Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T15:10:24.987Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Non-linear aeroelastic analysis in the time domain of high-aspect-ratio wings: Effect of chord and taper-ratio variation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 September 2016

A. Suleman ,
F. Afonso ,
J. Vale ,
É. Oliveira  and
F. Lau
A. Suleman*
Affiliation:
Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Victoria British Columbia, Canada
F. Afonso
Affiliation:
CCTAE, IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
J. Vale
Affiliation:
CCTAE, IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
É. Oliveira
Affiliation:
CCTAE, IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
F. Lau
Affiliation:
CCTAE, IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
*
suleman@uvic.ca
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Commercial jets usually have relatively low-aspect-ratio wings, in spite of the associated benefits of increasing the wing aspect-ratio, such as higher lift-to-drag ratios and ranges. This is partially explained by the fact that the wing becomes more flexible by increasing the aspect-ratio that results in higher deflections which can cause aeroelastic instability problems such as flutter. An aeroelastic computational framework capable of evaluating the effects of geometric non-linearities on the aeroelastic performance of high-aspect-ratio wings has been developed and validated using numerical and experimental data. In this work, the aeroelastic performance of a base wing model with 20 m span and 1 m chord is analysed and the effect of changing the wing chord or the taper-ratio is determined. The non-linear static aeroelastic equilibrium solutions are compared in terms of drag polar, root bending moment and natural frequencies, and the change in the flutter speed boundary is assessed as a function of aspect-ratio using a time-marching approach.

Keywords

Aeroelasticityaircraft designnon-linear aeroelasticityhigh-aspect-ratiowing chordand taper-ratio variation
Type
Research Article
Information
The Aeronautical Journal , Volume 121 , Issue 1235 , January 2017 , pp. 21 - 53
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Aeronautical Society 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1. Abbas, A., de Vicente, J. and Valero, E. Aerodynamic technologies to improve aircraft performance, Aerospace Science and Technology, 2013, 28, pp 100–132.Google Scholar
2. Abbott, I.H. and Von Doenhoff, A.E. Theory of Wing Sections, Including a Summary of Airfoil Data, 1959, Dover Publications, Inc., New York.Google Scholar
3. Allemang, R.J. The modal assurance criterion - twenty years of use and abuse, Sound and Vibration, 2003, 37, (8), pp 14–23.Google Scholar
4. Arena, A., Lacarbonara, W. and Marzocca, P. Nonlinear aeroelastic formulation for flexible high-aspect ratio wings via geometrically exact approach, Proceedings of 52nd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, 2011, AIAA, Denver, Colorado, US.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5. Ballmann, J. (Ed), Flow Modulation and Fluid-Structure Interaction at Airplane Wings. Part of the series Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design , volume 84, 1st ed, Springer, Berlin.Google Scholar
6. Barbarino, S., Bilgen, O., Ajaj, R.M., Friswell, M.I. and Inman, D.J. A Review of morphing aircraft, J Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2011, 22, pp 823–877.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7. Bathe, K.J. Finite Element Procedures in Engineering Analysis, 1982, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.Google Scholar
8. Bathe, K.-J. and Noh, G. Insight into an implicit time integration scheme for structural dynamics, Computer and Structures, 2012, 98–99, pp 1–6.Google Scholar
9. Bazilevs, Y., Takizawa, K. and Tezduyar, T.E. Computational Fluid-Structure Interaction: Methods and Applications. Wiley Series in Computational Mechanics, 1st ed, 2013, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, New York. Google Scholar
10. Belytschko, T., Lin, J.I. and Chen-Shyh, T. Explicit algorithms for the nonlinear dynamics of shells, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 1984, 42, 225–251.Google Scholar
11. Bertin, J.J. Aerodynamics for Engineers, 4th ed, 2002, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.Google Scholar
12. Bhatia, K.G. Airplane aeroelasticity: Practice and potential, J Aircr, 2003, 40, (6), pp 1010–1018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13. Cesnik, C.E.S. and Brown, E.L. Modeling of a high aspect ratio active flexible wings for roll control, Proceedings of 43rd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, 2002, Denver, Colorado, US.Google Scholar
