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The Social Structure of the Nyakyusa: a Re-evaluation1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 January 2012

Extract

The Nyakyusa of south-western Tanzania have received very substantial ethnographic coverage. Nonetheless there remain certain gaps in our knowledge of this society. The field-work by Dr. Godfrey Wilson and Professor Monica Wilson was done largely in the mid 1930s before structural-functional analysis had achieved its present refinement and was evidently influenced by Malinowski who was not himself known for a concern in sociological analysis per se. In these studies of the Nyakyusa, values, beliefs, and ritual were a main object of attention; they present Nyakyusa society as though it were a direct result of the Nyakyusa value system, although the actual workings of the society have been left rather obscure. It is presented as coherent, values and social organization reinforcing each other at every point. But internal evidence contradicts this picture, and on a priori grounds it may also be seen that there were several structural pressures towards incoherence, or rather, conflict between the actual development of social organization through time and those presumably timeless values reputed to maintain it.

Résumé

LA STRUCTURE SOCIALE DES NYAKYUSA: UNE RÉÉVALUATION

Cet article examine la nature des classes d'âge chez les Nyakyusa au sud-ouest de la Tanzanie. Les écrits de G. et M. Wilson sont obscurs sur la nature de l'organisation des classes d'âge et sur la façon dont cette organisation est liée à la parenté et à la structure politique de la chefferie. Une description idéaliseé a été fournie par les Nyakyusa eux-mêmes et présentée comme la représentation ethnographique d'un fait social. Cette description idéalisée ne décrit pas bien la société Nyakyusa réelle, telle qu'on peut la déduire des données brutes et des événements puisés dans la littérature. On note des exceptions à la description idéale des classes d'âge Nyakyusa et l'auteur met en évidence les problèmes relatifs aux données des relations d'âge, de l'autorité et de la parenté à l'intérieur d'une chefferie. Il suggère que les valeurs idèales des Nyakyusa pouvaient avoir—et avaient probablement pour résultat dans les situations réelles — de nombreuses formes différentes d'organisation. Les valeurs idéales, dont celles des associations de classe d'âge, se combinent aux pressions économiques et de politique interne, aux problèmes inhérents au groupe de parenté et au cycle de développement des families et des chefferies pour produire des résultats variés. Le système de valeurs Nyakyusa permet de formuler des résultats et de les structurer sans fournir un cadre contraignant à des développements sociaux qui sont contingents; mais il a aussi tracé les lignes autour desquelles des conflits pourraient se développer.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1973

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