Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-11T03:22:58.096Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Circadian regulation of sleep propensity, sleep structure and alertness: A symphony of paradoxes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2015

D.J. Dijk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The adult human typically exhibits a monophasic sleep-wake cycle, i.e., remains awake and alert for approximately 16 hours and then sleeps for 8 hours. Recent experiments have provided new insights in the role of the endogenous circadian pacemaker in this consolidation of sleep and wakefulness.

Sleep deprivation studies had shown previously that sleepiness and alertness are co-determined by a process which keeps track of the history of sleep and wakefulness and the circadian pacemaker, which keeps track of time. During every day life and during sleep deprivation both processes change simultaneously and their relative contribution to alertness and sleep propensity cannot be assessed under these conditions.

Keywords

EEGsuprachiasmatic nucleusdelta sleepsleep spindlesREM sleephomeostasisEEGsuprachiasmatische kernendelta slaapslaupspoelenREM slaaphomeostase
Type
Research Article
Information
Acta Neuropsychiatrica , Volume 7 , Issue 2 , June 1995 , pp. 24 - 26
Copyright
Copyright © Scandinavian College of Neuropsychopharmacology 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature

1.Patrick, GTW, Gilbert, JA. On the effects of loss of sleep. Psychol Rev 1896; 3:469–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2.Åkerstedt, T, and Fröberg, J. Psychophysiological circadian rhythms in women during 75 hr of sleep deprivation. Waking Sleeping 1977;4:1–7.Google Scholar
3.Dijk, D-J, Duffy, J F, Czeisler, CA. Circadian and sleep/wake dependent aspects of subjective alertness and cognitive performance. J Sleep Res 1992; 1:112–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4.Dijk, D-J, Czeisler, CA. Paradoxical timing of the circadian rhythm of sleep propensity serves to consolidate sleep and wakefulness in humans. Neurosci Lett 1994; 166:63–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5.Dijk, D-J, Czeisler, CA. Contribution of the circadian pacemaker and the sleep homeostat to sleep propensity, sleep structure and electroencephalographic slow waves and sleep spindle activity in humans. J Neurosci 1995; 15:3526–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6.Czeisler, CA, Dumont, M, Duffy, JF, Steinberg, JD, Richardson, GS, Brown, EN, Sánchez, R, Ríos, CD, Ronda, JMAssociation of sleep-wake habits in older people with changes in output of circadian pacemaker. Lancet 1992;340:933–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7.Czeisler, CA, Dijk, D-J, Duffy, JF. Entrained phase of the circadian pacemaker serves to stabilize alertness and performance throughout the habitual waking day. In: Harsh, J., Ogilvie, R, eds. Sleep Onset: Normal and Abnormal Processes. Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 1994: 89–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Weitzman, ED, Nogeire, C, Perlow, M, Fukushima, D, Sassin, J, McGregor, P, Gallagher, TF, Hellman, L. Effects of a prolonged 3hour sleep-wake cycle on sleep stages, plasma Cortisol, growth hormone and body temperature in man. J clin Endocrinol Metab 1974; 38:1018–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9.Cohen, RA, Albers, HE. Disruption of human circadian and cognitive regulation following a discrete hypothalamic lesion: A case study. Neurology 1991 ;41:726–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10.Edgar, DM, Dement, WC, Fuller, CA. Effect of SCN lesions on sleep in squirrel monkeys: evidence for opponent processes in sleep-wake regulation. J Neurosci 1993; 13:1065–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11.Borbély, AA. A two-process model of sleep regulation. Hum Neurobiol 1982; 1: 195–204.Google ScholarPubMed
12.Daan, S, Beersma, DGM, Borbély, AA. Timing of human sleep: recovery process gated by a circadian pacemaker. Am J Physiol 1984; 246: R161–78.Google ScholarPubMed
13.Folkard, S, Åkerstedt, T. Towards a model for the prediction of alertness and/or fatigue on different sleep//wake schedules. In: Oginski, A, Polorski, J, Rutenfranz, J, eds. Shiftwork research: theoretical and practical aspects in the late eighties. Krakow: Medical Academy, 1987: 231–40.Google Scholar
14.Borbély, AA, Achermann, P, Trachsel, L, Tobler, I. Sleep initiation and sleep intensity: interaction of homeostatic and circadian mechanisms. J biol Rhythms 1989; 4:149–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15.Åkerstedt, T, Folkard, S. A model of human sleepiness. In: Home, JA, ed. Sleep '90. Bocgum: Pontenagel Press, 1990: 310–3.Google Scholar
16.Achermann, P, Borbély, AA. Simulation of daytime vigilance by the additive interaction of a homeostatic and a circadian process. Biol Cybern 1994; 71: 115–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Åkerstedt, T, Gillberg, M. The circadian variation of experimentally displaced sleep. Sleep 1981; 4:159–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18.Dijk, D-J, Beersma, DGM, Daan, S. EEG power density during nap sleep: reflection of an hourglass process measuring the duration of prior wakefulness. J biol Rhythms 1987; 2:207–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19.Landolt, HP, Moser, S, Wieser, HG, Borbély, AA, Dijk, D-J. Intracranial temperature across 24-h sleep-wake cycles in humans. Neuroreport 1995; 6: 913–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20.Wehr, T. A brain-warming function for REM sleep. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1992; 16:379–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21.Boivin, DB, Duffy, JF, Dijk, D-J, Smith, JA, Czeisler, CA. Endogenous circadian rhythm of subjective mood in healthy young men. Fourth meeting Society for research on Biological Rhythms, Jacksonville, Florida: Amelia Island Plantation, 05 4-8, 1994, abstract 110: 87.Google Scholar