Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T13:45:13.117Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Intergenerational proximity and the residential relocation of older people to care institutions and elsewhere

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 April 2014

MARIEKE VAN DER PERS ,
EVA. U. B. KIBELE  and
CLARA H. MULDER
MARIEKE VAN DER PERS*
Affiliation:
Population Research Centre, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
EVA. U. B. KIBELE
Affiliation:
Population Research Centre, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
CLARA H. MULDER
Affiliation:
Population Research Centre, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
*
Address for correspondence: Marieke van der Pers, University of Groningen, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, Population Research Centre, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands. E-mail: m.van.der.pers@rug.nl and mariekevdpers@hotmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

We investigated the extent to which the geographic proximity of adult children affected the relocations of older people in the Netherlands in 2008. A major contribution of this study is the examination of the differentiation between relocation to care institutions and elsewhere. Data from the Dutch population register linked to complementary datasets were analysed for nearly one million inhabitants aged 75 and above, using multinomial logistic regression models to estimate the effects of intergenerational proximity and of other factors on the propensity to relocate to an institution and elsewhere. An interaction of proximity with partnership status as an indicator of the presence of an important care provider was considered. We found that older people were less likely to move elsewhere when their children were living very close by, and were more likely to do so when their children were living farther away. Having children living close was negatively associated with the likelihood of moving to a care institution. Very close proximity had an additional negative effect on the propensity of older people with a partner to relocate elsewhere whereas the negative effect was less for older people without a partner on moving elsewhere. Our findings did, however, show that (recently) widowed people were more likely to move elsewhere when their children were living more than 40 kilometres away.

Keywords

residential relocationsintergenerational proximityolder agesinstitutionalisationregister dataThe Netherlands
Type
Articles
Information
Ageing & Society , Volume 35 , Issue 7 , August 2015 , pp. 1429 - 1456
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abramsson, M. and Andersson, E. K. 2012. Residential mobility patterns of elderly – leaving the house for an apartment. Housing Studies, 27, 5, 582–604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Attias-Donfut, C., Ogg, J. and Wolff, F. C. 2005. European patterns of intergenerational financial and time transfers. European Journal of Ageing, 25, 2, 161–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bengtson, V. L. 2001. The Burgess award lecture: beyond the nuclear family: the increasing importance of multigenerational bonds. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 1, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bengtson, V. L. and Roberts, R. E. L. 1991. Intergenerational solidarity in aging families: an example of formal theory construction. Journal of Marriage and Family, 53, 4, 856–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentham, G. 1988. Migration and morbidity: implications for geographical studies of disease. Social Science & Medicine, 26, 1, 49–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bloem, B. A., Van Tilburg, T. G. and Thomése, F. 2008. Residential mobility of older Dutch adults: influence of later life events. International Journal of Ageing and Later Life, 1, 3, 21–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boaz, R. F. and Muller, C. M. 1994. Predicting the risk of ‘permanent’ nursing home residence: the role of community help as indicated by family helpers and prior living arrangements. Health Service Research, 29, 4, 391–414.Google ScholarPubMed
Bordone, V. 2009. Contact and proximity of older people to their adult children: a comparison between Italy and Sweden. Population, Space and Place, 15, 4, 359–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Börsch-Supan, A. and Jürges, H. 2005. The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe – Methodology. Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Aging (MEA), University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.Google Scholar
Breheny, M. and Stephens, C. 2009. ‘I sort of pay back in my own little way’: managing independence and social connectedness through reciprocity. Ageing & Society, 29, 8, 1295–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carstensen, L. L. 1992. Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: support for socioemotional selectivity theory. Psychology and Aging, 7, 3, 331–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS) 2008. Documentatierapport Integraal Huishoudens Inkomen 2007V2. CBS, Den Haag/Heerlen.Google Scholar
Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS) 2010 a. Database Gemeentelijke Basisadministratie (GBA) 1995–2009v1. CBS, Den Haag/Heerlen.Google Scholar
Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS) 2010 b. Database GBA-Ouder-Kind (GBA-OK) 1995–2009v1. CBS, Den Haag/Heerlen.Google Scholar
Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS) 2012 a. Database CAK – Zorg zonder Verblijf 2007–2009. CBS, Den Haag/Heerlen.Google Scholar
Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS) 2012 b. Database Integraal Huishoudens Inkomen 2007V2, selection. CBS, Den Haag/Heerlen.Google Scholar
Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS) 2013. SSB informatie, 2010. CBS, Den Haag/Heerlen.Google Scholar
Chevan, A. 1995. Holding on and letting go: residential mobility during widowhood. Research on Aging, 17, 3, 278–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CIZ 2012. CIZ Indicatiewijzer versie 5.0. Toelichting op de Beleidsregels Indicatiestelling AWBZ 2012 zoals vastgesteld door het ministerie van VWS. Ministry of Health, The Hague.Google Scholar
Clark, R. and Wolf, D. 1992. Proximity of children and elderly migration. In Rogers, A. (ed.), Elderly Migration and Population Redistribution: A Comparative Perspective. Belhaven Press, London, 77–96.Google Scholar
Davies, A. and James, A. 2011. Geographies of Ageing. Social Processes and the Spatial Unevenness of Population Ageing. Farnham, Ashgate, UK.Google Scholar
De Jong, G. F., Wilmoth, J. M., Angel, J. L. and Cornwell, G. T. 1995. Motives and the geographic mobility of very old Americans. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 50B, 6, S395–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Jong Gierveld, J., Broese van Groenou, M., Hoogendoorn, A. W. and Smit, J. H. 2009. Quality of marriages in later life and emotional and social loneliness. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 64B, 4, 497–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Jong-Gierveld, J. and Dykstra, P. A. 2002. The long-term rewards of parenting. Ageing International: Journal of the International Federation on Ageing, 27, 3, 49–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Jong Gierveld, J. and Van Tilburg, T. G. 1987. The partner as source of social support in problem and non-problem situations. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 2, 2, 191–200.Google Scholar
Dunér, A. and Nordström, M. 2007. The roles and functions of the informal support networks of older people who receive formal support: a Swedish qualitative study. Ageing & Society, 27, 1, 67–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dykstra, P. A. 1998. The effects of divorce on intergenerational exchanges in families. The Netherlands. Journal of Social Sciences, 33, 77–93.Google Scholar
Dykstra, P. A. 2006. Off the beaten track. Research on Aging, 28, 6, 749–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dykstra, P. A. and De Jong Gierveld, J. 2004. Gender and marital-history differences in emotional and social loneliness among Dutch older adults. Canadian Journal on Aging, 23, 2, 141–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dykstra, P. A., Kalmijn, M., Knijn, T. C. M., Komter, A. E., Liefbroer, A. C. and Mulder, C. H. 2005. Codebook of the Netherlands Kinship Panel Study, a multi-actor, multi-method panel study on solidarity in family relationships, Wave 1. NKPS Working Paper, Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute, The Hague.Google Scholar
Eggebeen, D. J. 1992. Family structure and intergenerational exchanges. Research on Aging, 14, 4, 427–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freedman, V. A. 1996. Family structure and the risk of nursing home admission. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 51B, 2, S61–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geerlings, S. W., Pot, M. A., Twisk, J. W. R. and Deeg, D. J. H. 2005. Predicting transitions in the use of informal and professional care by older adults. Ageing & Society, 25, 1, 111–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glaser, K. and Grundy, E. 1998. Migration and household change in the population aged 65 and over, 1971–1991. International Journal of Population Geography, 4, 4, 323–39.3.0.CO;2-M>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Golant, S. M. 2011. The quest for residential normalcy by older adults: relocation but one pathway. Journal of Aging Studies, 25, 3, 193–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenwell, L. and Bengtson, V. L. 1997. Geographic distance and contact between middle-aged children and their parents: the effects of social class over 20 years. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 52B, 1, S13–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grundy, E. 2011. Household transitions and subsequent mortality among older people in England and Wales: trends over three decades. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 65, 4, 353–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grundy, E. and Jitlal, M. 2007. Socio-demographic variations in moves to institutional care 1991–2001: a record linkage study from England and Wales. Age and Ageing, 36, 4, 424–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haberkern, K. and Szydlik, M. 2010. State care provision, societal opinion and children's care of older parents in 11 European countries. Ageing & Society, 30, 2, 299–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hank, K. 2007. Proximity and contacts between older parents and their children: a European comparison. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69, 1, 157–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hank, K. and Buber, I. 2009. Grandparents caring for their grandchildren. Journal of Family Issues, 30, 1, 53–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayslip, B. and Kaminski, P. L. 2005. Grandparents raising their grandchildren: a review of the literature and suggestions for practice. The Gerontologist, 45, 2, 262–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hjälm, A. 2012. ‘Because we know our limits’. Elderly parents’ views on intergenerational proximity and intimacy. Journal of Aging Studies, 26, 3, 296–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogerbrugge, M. J. A. and Dykstra, P. A. 2009. The family ties of unmarried cohabiting and married persons in the Netherlands. