611.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silver, H, Feldman, P, Bilker, W, Gur, RC.Working memory deficit as a core neuropsychological dysfunction in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:1809–1816.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zanello, A, Curtis, L, Badan, BÂM, Merlo, MCG.Working memory impairments in first-episode psychosis and chronic schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2009;165:10–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gold, J, Wilk, C, McMahon, R, Buchanan, R, Luck, S.Working memory for visual features and conjunctions in schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 2003;112:61–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, RCK, Chen, EYH, Law, CW.Specific executive dysfunction in patients with first-episode medication-naïve schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2006;82:51–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Medalia, A, Lim, RW.Self-awareness of cognitive functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2004;71:331–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofer, A, Baumgartner, S, Bodner, Tet al. Patient outcomes in schizophrenia II: the impact of cognition. Eur Psychiatry 2005;20:395–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, AS, Forbes, CB, Mann, MC, Blanchard, JJ.Specific cognitive deficits and differential domains of social functioning impairment in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2006;81:227–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Addington, J, Saeedi, H, Addington, D.The course of cognitive functioning in first episode psychosis: changes over time and impact on outcome. Schizophr Res 2005;78:35–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gold, JM.Cognitive deficits as treatment targets in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2004;72:21–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liddle, PF.Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: its impact on social functioning. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000; 101:11–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, MF.What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia? Am J Psychiatry 1996;153:321–330.Google Scholar
Green, MF, Kern, RS, Braff, DL, Mintz, J.Neurocognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia: Are we measuring the “right stuff”? Schizophr Bull 2000;26:119–136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGurk, SR, Meltzer, HY.The role of cognition in vocational functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2000;45:175–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Revheim, N, Schechter, I, Kim, Det al. Neurocognitive and symptom correlates of daily problem-solving skills in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2006;83:237–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickerson, F, Boronow, JJ, Stallings, C, Origoni, AE, Cole, SK, Yolken, RH.Cognitive functioning in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: comparison of performance on the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status. Psychiatry Res 2004;129:45–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, R.Should cognitive deficit be a diagnostic criterion for schizophrenia? J Psychiatry Neurosci 2004;29:102–113.Google Scholar
Green, MF, Nuechterlein, KH, Gold, JMet al. Approaching a consensus cognitive battery for clinical trials in schizophrenia: the NIMH-MATRICS conference to select cognitive domains and test criteria. Biol Psychiatry 2004;56:301–307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kern, RS, Nuechterlein, KH, Green, MFet al. The MATRICS consensus cognitive battery, part 2: co-norming and standardization. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165:214–220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bilder, RM, Goldman, RS, Volavka, Jet al. Neurocognitive effects of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol in patients with chronic schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:1018–1028.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nuechterlein, KH, Green, MF, Kern, RSet al. The MATRICS consensus cognitive battery, part 1: test selection, reliability, and validity. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165:203–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keefe, RSE, Harvey, PD, Goldberg, TEet al. Norms and standardization of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS). Schizophr Res 2008;102:108–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Randolph, C.RBANS manual – Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation (Harcourt), 1998. Google Scholar
Gold, JM, Queern, C, Iannone, VN, Buchanan, RW.Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status as a screening test in schizophrenia, I: sensitivity, reliability and validity. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:1944–1950.Google Scholar
Wilk, CM, Gold, JM, Bartko, JJet al. Test-retest stability of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:838–844.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loughland, CM, Lewin, TJ, Carr, VJ, Sheedy, J, Harris, AW.RBANS neuropsychological profiles within schizophrenia samples recruited from non-clinical settings. Schizophr Res 2007;89:232–242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hobart, MP, Goldberg, R, Bartko, JJ, Gold, JM.Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status as a screening test in schizophrenia, II: convergent/discriminant validity and diagnostic group comparisons. J Psychiatry 1999;156:1951–1957.Google ScholarPubMed
Wilk, CM, Gold, JM, Humber, K, Dickerson, F, Fenton, WS, Buchanan, RW.Brief cognitive assessment in schizophrenia: normative data for the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status. Schizophr Res 2004;70:175–186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iverson, GL, Brooks, BL, Haley, GMT.Interpretation of the RBANS in inpatient psychiatry: clinical normative data and prevalence of low scores for patients with schizophrenia. Appl Neuropsychol 2009;31–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carr, VJ, Johnston, PJ, Lewin, TJ, Rajkumar, S, Carter, GL, Issakidis, C.Patterns of service use among persons with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Psychiatr Serv 2003;54:226–235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schofield, PW, Lee, SJ, Lewin, TJet al. The Audio Cognitive Screen (ARCS): a flexible hybrid cognitive test instrument. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 2010;81:602–607.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lechner-Scott, J, Kerr, T, Spencer, B, Agland, S, Lydon, A, Schofield, PW.The Audio Cognitive Screen (ARCS) in patients with multiple sclerosis: a practical tool for multiple sclerosis clinics. Mult Scler 2010 (in press; DOI: 10.1177/1352458510374743).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loughland, CM, Carr, VC, Lewin, T.The NISAD Schizophrenia Research Register: Why do we need a schizophrenia database? Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2001;35:660–669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castle, DJ, Jablensky, A, McGrath, JJet al. The diagnostic interview for psychoses (DIP): development, reliability and applications. Psychol Med 2006;36:69–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychological Association. The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2000. Google ScholarPubMed
Ventura, J, Lukoff, D, Nuechterlein, KH, Liberman, RP, Green, MF, Shaner, A.Appendix 1: Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) Expanded Version (4.0) scales, anchor points and administration manual. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 1993;3:224–243.Google Scholar
Kay, SR, Fiszbein, A, Opler, LA.The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1987;13:261–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, A, Donnell, AJ, Young, TR.Factor structure and differential validity of the expanded brief psychiatric rating scale. Assessment 2004;11:177–187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loughland, CM, Carr, VJ, Lewin, TJ, Barnard, RE, Chapman, JL, Walton, JM.Potential sampling and recruitment source impacts in schizophrenia research. Psychiatry Res 2004;125:117–127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fitzgerald, D, Lucas, S, Antoinette, MRet al. Cognitive functioning in young people with first episode psychosis: relationship to diagnosis and clinical characteristics. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2004;38:501–510.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed