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Obscuring and Revealing: Muslim Engagement with Volunteering and the Aid Sector in Tanzania

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 September 2015

Felicitas Becker
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Abstract:

This article examines Muslim involvement, or lack of it, in AIDS services provision in Tanzania. It argues that Muslims find it harder than Christians to work with Western donors whose conceptions of civil society and volunteering do not accurately reflect the institutional practices of Muslims. Many Muslims also mistrust the role played by the state in brokering cooperation. Nevertheless, Muslims seek to engage with the volunteering discourse and have established some organizations that are visible to aid institutions. The complexity of this process reveals the political tensions and unstated agendas on the part of donors that are usually obscured by the notion of “volunteering.”

Résumé:

Cet article examine l’engagement des musulmans, ou l’absence d’engagement, dans les prestations de service pour la lutte contre le Sida en Tanzanie. Il fait valoir que les musulmans trouvent plus difficile que les chrétiens de travailler avec des donateurs occidentaux, dont les conceptions de la société civile et le bénévolat ne reflètent pas fidèlement les pratiques institutionnelles des musulmans. Beaucoup de musulmans se méfient également du rôle joué par l'État dans l’organisation de la coopération. Néanmoins, les musulmans cherchent à s'engager dans le discours du bénévolat et ont mis en place certaines organisations qui sont visibles pour les institutions d’aide humanitaire. La complexité de ce processus révèle les tensions politiques et les intentions des donateurs privés qui sont habituellement masquées par la notion de “volontariat.”

Keywords

TanzaniaIslamAIDSaidworkvolunteeringpolitics of development
Type
ASR FOCUS ON VOLUNTEER LABOR IN EAST AFRICA
Information
African Studies Review , Volume 58 , Issue 2 , September 2015 , pp. 111 - 133
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 2015 

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References

References

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Mitchell, Timothy. 1988. Colonising Egypt. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Mosse, David. 2011. Adventures in Aidland: The Anthropology of Professionals in International Development. Oxford: Berghahn.Google Scholar
Nimtz, August. 1980. Islam and Politics In East Africa. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Pels, Peter. 1996. “The Pidginisation of Luguru Politics: Administrative Ethnography and the Paradoxes of Indirect Rule.” American Ethnologist 23 (4): 738–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PEPFAR Tanzania. 2010. COP Report. www.pepfar.gov.Google Scholar
Perlin, Ross. 2012. Intern Nation: How to Earn Nothing and Learn Little in the Brave New Economy. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Phillips, Lynne, and Ilcan, Suzan. 2004. “Capacity-Building: The Neoliberal Governance of Development.” Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienne détudes du développement 25 (3): 393–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ponte, Stefano. 1999. Farmers and Markets: Policy Reform, Agrarian Change and Rural Livelihoods in Tanzania. London: Hurst.Google Scholar
Ranger, Terence. 1979. “European Attitudes and African Realities: The Rise and Fall of the Matola Chiefs of South-East Tanzania.” Journal of African History 20: 69–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rapid Funding Envelope for AIDS in Tanzania (RFE). 2006–14. Awards Summary, rounds 0–4. www.rapidfundingenvelope.org.Google Scholar
Savage, Mike, et al. 2013. “A New Model of Social Class: Findings from the BB’s Great British Class Survey Experiment.” Sociology 47: 219–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Leander Gunther. 2014. Government of Development: Peasants and Politicians in Postcolonial Tanzania. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Semboja, Joseph, and Therkildsen, Ole. 1996. Service Provision under Stress in East Africa: The State, NGOs and People’s Organizations in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Seppaelae, Pekka. 1998. Diversification and Accumulation in Rural Tanzania: Anthropological Perspectives on Village Economics. Uppsala: Nordisk Afrikainstitutet.Google Scholar
Stebbins, Richard. 1996. “Volunteering: A Serious Leisure Perspective.” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 25: 211–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sueddeutsche Zeitung. 2012a. “Bayreuther Dozent geisselt Bologna-Reform: Wir bilden das akademische Prekariat aus.” April 4.Google Scholar
Sueddeutsche Zeitung. 2012b. “Interview with Claus Leggewie.” September 17.Google Scholar
Tanzania Muslim Welfare Network (TMWN). 2010. “Katiba [constitution] 2010.” Dar es Salaam: TMWN.Google Scholar
Tripp, Aili Mari. 1997. Changing the Rules: The Politics of Liberalization and the Urban Informal Economy in Tanzania. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Von Freyhold, Michaela. 1979. Ujamaa Villages in Tanzania: Analysis of a Social Experiment. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Westerlund, David. 1981. Ujamaa na dini: A Study of Some Aspects of Society and Religion in Tanzania, 1961–77. Stockholm: Almquist and Wiksell.Google Scholar
Williams, S., et al. 2013. Globalization and Work. Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Ali, Bakari. Interviewed at Sheikhat Issa Mosque, Magomeni, July 2012.Google Scholar
Bin Juma, Mzee. Mingoyo, , August 9, 2000.Google Scholar
Hamisi, Bi Kombe. Lindi-Mapinduzi, October 24, 2003.Google Scholar
Kalinga, Hashim. Tanzania Commission on AIDS (TACAIDS), Dar es Salaam, October 2008 and July 26, 2012.Google Scholar
Lipyoga, Bushiri Bakari. Rwangwa-Dodoma, October 9, 2003.Google Scholar
Mageni Bupamba, Mihayo. AMREF Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, June 13, 2005.Google Scholar
Makolela, Issa. Rwangwa-Likangara, September 3, 2003.Google Scholar
Mbwana Maalim, Hassan, Shehe. Lindi-Ndoro November 5, 2000.Google Scholar
Mkwawa, Omari. Shadhili center, Udoe Street, Kariakoo, Dar es Salaam, July 2012.Google Scholar
Mfaume, Mwalimu. Kilwa-Pande, June 19, 2004.Google Scholar
Mwichande, Mohamed bin Saidi. Kilwa-Masoko, June 17, 2004.Google Scholar
Othman, Issa, Sheikh. Blue Pearl Hotel, Dar es Salaam, June 2008.Google Scholar
Saidi, Muhammad Hamisi. Bakwata, Dar es Salaam, July 26, 2012.Google Scholar
Zubeiri, Fadhil. Lindi-Mikumbi, July 24, 2000.Google Scholar
Tanzania National Archives (TNA). TNA G9/39. German-period correspondence on religious movements.Google Scholar
Tanzania National Archives (TNA). TNA G 9/39:7. Letter from Bezirksamt Kilwa to Government, Dar es Salaam, September 25, 1897.Google Scholar
Abrahamsen, Rita, 2000. Disciplining Democracy: Development Discourse and Good Governance in Africa. London: Zed.Google Scholar
Ahmed, Chanfi, 2008. Les conversions a l’Islam fondamentaliste en Afrique au Sud du Sahara. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Amin, Ash. 2005. “Local Community on Trial.” Economy and Society 34: 612–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakwata (Central Council of Tanzanian Muslims). 2011. “Mwongozo on AIDS.” Dar es Salaam: Bakwata.Google Scholar
Bang, Anne. 2004. Sufis and Scholars of the Sea: Family Networks in East Africa. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, Felicitas. 2008. Becoming Muslim in Mainland Tanzania. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Becker, Felicitas, and Geissler, Wenzel, eds. 2009. AIDS and Religious Practice in Africa. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brennan, James. 2012. Taifa: Making Nation and Race in Urban Tanzania. Athens, Ohio: Swallow Press.Google Scholar
Dietrichs, John W. 2007. “The Politics of PEPFAR: The President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief.” Ethics and International Affairs 21: 277–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dilger, Hansjoerg. 2005. Leben mit AIDS: Krankheit, Tod und soziale Beziehungen in Afrika. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag.Google Scholar