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71, 1, 135–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isengard, B. and Szydlik, M. 2012. Living apart (or) together? Coresidence of elderly parents and their adult children in Europe. Research on Aging, 34, 4, 449–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johansson, L., Sundstrom, G. and Hassing, L. B. 2003. State provision down, offspring's up: the reverse substitution of old-age care in Sweden. Ageing & Society, 23, 3, 269–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalmijn, M. 2006. Educational inequality and family relationships: influences on contact and proximity. European Sociological Review, 22, 1, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalmijn, M. and Dykstra, P. A. 2006. Differentials in face-to-face contact between parents and their grown-up children. In Dykstra, P. A., Kalmijn, M., Knijn, T., Komter, A., Liefbroer, A. and Mulder, C. H. (eds), Family Solidarity in the Netherlands. Dutch University Press, Amsterdam, 63–88.Google Scholar
Kaufman, G. and Uhlenberg, P. 1998. Effects of life course transitions on the quality of relationships between adult children and their parents. Journal of Marriage and Family, 60, 4, 924–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kemper, P. and Murtaugh, C. M. 1991. Lifetime use of nursing home care. New England Journal of Medicine, 324, 9, 595–600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klijs, B., Mackenbach, J. P. and Kunst, A. E. 2010. Disability occurrence and proximity to death. Disability & Rehabilitation, 32, 21, 1733–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knijn, T. and Liefbroer, A. 2006. More kin than kind: instrumental support in families. In Dykstra, P. A., Kalmijn, M., Knijn, T., Komter, A., Liefbroer, A. and Mulder, C. H. (eds), Family Solidarity in the Netherlands. Dutch University Press, Amsterdam, 89–106.Google Scholar
Kohli, M., Künemund, H. and Ludiche, J. 2005. Family structure, proximity and contact. In Borsch-Supan, A. (ed.), Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. First Results from SHARE. Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Ageing, Mannheim, Germany, 164–70.Google Scholar
Komter, A. E. and Vollebergh, W. A. M. 2002. Solidarity in Dutch families. Journal of Family Issues, 23, 2, 171–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koropeckyj-Cox, T. and Call, V. R. A. 2007. Characteristics of older childless persons and parents. Journal of Family Issues, 28, 10, 1362–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Künemund, H. and Rein, M. 1999. There is more to receiving than needing: theoretical arguments and empirical explorations of crowding in and crowding out. Ageing & Society, 19, 1, 93–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawton, L., Silverstein, M. and Bengtson, V. L. 1994. Affection, social contact, and geographic distance between adult children and their parents. Journal of Marriage and Family 56, 1, 57–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Litwak, E. and Longino, C. F. 1987. Migration patterns among the elderly: a developmental perspective. The Gerontologist, 27, 3, 266–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Longino, C. F. J., Jackson, D. J., Zimmerman, R. S. and Bradsher, J. E. 1991. The second move: health and geographic mobility. Journal of Gerontology, 46, 4, s218–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macintyre, S., Hunt, K. and Sweeting, H. 1996. Gender differences in health: are things really as simple as they seem? Social Science & Medicine, 42, 4, 617–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manheim, L. M. and Hughes, S. L. 1986. Use of nursing homes by a high-risk long-term care population. Health Service Research, 21, 2, 161–76.Google ScholarPubMed
Martikainen, P., Moustgaard, H., Murphy, M., Einio, E. K., Koskinen, S., Martelin, T. and Noro, A. 2009. Gender, living arrangements, and social circumstances as determinants of entry into and exit from long-term institutional care at older ages: a 6-year follow-up study of older Finns. The Gerontologist, 49, 1, 34–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCann, M., Grundy, E. and O'Reilly, D. 2012. Why is housing tenure associated with a lower risk of admission to a nursing or residential home? Wealth, health and the incentive to keep ‘my home’. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 66, 2, 166–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mestheneos, E. and Triantafillou, J. 2005. Supporting family carers of older people in Europe. In Döhner, H. (ed.), The Pan-European Background Report. LIT Verlag, Munster, Germany.Google Scholar
Mulder, C. H. and Van der Meer, M. J. 2009. Geographical distances and support from family members. Population, Space and Place, 15, 4, 381–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nihtila, E. and Martikainen, P. 2007. Household income and other socio-economic determinants of long-term institutional care among older adults in Finland. Population Studies, 61, 3, 299–314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nihtila, E. and Martikainen, P. 2008. Institutionalization of older adults after the death of a spouse. American Journal of Public Health, 98, 7, 1228–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pettersson, A. and Malmberg, G. 2009. Adult children and elderly parents as mobility attractions in Sweden. Population, Space and Place, 15, 4, 343–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pillemer, K. and Suitor, J. J. 1991. Relationships with children and distress in the elderly. In Pillemer, K. and McCartney, K. (eds), Parent–Child Relations Throughout Life. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, New Jersey, 163–178.Google Scholar
