Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T20:09:15.940Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Integrated review of stealth technology and its role in airpower

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 July 2016

G. A. Rao
Affiliation:
Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India
S. P. Mahulikar
Affiliation:
Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India

Abstract

This paper discusses the evolution of airpower and the ever-increasing component of stealth technology in dictating warfare, based on the need felt in the literature to integrate and place them in the right perspective. Hence, the role of stealth aircraft and the dominance of all aspects of stealth technology, especially in recent conflicts, are reviewed. The integration of the fundamental aspects of stealth technology, through its classification, types of aircraft signatures: especially radar, infrared, and visual signatures, their sources of origin, modelling techniques, and methods of signature reduction are discussed. Due to the increasing importance of infrared signatures relative to radar signatures, infrared signatures are also closely examined and analysed. Hence, the lock-on and surveillance ranges of infrared detectors are compared. Future projections in stealth technology, especially based on the role of anti-stealth technologies, are also elaborated.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Aeronautical Society 2002 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Wilbur, C. Zeppelins of World War I, 1993, Barnes and Noble, New York.Google Scholar
2. McFarland, S.L. America's Pursuit of Precision Bombing 1910-1945, 1995, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC.Google Scholar
3. Mark, A.L. and Hugh, P.L. The Cutting Edge: A Half Century of US Fighter Aircraft R&D, 1998, Rand Publications, California.Google Scholar
4. Torren, L.E. The Future of NATO's Tactical Air Doctrine, School of Advanced Air Power Studies, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, Graduation Thesis, 1996.Google Scholar
5. Ochmanck, D.A., Harshberger, E.R., Thaler, D.E. and Kent, A.G. To Find, and not to Yield-How Advances in Information and Firepower can Transform Theater Warfare, 1998, Rand Publications, California.Google Scholar
6. Hampton, W.T. The Quest For Air Dominance: F-22, Cost Versus Capability, 1998, Air Command and Staff College, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, Graduation Thesis.Google Scholar
7. Boatman, J. USA planned stealthy UAV to replace SR-71, 17 December 1994, Jane's Defence Weekly.Google Scholar
8. Joint Chiefs of Staff. Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, January 1986, Department of Defense, Washington DC.Google Scholar
9. David, R.M. Quest for a surgical strike: the United States Air Force and laser guided bombs, 1987, Air Force Systems Command Armament Division History Office, Eglin AFB, FL.Google Scholar
10. Mckenna, P. Placing steel on target, Airman Magazine, 1 October 1996, pp 1820.Google Scholar
11. Thomas, A.K. Surveying Gulf war airpower, Joint Force Quarterly, Autumn 1993, pp 2436.Google Scholar
12. Dornheim, M.A. F-l17A provides new freedom in attacking ground targets, Aviation and Space Technology, 14 May 1990, 132, pp 106109.Google Scholar
13. Toffler, H. and Toffler, A. War and Anti War, 1993 Warner Books, New York.Google Scholar
14. Hallion, P.R. Precision guided munitions and new era of warfare, 1997, APSC Working Paper-53, Air Power Studies Centre, Canberra.Google Scholar
15. Westhauser, T.C. Improving NATO's Interoperability Through U.S. Precision Weapons, 1988, School of Advanced Air Power Studies, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base Alabama, Graduation Thesis.Google Scholar
16. Canan, J.W. The Lessons of Kosovo, Aerospace America, June 2001, pp 2434.Google Scholar
17. Ball, R.E. The Fundamentals of Aircraft Combat Survivability Analysis and Design, 1985, AIAA Education Series, New York.Google Scholar
18. Volpe, V. and Schiavone, J.M. Balancing design for survivability, AIAA 93-0982, 1993.Google Scholar
19. Pedlow, G.W. and Welzenbach, D.E. The CIA and the U-2 programme, 1954-1974, 1988, History Staff Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency.Google Scholar
20. Hines, R.N and Mavris, N.D. A parameter design environment for including signatures analysis in conceptual design, 2001, AIAA-2000-01-5564.Google Scholar
21. Aronstein, D.C., Hirshberg, M.J. and Piccirillo, A.C. Advanced Tactical Fighter to F-22 Raptor: Origins of the 21st Century Air Dominance Fighter, 1998, AIAA, Virginia.Google Scholar