14. Cesnik, C.E.S. and Brown, E.L. Active wing warping control of a joined-wing airplane configuration. Proceedings of 44th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, 2003, Norfolk, Virginia, US.Google Scholar
15. Cesnik, C.E.S., Senatore, P.J., Su, W., Atkins, E.M. and Shearer, C.M. X-HALE: A very flexible unmanned aerial vehicle for nonlinear aeroelastic tests, AIAA J, 2012, 50, (12), pp 2820–2833.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16. Chang, C.-S., Hodges, D.H. and Patil, M.J. Flight dynamics of highly flexible aircraft, J Aircr, 2008, 45, (2), pp 538–545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17. Cook, R.G., Palacios, R. and Goulart, P. Robust gust alleviation and stabilization of very flexible aircraft, AIAA J, 2013, 51, (2), pp 330–340.Google Scholar
18. Cooper, J.E. and Harmin, M.Y. Dynamic aeroelastic prediction for geometrically nonlinear aircraft, Proceedings of International Forum on Aeroelasticity and Structural Dynamics, IFASD 2011, 2011, Paris, France.Google Scholar
19. Dowell, E.H. and Tang, D. Effects of geometric structural nonlinearity on flutter and limit cycle oscillations of high-aspect-ratio wings, J Fluid and Structure, 2004, 19, pp 291–306.Google Scholar
20. Drela, M. Integrated simulation model for preliminary aerodynamic, structural, and control-law design of aircraft. Proceedings of 40th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, 1999, St. Louis, Missouri, US, AIAA Paper 99-1394.Google Scholar
21. Dunn, P. and Dugundji, J. Nonlinear stall flutter and divergence analysis of cantilevered graphit/epoxy wings, AIAA J, 1992, 30, (1), pp 153–162.Google Scholar
22. Goland, M. and Buffalo, N.Y. The flutter of a uniform cantilever wing, J Applied Mechanics, 1945, 12, (4).Google Scholar
23. Gregory, N. and O’Reilly, C.L. Low-speed aerodynamic characteristics of NACA 0012 aerofoil sections, including the effects of upper-surface roughness simulation hoar frost, Tech Rep 3726, January 1970, NASA.Google Scholar
24. Hesse, H. and Palacios, R. Reduced-order aeroelastic models for the dynamics of maneuvering flexible aircraft, AIAA J, 2014, 52, (8), pp 1717–1732.Google Scholar
25. Hirsch, C. Numerical Computation of Internal and External Flows: The Fundamentals of Computational Fluid Dynamics, volume 1, 2nd ed, 2007, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.Google Scholar
26. Hodges, D.J. and Pierce, G.A. Introduction to Structural Dynamics and Aeroelasticity, 1996, Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.Google Scholar
27. Hulshoff, S. Aeroelasticity course, 2011. University of Delft, Delft, The Netherlands, Course Notes.Google Scholar
28. Kampchen, M., Dafnis, A., Reimerdes, H.G., Britten, G. and Ballmann, J. Dynamic aero-structural response of an elastic wing model, J Fluid and Structure, 2003, 18, pp 63–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29. Katz, J. and Plotkin, A. Low-speed Aerodynamics, Cambridge University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
30. Lee, S.H. MSC/NASTRAN Nonlinear Analysis, volume I, Handbook. 1992, The MacNeal-Schwendler Corporation.Google Scholar
31. Liebeck, R.H. Design of a blended wing body subsonic design, J Aircr, 2004, 41, (1), pp 10–25.Google Scholar
32. Livne, E. and Weisshaar, T. Aeroelasticity of nonconventional airplane configurations - past and future, J Aircr, 2003, 40, (6), pp 1047–1065.Google Scholar
33. M J Patil, D.H.H. and Cesnik, C.E.S. Characterizing the effects of geometrical nonlinearities on aeroelastic behavior of high-aspect-ratio wings. Proceedings of International Forum on Aeroelasticity and Structural Dynamics, IFASD 1999, 1999, Williamsburg, Virginia, US.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34. Mason, W.H. Program FRICTION - Virginia Tech aerospace engineering aerodynamics and design software collection, Tech Rep, 2006, Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.Google Scholar
35. Menter, F.R. Two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models for engineering application, AIAA J, 1994, 32, (8), pp 1598–1605.Google Scholar
36. Murua, J., Palacios, R. and Graham, J.M.R. Applications of the unsteady vortex-lattice method in aircraft aeroelasticity and flight dynamics, Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 2012, 55, pp 46–72.Google Scholar
37. NASA Langley Research Center. Turbulence modeling resource, 2DN00: 2d NACA 0012 airfoil validation case. http://turbmodels.larc.nasa.gov/naca0012_val.html. Accessed: 2015-02-10.Google Scholar