Puts, M., Lips, P., Ribbe, M. and Deeg, D. 2005. The effect of frailty on residential/nursing home admission in the Netherlands independent of chronic diseases and functional limitations. European Journal of Ageing, 2, 4, 264–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ribbe, M. W., Ljunggren, G., Steel, K., Topinkova, E. V. A., Hawes, C., Ikegami, N., Henrard, J. and Jonnson, P. V. 1997. Nursing homes in 10 nations: a comparison between countries and settings. Age and Ageing, 26, supplement 2, 3–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, A., Frey, W. H., Speare, A., Rees, P. and Warnes, A. M. 1992. Elderly Migration and Population Redistribution. Belhaven Press, London.Google Scholar
Rogerson, P. A., Burr, J. A. and Lin, G. 1997. Changes in geographic proximity between parents and their adult children. International Journal of Population Geography, 3, 2, 121–36.3.0.CO;2-I>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogerson, P. A., Weng, R. H. and Lin, G. 1993. The spatial separation of parents and their adult children. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 83, 4, 656–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rossi, A. S. and Rossi, P. H. 1990. Of Human Bonding: Parent–Child Relations Across the Life Course. Aldine de Gruyter, New York.Google Scholar
Rouwendal, J. and Thomése, F. 2010. Homeownership and demand for long-term change. NETSPAR Discussion Paper 11/2010-068. NETSPAR.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverstein, M. 1995. Stability and change in temporal distance between the elderly and their children. Demography, 32, 1, 29–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silverstein, M. and Angelelli, J. J. 1998. Older parents’ expectations of moving closer to their children. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 53B, 3, S153–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverstein, M., Gans, D. and Yang, F. M. 2006. Intergenerational support to aging parents: the role of norms and needs. Journal of Family Issues, 27, 8, 1068–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smits, A. 2010. Moving close to parents and adult children in the Netherlands: the influence of support needs. Demographic Research, 22, 31, 985–1014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smits, A., Van Gaalen, R. I. and Mulder, C. H. 2010. Parent–child coresidence: who moves in with whom and for whose needs? Journal of Marriage and Family, 72, 4, 1022–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spillman, B. C. and Lubnitz, J. 2002. New estimates of lifetime nursing home use. Have patterns of use changed? Medical Care, 40, 10, 965–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spitze, G. and Logan, J. 1990. Sons, daughters, and intergenerational social support. Journal of Marriage and Family, 52, 2, 420–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stein, C. H., Wemmerus, V. A., Ward, M., Gaines, M. E., Freeberg, A. L. and Jewell, T. C. 1998. ‘Because they're my parents’: an intergenerational study of felt obligation and parental caregiving. Journal of Marriage and Family, 60, 3, 611–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Umberson, D. 1992. Relationships between adult children and their parents: psychological consequences for both generations. Journal of Marriage and Family, 54, 3, 664–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van der Pas, S. and Van Tilburg, T. G. 2009. The influence of family structure on the contact between older parents and their adult biological children and stepchildren in the Netherlands. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 65B, 2, 236–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Gaalen, R. I. and Dykstra, P. A. 2006. Solidarity and conflict between adult children and parents: a latent class analysis. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68, 4, 947–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Houtven, C. H. and Norton, E. C. 2004. Informal care and health care use of older adults. Journal of Health Economics, 23, 6, 1159–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Tilburg, T. G. 1995. Delineation of the social network and differences in network size. In Knipscheer, C. P. M., De Jong Gierveld, J., Van Tilburg, T. G. and Dykstra, P. A. (eds), Living Arrangements and Social Networks of Older Adults. UV University Press, Amsterdam, 83–96.Google Scholar
Verbrugge, L. M. 1985. Gender and health: an update on hypotheses and evidence. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 26, 3, 156–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verbrugge, L. M. 1990. Pathways of health and death. In Apple, R. D. (ed.), Women, Health, and Medicine in America. A Historical Handbook. Garland, New York, 41–79.Google Scholar
Verheij, R. A., Van de Mheen, H. D., De Bakker, D. H., Groenewegen, P. P. and Mackenbach, J. P. 1998. Urban–rural variations in health in The Netherlands: does selective migration play a part? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 52, 8, 487–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Victor, C. R., Scambler, S. J., Shah, S., Cook, D. G., Harris, T. and Rink, E. 2002. Has loneliness amongst older people increased? An investigation into variations between cohorts. Ageing & Society, 22, 5, 585–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilmoth, J. M. 2010. Health trajectories among older movers. Journal of Aging and Health, 22, 7, 862–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, Y., Engelman, M. and Agree, E. M. 2013. Moving considerations: a longitudinal analysis of parent–child residential proximity for older Americans. Research on Aging, 35, 6, 663–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Z. and Hayward, M. D. 2001. Childlessness and the psychological well-being of older persons. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 56B, 5, S311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar