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‘HUNTERS-WITH-SHEEP’: THE |XAM BUSHMEN OF SOUTH AFRICA BETWEEN PASTORALISM AND FORAGING

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2015

Mark McGranaghan
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Abstract

The ability of hunting and gathering populations to adopt herding forms of subsistence constitutes the crux of a long-standing debate in southern African archaeological and anthropological scholarship concerning the spread of livestock to the subcontinent. This article takes as a detailed case study the subsistence strategies of the nineteenth-century ǀXam Bushmen of the Northern Cape (South Africa), extracted from a transcription of the entirety of the Bleek–Lloyd Archive. It focuses on ǀXam characterization of and relationships with the various domesticated species that shared their Karoo landscape, and asks whether these relationships differ markedly from their conceptions of non-domesticated animals. Turning to the wider context of hunter-gatherer engagements with domesticates, the article concludes by proposing that, for the ǀXam, domesticated fauna were part of a spectrum of differentiated resources, and did not entail an interaction with a wholly alien suite of new demands.

Résumé

La capacité des populations de chasseurs et cueilleurs à adopter l’élevage comme forme de subsistance est au cœur d’un débat qui anime depuis longtemps la recherche archéologique et anthropologique en Afrique australe concernant la propagation du bétail dans le sous-continent. Cet article prend comme étude de cas détaillée les stratégies de subsistance des Bushmen ǀXam du Northern Cape (Afrique du Sud) au dix-neuvième siècle, extraites d'une transcription des archives complètes de Bleek et Lloyd. Il traite de la caractérisation par les ǀXam des diverses espèces domestiquées qui partageaient leur paysage Karoo, ainsi que de leurs rapports avec ces espèces, et pose la question de savoir si ces rapports diffèrent sensiblement de leurs conceptions des animaux non domestiqués. S’intéressant ensuite au contexte plus large des interactions des chasseurs-cueilleurs avec les animaux domestiqués, l’article conclut en proposant que pour les ǀXam, la faune domestiquée faisait partie d’un spectre de ressources différenciées, et n’impliquait pas une interaction avec un ensemble totalement étranger de nouvelles exigences.

Type
Bushmen revisited
Information
Africa , Volume 85 , Issue 3 , August 2015 , pp. 521 - 545
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2015 

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