Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-l4dxg Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-24T21:58:52.951Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Aircraft resilience to GNSS jamming and impact on ADS-B quality indicators

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 January 2025

S. Pleninger Open the ORCID record for S. Pleninger [Opens in a new window] ,
J. Hospodka Open the ORCID record for J. Hospodka [Opens in a new window] ,
J. Steiner Open the ORCID record for J. Steiner [Opens in a new window] ,
P. Lukeš Open the ORCID record for P. Lukeš [Opens in a new window] ,
T. Topková Open the ORCID record for T. Topková [Opens in a new window] ,
T. Pilmannová  and
J. Kraus Open the ORCID record for J. Kraus [Opens in a new window]
S. Pleninger
Affiliation:
Faculty of Transportation Sciences, Department of Air Transport, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
J. Hospodka
Affiliation:
Faculty of Transportation Sciences, Department of Air Transport, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
J. Steiner*
Affiliation:
Faculty of Transportation Sciences, Department of Air Transport, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
P. Lukeš
Affiliation:
Faculty of Transportation Sciences, Department of Air Transport, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
T. Topková
Affiliation:
Faculty of Transportation Sciences, Department of Air Transport, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
T. Pilmannová
Affiliation:
Faculty of Transportation Sciences, Department of Air Transport, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
J. Kraus
Affiliation:
Faculty of Transportation Sciences, Department of Air Transport, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
*
Corresponding author: J. Steiner; Email: steinja8@cvut.cz
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The presented research investigates the impact of interference on the performance of aircraft Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers with a specific focus on the behaviour of Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) position quality indicators. Several experiments were performed with different aircraft types, such as Airbus, Boeing, Beechcraft King Air B350 or Tecnam, and using various intensities of GNSS jamming. The behaviour of various quality indicators, such as the Navigation Integrity Category, Navigation Accuracy Category, Source Integrity Level and System Design Assurance transmitted in different types of ADS-B messages, is analysed. We investigate not only situations where the quality indicators drop to zero, but also the complete evolution of the changes in the indicators as a function of the increasing power of the jamming signal. Based on the analysis of changes in the ADS-B quality indicators, the estimation of the most likely interference signal power required to discontinue the tracking of an already acquired GPS L1 Coarse/Acquisition signal is made. Additionally, the interference signal power to prevent re-acquisition is also estimated. The findings improve the understanding of interference effects and can support the development of robust interference mitigation techniques in aviation applications.

Keywords

GNSSinterferencejammingGPSairbusBoeing
Type
Research Article
Information
The Aeronautical Journal , First View , pp. 1 - 18
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Royal Aeronautical Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