38. Palacios, R., Murua, J. and Cook, R. Structural and aerodynamic models in nonlinear flight dynamics of very flexible aircraft, AIAA J, 2010, 48, (11), pp 2648–2659.Google Scholar
39. Patil, M.J. Nonlinear gust response of highly flexible aircraft, Proceedings of 48th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, AIAA Paper 2007–2103.Google Scholar
40. Patil, M.J. and Hodges, D.H. On the importance of aerodynamic and structural geometrical nonlinearities in aeroelastic behavior of high-aspect-ratio wing, J Fluid and Structure, 2004, 19, pp 905–915.Google Scholar
41. Patil, M.J. and Hodges, D.H. Flight dynamics of highly flexible flying wings, J Aircraft, 2006, 43, (6), pp 1790–1799.Google Scholar
42. Patil, M.J., Hodges, D.H. and Cesnik, C.E.S. Nonlinear aeroelasticity and flight dynamics of high-altitude long-endurance aircraft, J Aircr, 2001, 38, (1), pp 88–94.Google Scholar
43. Petot, D. Differential equation modeling of dynamic stall, Rech. Aerosp, 1989, 5, pp 59–72.Google Scholar
44. Raghavan, B. and Patil, M.J. Flight dynamics of high-aspect-ratio flying wings: Effect of large trim deformation, J Aircr, 2009, 46, (5), pp 1808–1812.Google Scholar
45. Reddy, J.N. An introduction to the Finite Element Method, 3rd ed, 2006, McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
46. Relvas, A.F.C. Modelling of Nonlinear Aeroelastic Structures using an Integrated Corotational Fluid-Structure Interaction Algorithm. PhD Thesis, 2005, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.Google Scholar
47. Rixen, D.J. Fluid-structure interaction: An introduction to numerical coupled simulations, 2011. University of Delft, Course Notes.Google Scholar
48. Shearer, C.M. and Cesnik, C.E.S. Nonlinear flight dynamics of very flexible aircraft, J Aircr, 2007, 44, (5), pp 1528–1545.Google Scholar
49. Simpson, R.J.S., Palacios, R. and Murua, J. Induced-drag calculations in the unsteady vortex lattice method, AIAA J, 2013, 51, (7), pp 1775–1779.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
50. Soares, C.A.M. Elementos finitos em mecânica dos sólidos, 1982. CEMUL, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Course Notes.Google Scholar
51. Sotoudeh, Z. and Hodges, D.H. Nonlinear aeroelastic analysis of joined-wing aircraft with intrinsic equations. Proceedings of 50th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, 2009, Palm Springs, California, US, AIAA Paper 2009-2464.Google Scholar
52. Spalart, P.R. and Allmaras, S.R. A one-equation turbulence model for aerodynamic flows, Recherche Aerospatiale, 1994, (1), 5–21.Google Scholar
53. Stanewsky, E. Adpative wing and flow control technology, Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 2001, 37, pp 583–667.Google Scholar
54. Su, W. and Cesnik, C.E.S. Nonlinear aeroelastic modeling and analysis of fully flexible aircraft. Proceedings of 46th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, 2005, Austin, Texas, US.Google Scholar
55. Su, W. and Cesnik, C.E.S. Nonlinear aeroelasticity of a very flexible blended-wing-body aircraft, J Aircr, 2010, 47, (5), pp 1539–1553.Google Scholar
56. Su, W. and Cesnik, C.E.S. Dynamic response of highly flexible flying wings, AIAA J, 2011, 49, (2), pp 324–339.Google Scholar
57. Tang, D. and Dowell, E.H. Experimental and theoretical study on aeroelastic response of high-aspect-ratio wings, AIAA J, 2001, 39, (8), pp 1430–1441.Google Scholar
58. Tang, D. and Dowell, E.H. Experimental and theoretical study of gust response for high-aspect-ratio wing, AIAA J, 2002, 40, (3), 419–429.Google Scholar
59. Tang, D. and Dowell, E.H. Limit cycle hysteresis response for a high-aspect-ratio wing model, J Aircr, 2002, 39, (5), pp 885–888.Google Scholar
60. Tang, D., Grasch, A. and Dowell, E.H. Gust response for flexibly suspended high-aspect ratio wings, AIAA J, 2010, 48, (10), pp 2430–2444.Google Scholar
61. Wang, Z., Chen, P., Liu, D. and Mook, D. Nonlinear-aerodynamic/nonlinear-structure interaction methodology for a high-altitude-long-endurance wing, J Aircr, 2010, 47, (2), pp 556–566.Google Scholar
62. Wolkovitch, J. The joined wing: An overview, J Aircr, 1986, 23, (3), pp 161–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
63. Wright, J.R. and Cooper, J.E. Introduction to Aircraft Aeroelasticity and Loads, 2007, Aerospace Series. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.Google Scholar
64. Yates, E.C. AGARD standard aeroelastic configurations for dynamic response i-wing 445.6, Tech Rep, 1988, 765.Google Scholar
65. Zienkiewicz, O.C. The Finite Element Method in Engineering Science, 3rd ed, 1977, McGraw-Hill, London, UK.Google Scholar