Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T19:41:15.812Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Cultural Dynamics, Deep Time, and Data

Planning Cyberinfrastructure Investments for Archaeology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 January 2017

Keith W. Kintigh ,
Jeffrey H. Altschul ,
Ann P. Kinzig ,
W.Fredrick Limp ,
William K. Michener ,
Jeremy A. Sabloff ,
Edward J. Hackett ,
Timothy A. Kohler ,
Bertram Ludäscher  and
Clifford A. Lynch
Keith W. Kintigh
Affiliation:
School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Box 872402, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ 85287-2402 ( kintigh@asu.edu)
Jeffrey H. Altschul
Affiliation:
Statistical Research, Inc., P.O. Box 31865, Tucson AZ 85751 (jhaltschul@sricrm.com)
Ann P. Kinzig
Affiliation:
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Box 874501, Tempe AZ 85287-4501 (Ann.Kinzig@asu.edu)
W.Fredrick Limp
Affiliation:
Department of Geosciences, 304 JB Hunt, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701 (flimp@uark.edu)
William K. Michener
Affiliation:
University Libraries, University of New Mexico, 1312 Basehart Drive SE, MSC04 2815, Albuquerque NM 87131-0001 (wmichene@unm.edu)
Jeremy A. Sabloff
Affiliation:
Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe NM 87501 (jsabloff@santafe.edu)
Edward J. Hackett
Affiliation:
School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Box 872402, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ 85287-2402 ( ehackett@asu.edu)
Timothy A. Kohler
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, P.O. Box 644910, Washington State University, Pullman WA 99164-4910 and Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe NM 87501 (tako@wsu.edu)
Bertram Ludäscher
Affiliation:
Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 501 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL 61820 (ludaesch@illinois.edu)
Clifford A. Lynch
Affiliation:
Coalition for Networked Information, 21 Dupont Circle, Washington, D.C. 20036 (cliff@cni.org)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Archaeological data and research results are essential to addressing such fundamental questions as the origins of human culture; the origin, waxing, and waning of civilizations and cities; the response of societies to long-term climate changes; and the systemic relationships implicated in human-induced changes in the environment. However, we lack the capacity for acquiring, managing, analyzing, and synthesizing the data sets needed to address important questions such as these. We propose investments in computational infrastructure that would transform archaeology’s ability to advance research on the field’s most compelling questions with an evidential base and inferential rigor that have heretofore been impossible. At the same time, new infrastructure would make archaeological data accessible to researchers in other disciplines. We offer recommendations regarding data management and availability, cyberinfrastructure tool building, and social and cultural changes in the discipline. We propose funding synthetic case studies that would demonstrate archaeology’s ability to contribute to transdisciplinary research on long-term social dynamics and serve as a context for developing computational tools and analytical workflows that will be necessary to attack these questions. The case studies would explore how emerging research in computer science could empower this research and would simultaneously provide productive challenges for computer science research.

Los datos y resultados de la investigación arqueológica son esenciales para abordar cuestiones tan fundamentales como los orígenes de la cultura humana; el origen, crecimiento y decadencia de las civilizaciones y ciudades; la respuesta de las sociedades a los cambios climáticos a largo plazo y las relaciones sistémicas involucradas en los cambios antropogénicos en el medio ambiente. Sin embargo, carecemos de la capacidad para adquirir, administrar, analizar y sintetizar los conjuntos de datos necesarios para abordar cuestiones importantes como estas. En este trabajo proponemos que las inversiones en infraestructura computacional tienen la capacidad de transformar la habilidad de la arqueología para desarrollar la investigación en torno a las cuestiones más apremiantes de este campo con una base empírica y bajo el rigor de la inferencia científica que hasta ahora habían sido imposibles de lograr. Al mismo tiempo, la nueva infraestructura facilitaría el acceso a los datos arqueológicos a investigadores de otras disciplinas. Ofrecemos recomendaciones en torno al manejo de datos y su disponibilidad, la construcción de herramientas de infraestructura cibernética y a los cambios sociales y culturales en la disciplina. Proponemos financiar estudios específicos y concisos que demostrarían la capacidad de la arqueología para contribuir a la investigación transdisciplinaria sobre las dinámicas sociales a largo plazo y que sirvan de contexto para desarrollar herramientas computacionales y procesos de trabajo analíticos que son indispensables para abordar estas cuestiones. Los estudios de caso exploran como la investigación emergente en la ciencia de la computación puede potenciar este tipo de investigación y podría simultáneamente proveer retos productivos a la investigación en ciencias de la computación.