22. Skolnik, I. M. Radar Applications, 1987, IEEE Press, New York.Google Scholar
23. Jay, F. IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms, 1984, ANSI / IEEE Std 100-1984, IEEE Press, New York.Google Scholar
24. Knott, E.F. Radar observables. In Tactical Missile Aerodynamics: General Topics, Hemsch, M. (Ed), 1992, Vol 141, AIAA, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
25. Knott, E.F., Shaeffer, J.F. and Tuley, M.T. Radar Cross Section. 1993, Artech House, Boston.Google Scholar
26. Stadmore, H.A. Radar cross section fundamentals for the aircraft designer, 1979, AIAA 79-1818.Google Scholar
27. Edde, B. Radar, Principles, Technology, 1993, Applications, Prentice Hall ,New Jersey.Google Scholar
28. Howe, D. Introduction to the basic technology of stealth aircraft: Part 2 - Illumination By The Enemy (active considerations), ASME Engineering for Gas Turbine and Power, January 1991, 113, (75), pp 8086.Google Scholar
29. Weisbeck, W. and Heidrich, E. Influence of antennas on the radar cross section of camouflaged aircraft, Radar 92, IEE conference publication no 365, 1992.Google Scholar
30. Aronstein, D.C. and Piccirillo, A.C. Have blue and The F-117A, Evolution Of The Stealth Fighter, 1997, AIAA, Virginia.Google Scholar
31. Vinoy, K.J. and Jha, R.M. Radar Absorbing Materials, 1996, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.Google Scholar
32. Brown, S.A. Stealth came of age, Aerospace America, March 1990, 129, pp 1636.Google Scholar
33. Chrzanowski, E.J. Active Radar Electronic Countermeasures, 1990, Artech House Inc., Boston.Google Scholar
34. Regelson, E. Impact of IR devices on aircraft design trends, Astronautics & Aeronautics, August 1967, 5, pp 6064.Google Scholar
35. Thompson, J. and Birk, A.M. Design of infrared signature suppressor for the bell 205 (UH-1H) helicopter. Part I, 1999, Aerothermal Design, 7th CASI Propulsion Symposium.Google Scholar
36. Sully, P.R., Vandam, D., Bird, J. and Luisi, D. Development of a tactical helicopter infrared signature suppression (IRSS) System, 1996, AGARD-FVP Conference 9605-4-001, Paper 12.Google Scholar
37. Blake, B.H.L. Jane's Weapon System: 1988-89, 1988, Jane's Yearbooks, Surrey.Google Scholar
38. Varney, G.E. Infrared signature measurement techniques and simulation methods for aircraft survivability, 1979, AIAA-79-1186.Google Scholar
39. Mahulikar, S.P., Sane, S.K., Gaitonde, U.N. and Marathe, A.G. Numerical studies of infrared signature levels of complete aircraft, Aeronaut J, April 2001, 105, (1046), pp 185192.Google Scholar
40. Howe, D. Introduction to the basic technology of stealth aircraft: Part 1 - basic considerations and aircraft self-emitted signals (passive considerations), J Engineering for Gas Turbine and Power, Transactions of ASME, January 1991, 113, (75), pp 7579.Google Scholar
41. Decher, R. Infrared emissions from turbofans with high aspect ratio nozzles, AIAA, JAircr, December 1981, 18,(12),pp 10251031.Google Scholar
42. Lefebvre, A.H. Gas Turbine Combustion, 1983, McGraw-Hill Series in Energy, Combustion and Environment, Hemisphere, Washington DC.Google Scholar
43. Hudson, R.D. Infrared System Engineering, 1969 Wiley, New York.Google Scholar
44. Capone, F.J. The nonaxisymmetric nozzle - it is for real, AIAA-79-1810, 1979 Google Scholar
45. Spalding, D.B. Some Fundamentals of Combustion, Butterworths Scientific Publications, London, 1955.Google Scholar
46. Chu, W.C., Der, J. Jr. and Wun, W. Simple two dimensional-nozzle plume model for infrared analysis, AIAA J Aircr, December 1981, 18, (12), pp 10381043.Google Scholar
47. DeMeis, R. Visual stealth, Aerospace America, July 1987, 25, pp 1215.Google Scholar
48. Palmdale, C. Northrop unveil B-2 next generation bomber, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 28 November 1988, 129, pp 2023.Google Scholar
49. Lerner, J.E. Tracking missiles with mosaic starers, Aerospace America, June 1986, 126, pp 5255.Google Scholar
50. Wheeler, J.G. Radar Fundamentals, 1967, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.Google Scholar
51. Pruyn, R.R. and Windolf, W.G. Survivability trade-off considerations of future military observation helicopters, J American Heli Soc, April 1979, 24, (2), pp 49.Google Scholar
52. Willis, J.N. Bistatic Radar, 1991, Artech House, Boston.Google Scholar
53. Scott, W.B. UWB radar has potential to detect stealth aircraft, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 4 December 1989, 131, pp 3841.Google Scholar