EUSPA. EUSPA EO and GNSS. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2022, vol. 2022.Google Scholar
Whitty, C. and Walport, M. Satellite-Derived Time and Position: A Review. Technical report, UK Government, 2018.Google Scholar
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). CISA Insights: GPS Interference. Technical report, Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, 2022.Google Scholar
Morales Ferre, R., de la Fuente, A. and Lohan, E.S. Jammer classification in GNSS bands via machine learning algorithms, Sensors, 2019, 19, (22), p 4841.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ERR News. Second Finnair Flight Turns Back from Tartu Due to GPS Interference, 2024. Accessed: 06 April, 2024.Google Scholar
RNT Foundation. Second Finnair Flight Turns Back from Tartu Due to GPS Interference – ERR News, 2024. Accessed: June 04, 2024.Google Scholar
EUROCONTROL. EVAIR Bulletin No 24. EUROCONTROL, 2022. https://www.eurocontrol.int/publication/eurocontrol-think-paper-9-radio-frequency-interference-satellite-navigation-active Google Scholar
Navigation Center United States Coast Guard U.S. Department of Homeland Security. GPS Problem Report. Navigation Center, 2023. https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/contact/gps-problem-report Google Scholar
EUROCONTROL. Eurocontrol think paper #9 – radio frequency interference to satellite navigation: an active threat for aviation? 2021.Google Scholar
Darabseh, A., Bitsikas, E. and Tedongmo, B. Detecting GPS jamming incidents in OpenSky data, in Proceedings of the 7th OpenSky Workshop, 67, pp 97–108, Zurich, Switzerland: EasyChair, 2019.Google Scholar
Liu, Z., Blanch, J., Lo, S., Chen, Y.-H. and Walter, T. Real time detection and estimation of GNSS interference affected region using ADS-B data and Bayesian modeling, in Miriam Lewis (Ed), ION GNSS+, The International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, GNSS 2023. Washington, DC: Institute of Navigation, 2023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lukes, P., Topkova, T., Vlcek, T. and Pleninger, S. Recognition of GNSS jamming patterns in ADS-B data, in 2020 New Trends in Civil Aviation (NTCA), pp 9–15. New York, NY: IEEE, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jonas, P. and Vitan, V. Detection and localization of GNSS radio interference using ADS-B data, in 2019 International Conference on Military Technologies (ICMT). IEEE, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Z., Lo, S. and Walter, T. GNSS interference source localization using ADS-B data, in Proceedings of the 2022 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, ITM 2022. Institute of Navigation, 2022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dacus, M., Liu, Z., Lo, S. and Walter, T. Approximating regional GNSS interference sources as a Convex optimization problem using ADS-B data, in ION GNSS+, The International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, GNSS 2023, pp 815–823. Washington, DC: Institute of Navigation, 2023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Betz, J. and Kolodziejski, K. Generalized theory of code tracking with an early-late discriminator part II: noncoherent processing and numerical results, IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., 2009, 45, (4), pp 1557–1564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osechas, O., Fohlmeister, F., Dautermann, T. and Felux, M. Impact of GNSS-band radio interference on operational avionics, NAVIGATION: J. Inst. Navigat., 2022, 69, (2), pp 25–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Truffer, P., Scaramuzza, M., Troller, M. and Bertschi, M. Jamming of aviation gps receivers: Investigation of field trials performed with civil and military aircraft, in ION GNSS+, The International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, GNSS 2017. Washington, DC: Institute of Navigation, 2017.Google Scholar
Morong, T., Puričer, P. and Kovář, P. Study of the GNSS jamming in real environment, Int. J. Electron. Telecommun., 2019, pp 65–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sabatini, R., Moore, T., Hill, C., and Ramasamy, S. (2015). Avionics-based GNSS integrity augmentation performance in a jamming environment, in Proceedings of the16th Australian International Aerospace Congress. Barton: Engineers Australia, pp 1–12.Google Scholar
International Civil Aviation Organization. Annex 10 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Aeronautical Telecommunications), Volume IV, Surveillance Radar and Collision Avoidance Systems. ICAO, 2018, vol. IV.Google Scholar
U.S. Space Force. Space and Missile Systems Center: NAVSTAR GPS Space Segment/Navigation User Interfaces, GPS Interface Specification IS-GPS-200, Revision M. Technical report, U.S. Space Force, 2021.Google Scholar
EUROCONTROL. Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast Airborne Equipage Monitoring, 2023. https://www.eurocontrol.int/service/adsb-equipage Google Scholar
RTCA. Minimum Operational Performance Standards for 1090 MHz Extended Squitter Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) and Traffic Information Services Broadcast (TIS-B), 2009.Google Scholar
The European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment (EUROCAE). Minimum Operational Performance Specification for 1090 MHz Extended Squitter Automatic Dependant Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) and Traffic Information Services – Broadcast (TIS-B) with Corrigendum 1. Saint-Denis, France: EUROCAE, 2009.Google Scholar
Shenzhen Tangreat Technology Co., L.. New Adjustable Five Band Mobile Phone Jammer TG5CA, 2023. https://www.tradeeasy.com/supplier/723929/products/p1205189/new-adjustable-five-band-mobile-phone-jammer-tg5ca.html. Accessed: October 23, 2024.Google Scholar
International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Recommendation ITU-R SM.443-4. Bandwidth Measurement at Monitoring Stations, 2007. https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-SM.443-4-200702-I/en. Accessible from https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-SM.443-4-200702-I/en Google Scholar
International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Recommendation ITU-R P.372-8: Radio Noise, 2003. https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.372-8-200302-I/en Google Scholar