Type
Research Article
Information
Advances in Archaeological Practice , Volume 3 , Issue 1 , February 2015 , pp. 1 - 15
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Altschul, Jeffrey H., and Patterson, Thomas C. 2010 Trends in Employment and Training in American Archaeology. In Voices in American Archaeology, edited by Ashmore, Wendy, Lippert, Dorothy, and Mills, Barbara J., pp. 291–316. Society for American Archaeology, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Anand, Manish K., Bowers, Shawn, and Ludäscher, Bertram 2012 Database Support for Exploring Scientific Workflow Provenance Graphs. In Scientific and Statistical Database Management, edited by Ailamaki, Anastasia and Bowers, Shawn. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 7338:343–360. Springer, Berlin and Heidelberg.Google Scholar
Anderies, John M., Nelson, Ben A., and Kinzig, Ann 2008 Analyzing the Impact of Agave Cultivation on Famine Risk in Arid Pre-Hispanic Northern Mexico. Human Ecology 36:409–422.Google Scholar
Antelman, Kristin 2004 Do Open-Access Articles Have a Greater Research Impact? College & Research Libraries 65(5):372–382.Google Scholar
Archaeology Data Service 2014 ADS: Archaeology Data Service. Electronic document, http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/, accessed November 11,2014 .Google Scholar
Archaeology Data Service 2014 ADS: Archaeology Data Service. Electronic document, http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/, accessed November 11,2014 .Google Scholar
Archaeology DataService and Digital Antiquity 2013 Caring for Digital Data in Archaeology: A Guide to Good Practice. Oxbow Books, Oxford.Google Scholar
Archaeology Data Service and Digital Antiquity 2014 Archaeology Data Service/Digital Antiquity: Guides to Good Practice. Electronic document, http://guides.archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/, accessed November 11, 2014.Google Scholar
ARENA 2014 Archaeological Records of Europe—Networked Access. Electronic document. http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/arena/archindex.cfm, accessed November 11, 2014.Google Scholar
ARIADNE 2014 ARIADNE. Electronic document, http://ariadne-infrastructure.eu/, accessed November 11, 2014.Google Scholar
Auer, Sören, Bizer, Christian, Kobilarov, Georgi, Lehmann, Jens, Cyganiak, Richard, and Ives, Zachary 2007 DBpedia: A Nucleus for a Web of Open Data. In The Semantic Web, edited by Aberer, Karl, Choi, Key-Sun, Natasha, Noy, Allemang, Dean, , Lee, Kyung-Il, Nixon, Lyndon, Golbeck, Jennifer, Mika, Peter, Maynard, Diana, Mizoguchi, Riichiro, Schreiber, Guus, and Cudré-Mauroux, Philippe, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4825:722–735. Springer, Berlin, and Heidelberg.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bettencourt, Luis M.A. 2013 The Origins of Scaling in Cities. Science 340:1438–1441.Google Scholar
Bettencourt, Luis M.A., Lobo, Josée, Helbing, Dirk, Kühnert, Christian, and West, Geoffrey B. 2007 Growth, Innovation, Scaling, and the Pace of Life in Cities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104:7301–7306.Google Scholar
Bocinsky, R. Kyle, and Kohler, Timothy A. 2014 A 2000-Year Reconstruction of the Rain-Fed Maize Agricultural Niche in the US Southwest. Nature Communications 5:5618.Google Scholar
Bowers, Shawn, and Ludäscher, Bertram 2004 An Ontology-Driven Framework for Data Transformation in Scientific Workflows. In Data Integration in the Life Sciences, edited by Erhard Rahm. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2994: 1–16. Springer, Berlin, and Heidelberg.Google Scholar
Briggs, John M., Spielmann, Katherine A., Schaafsma, Hoski, Kintigh, Keith W., Kruse, Melissa, Morehouse, Kari, and Schollmeyer, Karen 2006 Why Ecology Needs Archaeologists and Archaeology Needs Ecologists. Frontiers in Ecology 4(4):180–188.Google Scholar
