Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T12:03:45.957Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Elders and ‘Frauds’: Commodified Expertise and Politicized Authenticity Among Mijikenda

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2011

Abstract

Among Mijikenda of the Kenya coast, the male Kaya elders (azhere a Kaya) – custodians of sacred spaces and customary knowledge – traditionally undergo years of secretive ritual training and tribulation in order to accrue both expertise and seniority. Over the past few years, however, a series of scandals have fragmented this group, casting them into the national spotlight while fomenting debates about the nature of elders’ expertise. In the ethnically fraught context of Kenyan politics, politicians of Mijikenda and of other ethnic backgrounds have sought out and paid Kaya elders for ritual ‘anointing’ or ‘blessing’ in order to win Mijikenda allegiance in their political campaigns. As public cynicism toward these events has mounted and elders have traded barbed accusations of fraudulence, much discourse has revolved around an idealized and nostalgic model of the kind of expertise considered to be under threat. I discuss the roles of morality, secrecy and ethnic identity in this model, suggesting that these ways of thinking about expertise are not merely reflections of ‘tradition’ but also emergent from presentist struggles for elders’ personal power and for the collective identity of Mijikenda.

Chez les Mijikenda de la côte kenyane, les anciens Kaya (azhere a Kaya), gardiens des espaces sacrés et du savoir coutumier, suivent des années de formation rituelle secrète et de tribulations, traditionnellement, pour renforcer leur expertise et la supériorité de leur statut. Or, au cours de ces dernières années, une série de scandales a divisé ce groupe, le projetant sur le devant de la scène publique tout en fomentant des débats sur la nature de l'expertise des anciens. Dans le contexte ethnique tendu de la politique kenyane, des politiciens d'origine mijikenda et d'autres ethnies se sont mis en quête d'anciens Kaya pour recevoir, contre rémunération, leur « onction » ou « bénédiction » pour gagner l'allégeance des Mijikenda dans leurs campagnes politiques. Sur fond de montée du cynisme public à l’égard de ces événements et de vives accusations de comportement frauduleux échangées par les anciens, une grande partie du discours a porté sur un modèle idéalisé et nostalgique du type d'expertise considéré menacé. L'article traite des rôles de la moralité, du secret et de l'identité ethnique dans ce modèle, en suggérant que ces manières de réfléchir à l'expertise ne sont pas de simples reflets de la « tradition », mais émergent également des luttes du présent pour le pouvoir personnel des anciens et pour l'identité collective des Mijikenda.

Type
Research-Articles
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Brantley, C. (1978) ‘Gerontocratic government: age-sets in pre-colonial Giriama’, Africa 48 (3): 248–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brantley, C. (1981) The Giriama and Colonial Resistance in Kenya, 1800–1920. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Champion, A. M. (1967) The Agiriama of Kenya. London: Royal Anthropological Institute.Google Scholar
Herzfeld, M. (1997) Cultural Intimacy: social poetics in the nation-state. New York NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, E. and Ranger, T. (eds) (1993) The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kithi, N. (2004) ‘Elders warn of Mijikenda identity crisis’, Daily Nation, 6 September. http://www.nationmedia.com/dailynation/nmgindex.asp, accessed 4 June 2007.Google Scholar
Kithi, N. (2005) ‘Chaos in the Kaya over fake leaders’, Daily Nation, 20 June. www.nationmedia.com/dailynation/nmgindex.asp, accessed 4 June 2007.Google Scholar
Kithi, N. (2006a) ‘Kaya elders row blamed on politics’, Daily Nation, 8 April. www.nationmedia.com/dailynation/nmgindex.asp, accessed 4 June 2007.Google Scholar
Kithi, N. (2006b) ‘I blessed Balala but did not install him, says elder’, Daily Nation, 28 April. www.nationmedia.com/dailynation/nmgindex.asp , accessed 4 June 2007.Google Scholar
Kwena, E. (2006) ‘Unholy wars erupt at the shrines’, Daily Nation, 9 April. www.nationmedia.com/dailynation/nmgindex.asp, accessed 4 June 2007.Google Scholar
Luhrmann, T. (1989) ‘The magic of secrecy’, Ethos 17 (2): 131–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McIntosh, J. (1989) (forthcoming) The Edge of Islam: power, personhood, and ethnoreligious boundaries on the Kenya coast. Durham NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Mdoe, S. (2004) ‘Let them bury Maitha traditionally’, East African Standard, 10 September. http://www.eastandard.net/archives/, accessed 4 June 2007.Google Scholar
Mwakio, P. (2004) ‘Maitha burial plan out’, East African Standard, 30 August. http://www.eastandard.net, accessed 4 June 2007.Google Scholar
Nation correspondent (2006) ‘Third name fuels Kaya leadership row’, Daily Nation, 5 April. www.nationmedia.com/dailynation/nmgindex.asp, accessed 4 June 2007.Google Scholar
Parkin, D. (1991) Sacred Void: spatial images of work and ritual among the Giriama of Kenya. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simmel, G. (1950) The Sociology of Georg Simmel (Wolff, K., trans. and ed.). New York NY: Free Press.Google Scholar
Spear, T. (1979) The Kaya Complex: a history of the Mijikenda peoples of the Kenya coast to 1900. Nairobi: Kenya Literature Bureau.Google Scholar
Thoya, F. (2004) ‘Chaos in the “Kaya” over Kisauni seat’, Coast Express, 24 September. http://www.nationmedia.com/coastexpress/24092004/News/news240920043.htm, accessed 4 June 2007.Google Scholar
Willis, J. (1993) Mombasa, the Swahili, and the Making of the Mijikenda. Oxford: Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar