Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T08:20:25.680Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Barriers and facilitators to extended working life: a focus on a predominately female ageing workforce

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 June 2020

Clare Ellen Edge*
Affiliation:
School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
Margaret Coffey
Affiliation:
School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
Penny A. Cook
Affiliation:
School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
Ashley Weinberg
Affiliation:
School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
*
*Corresponding author. Email: C.E.Edge1@salford.ac.uk

Abstract

Many countries are reforming their pension systems so people stay in work for longer to improve the long-term sustainability of public finances to support an increasing older population. This research aimed to explore the factors that enable or inhibit people to extend working life (EWL) in a large United Kingdom-based retail organisation. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with a purposive sample (N = 30): 15 employees aged ⩾60 and 15 supervisors supporting these employees. Older workers were predominately female, reflecting the gender profile of the older workers in the organisation. Older workers and supervisors reported that key facilitators to EWL were good health, the perception that older workers are of value, flexibility and choice, the need for an ongoing conversation across the lifecourse, the social and community aspect of work as a facilitator to EWL and the financial necessity to EWL. Perceived barriers to EWL included poor health, negative impacts of work on health, and a lack of respect and support.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bal, PM, Kooij, DT and De Jong, SB (2013) How do developmental and accommodative HRM enhance employee engagement and commitment? The role of psychological contract and SOC strategies. Journal of Management Studies 50, 545572.10.1111/joms.12028CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barmby, TA, Ercolani, MG and Treble, JG (2002) Sickness absence: an international comparison. The Economic Journal 112, F315F331.10.1111/1468-0297.00046CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes-Farrell, JL, Rumery, SM and Swody, CA (2002) How do concepts of age relate to work and off-the-job stresses and strains? A field study of health care workers in five nations. Experimental Aging Research 28, 8798.10.1080/036107302753365577CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, C (2008) Working for a Healthier Tomorrow. London: Department for Work and Pensions.Google Scholar
Bowman, D, McGann, M, Kimberley, H and Biggs, S (2017) ‘Rusty, invisible and threatening’: ageing, capital and employability. Work, Employment and Society 31, 465482.10.1177/0950017016645732CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, P and Vickerstaff, S (2011) Health subjectivities and labor market participation pessimism and older workers’ attitudes and narratives around retirement in the United Kingdom. Research on Aging 33, 529550.10.1177/0164027511410249CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coughlin, S and Ekwueme, D (2009) Breast cancer as a global health concern. Cancer Epidemiology 33, 315318.10.1016/j.canep.2009.10.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Denaeghel, K, Mortelmans, D and Borghgraef, A (2011) Spousal influence on the retirement decisions of single-earner and dual-earner couples. Advances in Life Course Research 16, 112123.10.1016/j.alcr.2011.06.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) (2014) Fuller Working Lives: A Framework for Action. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/319872/fuller-working-lives.pdf.Google Scholar
Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) (2018) Economic Labour Market Status of Individuals Aged 50 and Over: 2018. Available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/747715/economic-labour-market-status-of-individuals-aged-50-and-over-oct-2018.pdf.Google Scholar
de Preter, H, Van Looy, D and Mortelmans, D (2013) Individual and institutional push and pull factors as predictors of retirement timing in Europe: a multilevel analysis. Journal of Aging Studies 27, 299307.10.1016/j.jaging.2013.06.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Wind, A, Geuskens, GA, Reeuwijk, KG, Westerman, MJ, Ybema, JF, Burdorf, A and Van der Beek, AJ (2013) Pathways through which health influences early retirement: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 13, 292.10.1186/1471-2458-13-292CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Di Gessa, G, Corna, LM, Platts, LG, Worts, D, McDonough, P, Sacker, A, Price, D and Glaser, K (2017) Is being in paid work beyond state pension age beneficial for health? Evidence from England using a life-course approach. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 71, 431438.10.1136/jech-2016-208086CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
European Commission (2012) The 2012 Ageing Report: Economic and Budgetary Projections for the 27 EU Member States (2010–2060). Brussels: European Commission.Google Scholar
European Commission (2017) European Semester Thematic Factsheet: Women in the Labour Market. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/european-semester_thematic-factsheet_labour-force-participation-women_en_0.pdf.Google Scholar