Carpenter, Stephen R., Armbrust, E.Virginia, Arzberger, Peter W.,Chapin III, F.Stuart, Elser, James J., Hackett, Edward J., Ives, Anthony R., Kareiva, Peter M., Leibold, Mathew A., Lundberg, Per, Mangel, Marc, Merchant, Nirav, Murdoch, William W., Palmer, Margaret A., Peters, Debra P.C, Pickett, Stewart T.A., Smith, Kathleen K., Wall, Diana H., and Zimmerman, Ann S. 2009 Accelerate Synthesis in Ecology and Environmental Sciences. BioScience 59(8):699–701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Center for Advanced Spatial Technologies 2014 SPARC@CAST-AIL: Spatial Archaeometry Research Collaborations. Electronic document, http://sparc.cast.uark.edu/, accessed, November 12, 2014.Google Scholar
Cheney, James, Chiticariu, Laura, and Tan, Vang-Chiew 2009 Provenance in Databases: Why, How, and Where. Foundations and Trends in Databases 1(4):379–474.Google Scholar
Childe, V.Gordon 1936 Man Makes Himself. Watts, London.Google Scholar
Gordon, Childe V. 1942 What Happened in History. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth.Google Scholar
Choi, Namyoun, Song, Il-Yeol, and Han, Hyoil 2006 A Survey on Ontology Mapping. ACM SIGMOD Record 35(3):34–41.Google Scholar
Cobb, Charles R. 2014 The Once and Future Archaeology. American Antiquity 79:589–585.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George L. 2004 Origins and Development of Urbanism: Archaeological Perspectives. Annual Review of Anthropology 33:525–542.Google Scholar
Cultural Heritage Partners 2012 Federal Laws and Regulations Requiring Curation of Digital Archaeological Documents and Data. Electronic document, http://www.digitalantiquity.org/wp-uploads/2013/05/2013-CHP-Legal-Analysis-of-Fed-Req-for-Curation-of-Dig-Arch-Docs-Data-.pdf, accessed May 1, 2014.Google Scholar
DataONE 2014 DataONE: Data Observation Network for Earth. Electronic document, https://www.dataone.org/, accessed November 11, 2014.Google Scholar
Davidson, Susan B., Boulakia, Sarah C., Eyal, Anat, Ludäscher, Bertram, McPhillips, Timothy M., Bowers, Shawn, Anand, Manish K., and Freire, Juliana 2007 Provenance in Scientific Workflow Systems. IEEE Data Eng. Bull 30(4):44–50.Google Scholar
Data Archiving and Networked Services 2014 Data Archiving and Networked Services: DANS. Electronic document, http://www.dans.knaw.nl/en, accessed November 11, 2014.Google Scholar
Dawdy, Shannon Lee 2009 Millennial Archaeology: Locating the Discipline in the Age of Insecurity. Archaeological Dialogues 16 (2):131–141.Google Scholar
Dean, Jeffrey S. (editor) 2000 Salado. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Departmental Consulting Archeologist 2012 The Secretary of the Interior’s Report to Congress on the Federal Archeological Program, Comparable Data 1985–2013, by year. Archeology Program, National Park Service, Washington, D.C. Electronic document, http://www.nps.gov/archeology/SRC/src.htm, accessed October 30, 2014.Google Scholar
Diamond, Jared 2005 Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (revised edition). Penguin Group, New York.Google Scholar
Digital Antiquity 2014 The Digital Archaeological Record. Electronic document, http://tdar.org, accessed November 11, 2014.Google Scholar
Digital Archaeological Archive of Comparative Slavery 2014 DAACS; Digital Archive of Comparative Slavery. Electronic document, http://www.daacs.org/, accessed October 26, 2014.Google Scholar
Doan, AnHai, and Halevy, Alon Y. 2005 Semantic Integration Research in the Database Community: A Brief Survey. AI Magazine 26(1):83–94.Google Scholar
Europeana 2014a Europeana: Carare Project. Electronic document, http://carare.eu/, accessed November 11, 2014.Google Scholar
Europeana 2014b Europeana Professional. Electronic document, http://pro.europeana.eu/, accessed November 11, 2014.Google Scholar
Federal Geographic Data Committee 2014 Geospatial Metadata Standards. Electronic document, http://www.fgdc.gov/metadata/geospatial-metadata-standards, accessed November 11, 2014.Google Scholar
Getty Conservation Institute 2014 Arches Project. Electronic document, http://www.getty.edu/conservation/our_projects/field_projects/arches/arches_overview.html, accessed 26 October 2014.Google Scholar
