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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 March 2019
The assessment of the potential environmental and toxicological effects of particulate material emitted to the atmosphere requires detailed physical and chemical characterization of the particles. One of the most widely studied types of pollutant particles is coal fly ash as a byproduct of coal combustion. These particles are inhomogeneous, highly variable, span a broad range of sizes and have diverse morphologies.
It has been shown that numerous toxic trace elements tend to increase in bulk concentrations with decreasing particle size (1).