Evans, S (2016) HRM and front line managers: the influence of role stress. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 121. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09585192.2016.1146786.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, LM, Ryan, KM and King, EB (2013) What do the young (old) people think of me? Content and accuracy of age-based metastereotypes. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 22, 633657.10.1080/1359432X.2012.673279CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gale, NK, Heath, G, Cameron, E, Rashid, S and Redwood, S (2013) Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research. BMC Medical Research Methodology 13, 117.10.1186/1471-2288-13-117CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, CB, Perry, EL, Finkelstein, LM and Shull, A (2013) Antecedents and outcomes of targeting older applicants in recruitment. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 22, 265278.10.1080/1359432X.2012.746315CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffiths, A, Knight, A and Nor Mohd Mahudin, D (2009) Ageing, Work-related Stress and Health – Reviewing the Evidence (Report for Age Concern and Help the Aged and TAEN).Google Scholar
Griffiths, A, MacLennan, S and Vida Wong, Y (2010) Women's Experience of Working Through the Menopause (Report for The British Occupational Health Research Foundation). Available at http://www.bohrf.org.uk/downloads/Womens_Experience_of_Working_through_the_Menopause-Dec_2010.pdf.Google Scholar
Harris, K, Krygsman, S, Waschenko, J and Rudman, DL (2017) Ageism and the older worker: a scoping review. The Gerontologist 58(2). https://academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article/58/2/e1/2894393.Google Scholar
Henly, JR and Lambert, SJ (2014) Unpredictable work timing in retail jobs: implications for employee work–life conflict. Industrial and Labour Relations Review 67, 9861016.10.1177/0019793914537458CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ilmarinen, J (2012) Promoting Active Ageing in the Workplace. European Agency for Health and Safety at Work. https://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/articles/promoting-active-ageing-in-the-workplace/view.Google Scholar
Inceoglu, I, Segers, J and Bartram, D (2012) Age-related differences in work motivation. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 85, 300329.10.1111/j.2044-8325.2011.02035.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, SJ, Holdsworth, L, Hoel, H and Zapf, D (2013) Customer stressors in service organizations: the impact of age on stress management and burnout. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 22, 318330.10.1080/1359432X.2013.772581CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, R (2016) Women's state pension age rise: an unfair burden or a necessary reform? The Guardian, January 9. Available at https://www.theguardian.com/money/2016/jan/09/state-pension-inequality-cost-women-20000-campaign.Google Scholar
Jyrkinen, M (2014) Women managers, careers and gendered ageism. Scandanvian Journal of Management 30, 175185.10.1016/j.scaman.2013.07.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kooij, D, De Lange, A, Jansen, P and Dikkers, J (2008) Older workers’ motivation to continue to work: five meanings of age: a conceptual review. Journal of Managerial Psychology 23, 364394.10.1108/02683940810869015CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laaksonen, M, Martikainen, P, Rahkonen, O and Lahelma, E (2008) Explanations for gender differences in sickness absence: evidence from middle-aged municipal employees from Finland. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 65, 325330.10.1136/oem.2007.033910CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lain, D and Vickerstaff, S (2014) Working beyond retirement age: lessons for policy. In Harper, C and Hamblin, K (eds), International Handbook on Ageing and Public Policy. London: Edward Elgar, pp. 242255.Google Scholar
Laine, H, Saastamoinen, P, Lahti, J, Rahkonen, O and Lahelma, E (2014) The associations between psychosocial working conditions and changes in common mental disorders: a follow-up study. BMC Public Health 14, 588.10.1186/1471-2458-14-588CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loretto, W and Vickerstaff, S (2013) The domestic and gendered context for retirement. Human Relations 66, 6586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loretto, W and Vickerstaff, S (2015) Gender, age and flexible working in later life. Work, Employment and Society 29, 233249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loretto, W and White, P (2006) Work, more work and retirement: older workers’ perspectives. Social Policy and Society 5, 495506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lunau, T, Wahrendorf, M, Dragano, N and Siegrist, J (2013) Work stress and depressive symptoms in older employees: impact of national labour and social policies. BMC Public Health 13, 1086.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macleod, A, Worman, D, Wilton, P, Woodman, P and Hutchings, P (2010) Managing an Ageing Workforce. How Employers Are Adapting to an Older Labour Market. Available at http://www.equality-ne.co.uk/downloads/675_ageing-workforce.pdf.Google Scholar
Macnicol, J (2015) Neoliberalising Old Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manzi, C, Paderi, F, Benet-Martinez, V and Coen, S (2019) Age-based stereotype and negative outcomes in the workplace: exploring the role of identity integration. European Journal of Social Psychology 49, 705716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mastekaasa, A and Dale-Olsen, H (2000) Do women or men have the less healthy jobs? An analysis of gender differences in sickness absence. European Sociological Review 16, 267286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mastekaasa, A and Melsom, AM (2014) Occupational segregation and gender differences in sickness absence: evidence from 17 European countries. European Sociological Review 30, 582594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Metz, D and Underwood, M (2005) Older, Richer, Fitter: Identifying the Consumer Needs of Britain's Ageing Population. London: Age Concern England.Google Scholar