Gil, Yolanda, Deelman, Ewa, Ellisman, Mark, Fahringer, Thomas, Fox, Geoffrey, Gannon, Dennis, Goble, Carole, Livny, Miron, Moreau, Luc, and Myers, Jim 2007 Examining the Challenges of Scientific Workflows. IEEE Computer 40 (12):26–34.Google Scholar
Gutmann, Myron P., and Friedlander, Amy 2011 Rebuilding the Mosaic: Fostering Research in the Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences at the National Science Foundation in the Next Decade. National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virginia.Google Scholar
Hackett, Edward J. 2011 Possible Dreams: Research Technologies and the Transformation of the Human Sciences. In The Handbook of Emergent Technologies in Social Research, edited by Hesse-Biber, Sharlene N., pp. 25–46. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Hackett, Edward J., and Parker, John N.. 2015a Ecology Reconfigured: Organizational Innovation, Group Dynamics and Scientific Change. In The Local Configuration of New Research Fields, Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook, edited by Merz, Martina and Sormani, Philippe. Springer, Berlin.Google Scholar
Hackett, Edward J., and Parker, John N.. 2015b From Salomon’s House to Synthesis Centers. In Intellectual and Institutional Innovation in Science, edited by Heinze, Thomas and Muench, Richard. Palgrave MacMillan, New York, in press.Google Scholar
Hackett, Edward J., and Parker, John N., Conz, David, Rhoten, Diana, and Parker, Andrew 2008 Ecology Transformed: The National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis and the Changing Patterns of Ecological Research. In Scientific Collaboration on the Internet, edited by Olson, Gary M., Zimmerman, Ann, and Bos, Nathan, pp. 277–296. MIT Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hakenberg, J., Leaman, Robert, Ha Vo, Nguyen, Jonnalagadda, Siddhartha, Sullivan, Ryan, Miller, Christopher, Tari, Luis, Baral, Chitta, and Gonzalez, Graciela 2010 Efficient Extraction of Protein-Protein Interactions from Full-Text Articles. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics 7(3):481–494.Google Scholar
Halevy, Alon, Rajaraman, Anand, and Ordille, Joann 2006 Data Integration: The Teenage Years. Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, pp. 9–16. VLDB Endowment.Google Scholar
Hampton, Stephanie E., and Parker, John N. 2011 Collaboration and Productivity in Scientific Synthesis. BioScience 61:900–910.Google Scholar
Harnad, Stevan, and Brody, Tim 2004 Comparing the Impact of Open Access (OA) vs. Non-OA Articles in the Same Journals. D-lib Magazine 10(6).Google Scholar
Heath, Tom, and Bizer, Christian 2011 Linked Data: Evolving the Web into a Global Data Space. Synthesis Lectures on the Semantic Web: Theory and Technology 1(1):1–136.Google Scholar
Hey, Tony, Tansley, Stewart, and Tolle, Kristin (editors) 2009 The Fourth Paradigm: Data-Intensive Scientific Discovery. Microsoft Research, Redmond.Google Scholar
Holdren, John P. 2013 Increasing Access to Results of Federally Funded Scientific Research. Memorandum dated February 22, 2013. Office of Science and Technology Policy, Washington, D.C. Electronic document, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/ostp_public_access_memo_2013.pdf, accessed May 1, 2014.Google Scholar
International Council of Museums 2014 The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model. Electronic document, http://www.cidoc-crm.org/index.html, accessed, November 11, 2014.Google Scholar
Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research 2014 ICPSR Summer Program in Quantitative Methods of Social Research. Electronic document, http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/sumprog/, accessed November 11, 2014.Google Scholar
Jeffrey, S., Richards, J.D., Ciravegna, F., Waller, S., Chapman, S., and Zhang, Z. 2009 The Archaeotools Project: Faceted Classification and Natural Language Processing in an Archaeological Context. In Crossing Boundaries: Computational Science, E-Science and Global E-Infrastructures, edited by Coveney, P., Special Themed Issue of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 367: 2507–2519.Google Scholar