Dilger, Hansjoerg. 2014. “Claiming Territory: Medical Mission, Interreligious Revivalism, and the Spatialization of Health Intervention in Urban Tanzania.” Medical Anthropology 33: 52–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dilger, Hansjoerg, and Luig, Ute, eds. 2010. Morality, Hope and Grief: Anthropologies of AIDS in Africa. Oxford: Berghahn.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1971. Islam Observed: Religious Development in Morocco and Indonesia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Glassman, Jonathon. 1995. Feasts And Riot: Revelry, Rebellion and Popular Consciousness on the Swahili Coast, 1856–1888. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Green, Maia. 2010. “Making Development Agents: Participation as Boundary Object in International Development.” Journal of Development Studies 46 (7): 1240–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, Maia. 2012. “Anticipatory Development: Mobilising Civil Society in Tanzania.” Critique of Anthropology 32: 309–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, Maia. 2014. The Development State: Aid, Culture and Civil Society in Tanzania. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Green, Maia, Mercer, Claire, and Mesaki, Simeon. 2010. The Development Activities, Values and Performance of Non-governmental and Faith-Based Organisations in Magu and Newala Districts, Tanzania. Working Paper 49. Birmingham, U.K.: Religions and Development Research Consortium.Google Scholar
Goebel, Jan, Gornig, Martin, and Haeusserman, Hartmut. 2010. Polarisierung der Einkommen: die Mittelschicht verliert. Wochenbericht des DIW no. 24/2010. Berlin: Deutsches Institut fuer Wirtschaftsforschung.Google Scholar
The Guardian. 2011. “Clegg Admits Parental Job Boost Amid Crackdown on Unpaid Internships.” April 5.Google Scholar
The Guardian. 2012. “Internships Should Be Subject to Labour Market Rules, Says Social Mobility Tsar.” May 30.Google Scholar
Harvey, David. 2007. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hulme, David, and Edwards, Michael, eds. 1996. NGOs, States and Donors: Too Close for Comfort? Basingstoke, U.K.: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Hyden, Goran. 1981. Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Igoe, Jim, and Kelsall, Tim, eds. 2005, Between a Rock and a Hard Place: African NGOs, Donors and the State. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press.Google Scholar
Jennings, Michael. 2008. Surrogates of the State: NGOs, Development and the State in Tanzania. Bloomfield, Conn.: Kumarian Press.Google Scholar
Lange, Siri, Wallevik, Helge, and Kiondo, Andrew. 2006. Civil Society in Tanzania. Bergen: CMI Report R 2000.Google Scholar
Lapidus, Ira. 2012. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leurs, Robert, Tumaini-Mungu, Peter, and Mvungi, Abu. 2011. Mapping the Development Activities of Faith-Based Organisations in Tanzania. Religions and Development Working Paper 58. Birmingham, U.K.: University of Birmingham.Google Scholar
Loimeier, Roman. 2007. “Perceptions of Marginalisation: Muslims in Contemporary Tanzania.” In Islam and Muslim Politics in Africa, edited by Otayek, Rene and Soares, Benjamin F., 136–56. London: Palgrave McMillan.Google Scholar
Loimeier, Roman. 2009. Between Social Skills and Marketable Skills: The Politics of Islamic Education in 20th Century Zanzibar. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ludwig, Frieder. 1999. Church and State in Tanzania: Aspects of A Changing Relationship. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mercer, Claire. 2003. “Performing Partnership: Civil Society and the Illusions of Good Governance in Tanzania.” Political Geography 22: 741–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mills, Colin. n. d.“The Great British Class Fiasco.” oxfordsociology.blogspot.co.uk.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Timothy. 1988. Colonising Egypt. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Mosse, David. 2011. Adventures in Aidland: The Anthropology of Professionals in International Development. Oxford: Berghahn.Google Scholar
Nimtz, August. 1980. Islam and Politics In East Africa. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Pels, Peter. 1996. “The Pidginisation of Luguru Politics: Administrative Ethnography and the Paradoxes of Indirect Rule.” American Ethnologist 23 (4): 738–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PEPFAR Tanzania. 2010. COP Report. www.pepfar.gov.Google Scholar
Perlin, Ross. 2012. Intern Nation: How to Earn Nothing and Learn Little in the Brave New Economy. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Phillips, Lynne, and Ilcan, Suzan. 2004. “Capacity-Building: The Neoliberal Governance of Development.” Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienne détudes du développement 25 (3): 393–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ponte, Stefano. 1999. Farmers and Markets: Policy Reform, Agrarian Change and Rural Livelihoods in Tanzania. London: Hurst.Google Scholar
Ranger, Terence. 1979. “European Attitudes and African Realities: The Rise and Fall of the Matola Chiefs of South-East Tanzania.” Journal of African History 20: 69–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rapid Funding Envelope for AIDS in Tanzania (RFE). 2006–14. Awards Summary, rounds 0–4. www.rapidfundingenvelope.org.Google Scholar
Savage, Mike, et al. 2013. “A New Model of Social Class: Findings from the BB’s Great British Class Survey Experiment.” Sociology 47: 219–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Leander Gunther. 2014. Government of Development: Peasants and Politicians in Postcolonial Tanzania. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Semboja, Joseph, and Therkildsen, Ole. 1996. Service Provision under Stress in East Africa: The State, NGOs and People’s Organizations in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Seppaelae, Pekka. 1998. Diversification and Accumulation in Rural Tanzania: Anthropological Perspectives on Village Economics. Uppsala: Nordisk Afrikainstitutet.Google Scholar
Stebbins, Richard. 1996. “Volunteering: A Serious Leisure Perspective.” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 25: 211–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sueddeutsche Zeitung. 2012a. “Bayreuther Dozent geisselt Bologna-Reform: Wir bilden das akademische Prekariat aus.” April 4.Google Scholar
Sueddeutsche Zeitung. 2012b. “Interview with Claus Leggewie.” September 17.Google Scholar
Tanzania Muslim Welfare Network (TMWN). 2010. “Katiba [constitution] 2010.” Dar es Salaam: TMWN.Google Scholar
Tripp, Aili Mari. 1997. Changing the Rules: The Politics of Liberalization and the Urban Informal Economy in Tanzania. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Von Freyhold, Michaela. 1979. Ujamaa Villages in Tanzania: Analysis of a Social Experiment. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Westerlund, David. 1981. Ujamaa na dini: A Study of Some Aspects of Society and Religion in Tanzania, 1961–77. Stockholm: Almquist and Wiksell.Google Scholar
Williams, S., et al. 2013. Globalization and Work. Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press.Google Scholar