Moulaert, T and Biggs, S (2013) International and European policy on work and retirement: reinventing critical perspectives on active ageing and mature subjectivity. Human Relations 66, 2343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, CJ, Barber, RM, Foreman, KJ, Ozgoren, AA, Abd-Allah, F, Abera, SF et al. (2015) Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990–2013: quantifying the epidemiological transition. The Lancet 386, 21452191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ng, T and Feldman, D (2012) Evaluating six common stereotypes about older workers with meta-analytical data. Personnel Psychology 65, 821858.10.1111/peps.12003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nixon, D (2009) ‘I can't put a smiley face on’: working-class masculinity, emotional labour and service work in the ‘new economy’. Gender, Work and Organization 16, 300322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
North, MS and Fiske, ST (2012) An inconvenienced youth? Ageism and its potential intergenerational roots. Psychological Bulletin 138, 982997.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Office for National Statistics (2016) Towns and Cities Analysis, England and Wales, March 2016. Available at https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/housing/articles/townsandcitiesanalysisenglandandwalesmarch2016/2016-03-18.Google Scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2012) Closing the Gender Gap: Act Now. Available at http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/close-the-gender-gap-now_9789264179370-en.Google Scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2015) LFS by Sex and Age – Indicators. Available at https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=LFS_SEXAGE_I_R.Google Scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2017) Health at a Glance: Europe 2017. Available at https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/health-at-a-glance-2017/life-expectancy-at-birth_health_glance-2017-6-en.Google Scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2018) Labour Force Participation Rate. Available at https://data.oecd.org/emp/labour-force-participation-rate.htm.Google Scholar
Payne, S and Doyal, L (2010) Older women, work and health. Occupational Medicine 60, 172-177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillipson, C (2019) ‘Fuller’ or ‘extended’ working lives? Critical perspectives on changing transitions from work to retirement. Ageing & Society 39, 629650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porcellato, L, Carmichael, F, Hulme, C, Ingham, B and Prashar, A (2010) Giving older workers a voice: constraints on the employment of older people in the North West of England. Work, Employment and Society 24, 85103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Public Health England (2017) Health Profile for England: Chapter 1: Life Expectancy and Healthy Life Expectancy. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/health-profile-for-england/chapter-1-life-expectancy-and-healthy-life-expectancy.Google Scholar
Quoidbach, J, Gilbert, DT and Wilson, TD (2013) The end of history illusion. Science 339, 9698.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reeuwijk, KG, de Wind, A, Westerman, MJ, Ybema, JF, van der Beek, AJ and Geuskens, GA (2013) All those things together made me retire: qualitative study on early retirement among Dutch employees. BMC Public Health 13, 516.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sargent-Cox, KA, Anstey, KJ and Luszcz, MA (2012) The relationship between change in self-perceptions of aging and physical functioning in older adults. Psychology and Aging 27, 750760.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silverstein, M (2008) Meeting the challenges of an aging workforce. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 51, 269280.10.1002/ajim.20569CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smeaton, D and McKay, S (2003) Working After Pension Age: Quantitative Analysis. Leeds, UK: Corporate Document Services.Google Scholar
Taskila, T, Shreeve, V, Laghini, M and Bevan, S (2015) Living Long, Working Well. Available at http://www.theworkfoundation.com/DownloadPublication/Report/386_Living_long_working_well_Final.pdf.Google Scholar
Taylor, P and Earl, C (2016) The social construction of retirement and evolving policy discourse of working longer. Journal of Social Policy 45, 251268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
United Nations (2015) World Population Ageing 2015. New York, NY: Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. Available at http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WPA2015_Report.pdf.Google Scholar
van Solinge, H and Henkens, K (2014) Work-related factors as predictors in the retirement decision-making process of older workers in the Netherlands. Ageing & Society 34, 15511574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
von Hippel, C, Kalokerinos, EK and Henry, JD (2013) Stereotype threat among older employees: relationship with job attitudes and turnover intentions. Psychology and Aging 28, 1727.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waddell, G and Burton, AK (2006) Is Work Good for Your Health and Well-being? London: The Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Warr, P (1987) Work, Unemployment, and Mental Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Warr, P (2007) Work, Happiness, and Unhappiness. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Warr, P (2011) Work, Happiness, and Unhappiness, 2nd Edn edn, New York: Psychology Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westerlund, H, Kivimäki, M, Singh-Manoux, A, Melchior, M, Ferrie, JE, Pentti, J, Jokela, M, Leineweber, C, Goldberg, M, Zins, and Vahtera, J (2009) Self-rated health before and after retirement in France (GAZEL): a cohort study. The Lancet 374, 18891896.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yeomans, L (2011) An Update of the Literature on Age and Employment. London: Health and Safety Executive.Google Scholar