Kenny, Jon, and Kilbride, William 2003 Europe’s Digital Inheritance: ARENA Archives Launched. CSA Newsletter 16(1). Electronic document, http://csanet.org/newsletter/spring03/nls0302.html, accessed November 8, 2014.Google Scholar
Kintigh, Keith W. 2006 The Promise and Challenge of Archaeological Data Integration. American Antiquity 71:567–578.Google Scholar
Kintigh, Keith W. 2013 Grand Challenges for Archaeology—Crowd Sourcing Report. Electronic document, https://core.tdar.org/document/391233, accessed November 8, 2014.Google Scholar
Kintigh, Keith W., Altschul, Jeffrey H., Beaudry, Mary C., Drennan, Robert D., Kinzig, Ann P., Kohler, Timothy A., Limp, W.Fredrick, Maschner, Herbert D.G., Michener, William K., Pauketat, Timothy R., Peregrine, Peter, Sabloff, Jeremy A., Wilkinson, Tony J., Wright, Henry T., and Zeder, Melinda A. 2014a Grand Challenges for Archaeology. American Antiquity 79:5–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kintigh, Keith W., Altschul, Jeffrey H., Beaudry, Mary C., Drennan, Robert D., Kinzig, Ann P., Kohler, Timothy A., Limp, W.Fredrick, Maschner, Herbert D.G., Michener, William K., Pauketat, Timothy R., Peregrine, Peter, Sabloff, Jeremy A., Wilkinson, Tony J., Wright, Henry T., and Zeder, Melinda A. 2014b Grand Challenges for Archaeology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111:879–880.Google Scholar
Kohler, Timothy A., Johnson, C.David, Varian, Mark, Ortman, Scott, Reynolds, Robert, Kobti, Ziad, Cowan, Jason, Kolm, Kenneth, Smith, Schaun, and Yap, Lorene 2007 Settlement Ecodynamics in the Prehispanic Central Mesa Verde Region. In The Model-Based Archaeology of Socionatural Systems, edited by Kohler, Timothy A.and van der Leeuw, Sander E., pp. 61–104. School for Advanced Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Kohler, Timothy A., and van der Leeuw, Sander E. (editors) 2007 The Model-based Archaeology of Socionatural Systems. School for Advanced Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Kohler, Timothy A., and Varien, Mark D. (editors) 2012 Emergence and Collapse of Early Villages: Models of Central Mesa Verde Archaeology. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Little, Barbara J (editor) 2002 Public Benefits of Archaeology. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Ludäscher, Bertram, Bowers, Shawn, and McPhillips, Timothy 2009 Scientific Workflows. Encyclopedia of Database Systems, edited by Liu, Ling and Özsu, M.Tamer, pp. 2507–2511. Springer, Berlin.Google Scholar
Ludäscher, Bertram, Lin, Kai, Bowers, Shawn, Jaeger-Frank, Efrat, Brodaric, Boyan, and Chaitan|Baru 2006 Managing Scientific Data: From Data Integration to Scientific Workflows. Geological Society of America Special Papers 397:109–129.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A., and Yoffee, Norman 2010 Questioning How Different Societies Respond to Crises. Nature 464:977.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce, and Sabloff, Jeremy (editors) 2008 The Ancient City: New Perspectives on Urbanism in the Old and New World. SAR Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Michener, William K., Allard, Suzie, Budden, Amber, Cook, Robert B., Douglass, Kimberly, Frame, Mike, Kelling, Steve, Koskela, Rebecca, Tenopir, Carol, and Vieglais, David A. 2012 Participatory Design of DataONE—Enabling Cyberinfrastructure for the Biological and Environmental Sciences. Ecological Informatics 11:5–15.Google Scholar
Michener, William K., Brunt, James W., Helly, John J., Kirchner, Thomas B., and Stafford, Susan G. 1997 Non-geospatial Metadata for the Ecological Sciences. Ecological Applications 7:330–342.Google Scholar
Michener, William K., and Jones, Matthew B. 2012 Ecoinformatics: Supporting Ecology as a Data-intensive Science. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 27:85–93.Google Scholar
Mills, Barbara J., Clark, Jeffery J., Peeples, Matthew A., Haas, W. R. Jr., Roberts, John M. Jr., Hill, J.Brett, Huntley, Deborah L., Borck, Lewis, Breiger, Ronald L., Clause, Aaron, and Shackley, M.Steven 2013 Transformation of Social Networks in the Late pre-Hispanic US Southwest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110: 5785–5790.Google Scholar
Mumford, Lewis 1968 The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformations, and Its Prospects. Harvest Books, New York.Google Scholar
National Park Service 2014 Draft Set of Standards For Cultural Resource Spatial Data. Electronic document, http://www.cr.nps.gov/hdp/standards/crgisstandards.htm, accessed November 11, 2014.Google Scholar
Nelson, Margaret C., Kintigh, Keith W., Abbott, David R., and Anderies, John M. 2010 The Cross-scale Interplay between Social and Biophysical Context and the Vulnerability of Irrigation-dependent Societies: Archaeology’s Long-term Perspective. Ecology and Society 15(3):31.Google Scholar
openABM 2014 openABM: A Node in the CoMSES Network. Electronic document, http://www.openabm.org/, accessed November 11, 2014.Google Scholar
Ortman, Scott G., Cabaniss, Andrew F.H., Sturm, Jennie O., and Bettencourt, Luis M.A. 2014 The Pre-History of Urban Scaling. PLOS ONE 9(2):1–10.Google Scholar
Peng, Roger D. 2011 Reproducible Research in Computational Science. Science 334:1226–1227.Google Scholar
Pickett, Stewart T.A., Kolasa, Jurek, and Jones, Clive G. 2007 Ecological Understanding: The Nature of Theory and the Theory of Nature, 2nd ed. Academic Press, Burlington, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
QualQuant 2014 Short Courses on Research Methods. Electronic document, http://qualquant.org/methodsmall/scrm/, accessed November 11, 2014.Google Scholar
Rockman, Marcy, and Flatman, Joe(editors) 2012 Archaeology in Society: Its Relevance in the Modern World. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
Sabloff, Jeremy A. 2008 Archaeology Matters: Action Archaeology in the Modern World. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, California.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 2010 Sprawl, Squatters and Sustainable Cities: Can Archaeological Data Shed Light on Modern Urban Issues? Cambridge Archaeological Journal 20 (2):229–253.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 2012 The Role of Ancient Cities in Research on Contemporary Urbanization. UGEC Viewpoints 8 (November):15–19.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E. (editor) 2012 The Comparative Archaeology of Complex Societies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Society for American Archaeology 1996 Society for American Archeology Principles of Archaeological Ethics. American Antiquity 61:451–452.Google Scholar
Spielmann, Katherine A., and Kintigh, Keith W. 2011 The Digital Archaeological Record: The Potentials of Archaeozoological Data Integration through tDAR. SAA Archaeological Record 11(1):22–25.Google Scholar
Tari, Luis, Tu, Phan Huy, Hakenberg, Jörg, Chen, Yi, Son, Tran Cao, Gonzalez, Graciela, and Baral, Chitta 2012 Incremental Information Extraction Using Relational Databases. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 24(1):86–99.Google Scholar
Thau, David, Bowers, Shawn, and Ludäscher, Bertram 2008 Merging Taxonomies Under RCC-5 Algebraic Articulations. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Ontologies and Information Systems for the Semantic Web, pp. 47–54. ACM.Google Scholar
Tudhope, Douglas, May, Keith, Binding, Ceri, and Vlachidis, Andreas 2011 Connecting Archaeological Data and Grey Literature via Semantic Cross Search. Internet Archaeology 30.Google Scholar
West, Geoffrey B., Brown, James H., and Enquist, Brian J. 1999 The Fourth Dimension of Life: Fractal Geometry and Allometric Scaling of Organisms. Science 284: 1677–1679.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. 1966–1971 An Introduction to American Archaeology, 2 vols., Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.Google Scholar