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The rise and rise of agricultural wage labour: evidence from Ethiopia's south, c.1950–2000

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 January 2017

Abstract

This article seeks to examine the dynamic transformation in the system of labour mobilization and the consequent intermingling of peoples of diverse cultural background in northern Sidama, Ethiopia. It investigates the different labour recruitment strategies deployed in the study area at different times, ranging from traditional to hired labour. In the former case, the household plays a major role in the recruitment and supply of agricultural labour, whereas in the latter case, ‘trans-locality’ reinforced by migration becomes central to the labour history of the region. In the 1940s and 1950s, Emperor Haile Selassie I granted large estates of land in the study area to absentee landowners who started schemes of commercial coffee farming. The subsequent expansion of commercialized coffee farming in a locality called Wondo Gänät (northern Sidama) from the 1950s onwards was responsible for the introduction of agricultural wage labour into the wider region. There was no local surplus labour to satisfy the labour needs of the new coffee farms. This void was later filled by Kembata, Hadiya and Wolayita migrant labourers who flocked into the study area from regions widely noted for their scarcity of arable land. This translocal movement of workers paved the way for the beginning of wage employment and eventually the commodification of farm labour in line with capitalist agriculture. Although commercial coffee plantations provided the initial stimulus for labour commodification in the study area, sugar cane-based cash cropping has helped it flourish even further. I argue in this article that the imperial land grants of the late 1940s and 1950s were an important milestone both for the agricultural history of the study area and for the organization of farm labour. Most importantly, I also argue that some of the social tensions and conflicts that often haunt contemporary northern Sidama are legacies inherited from the labour migrations of the 1950s and 1960s and the demographic heterogeneity that ensued.

Résumé

Cet article cherche à examiner la transformation dynamique du système de mobilisation de la main-d’œuvre et le brassage de populations de milieux culturels divers qui en résulte dans le nord de la zone Sidama, en Éthiopie. Il examine les différentes stratégies de recrutement de la main-d’œuvre déployées dans la zone d’étude à différentes époques, allant de la main-d’œuvre traditionnelle à la main-d’œuvre salariée. Dans le premier cas, le foyer joue un rôle majeur dans le recrutement et l'offre de main-d’œuvre agricole, tandis que dans le dernier cas, la « translocalité » renforcée par la migration prend un rôle essentiel dans l'histoire de la main-d’œuvre de la région. Dans les années 1940 et 1950, l'empereur Haïlé Sélassié Ier a concédé des domaines fonciers importants de la zone d’étude à des propriétaires absentéistes qui ont lancé des activités de culture commerciale du café. Le développement de la culture commercialisée du café qui s'en est suivie dans la localité de Wondo Gänät (dans le nord de la zone de Sidama) depuis les années 1950 est responsable de l'introduction d'une main-d’œuvre agricole salariée dans la région. La main-d’œuvre locale disponible ne suffisait pas à répondre à la demande des nouvelles exploitations de café. Ce déficit fut plus tard comblé par les travailleurs migrants kembata, hadiya et wolayita arrivés en masse dans la zone d’étude de régions largement réputées pour leur manque de terres arables. Ce mouvement translocal de travailleurs a ouvert la voie à l'emploi salarié, puis à la marchandisation de la main-d’œuvre agricole compatible avec l'agriculture capitaliste. Si les plantations commerciales de café ont certes stimulé initialement la marchandisation de la main-d’œuvre dans la zone d’étude, la culture commerciale de la cane à sucre l'a quant à elle aidée à prospérer encore davantage. L'auteur soutient dans cet article que les concessions de terres impériales des années 1940 et 1950 ont marqué une étape importante dans l'histoire de l'agriculture de la zone d’étude et dans l'organisation de la main-d’œuvre agricole. Mais il soutient aussi et surtout qu'une partie des tensions et conflits sociaux qui affectent souvent le nord de la zone Sidama contemporaine sont un héritage des migrations de main-d’œuvre des années 1950 et 1960 et de l'hétérogénéité démographique qui s'en est suivie.

Type
Work across Africa
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2017 

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