Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T05:55:20.310Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Family relations and life satisfaction of older people: a comparative study between two different hukous in China

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2011

HUANG YUNONG*
Affiliation:
Social Work Development Research Centre, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China.
*
Address for correspondence: Huang Yunong, Social Work Development Research Centre, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, No. 555 Liutai Street, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China. E-mail: yunongh@gmail.com

Abstract

This paper examined the relationships between family relations and life satisfaction between the two groups of older people with different hukous in Putian, Fujian, China. Five factors related to family relations: family support network, satisfaction with family support, family harmony, filial support and filial discrepancy, were included in the study. A total of 532 valid questionnaires, 263 and 269 being filled in by older people with agricultural and non-agricultural hukous, respectively, were obtained. Bivariate analyses indicated that five factors were correlated significantly with life satisfaction for both groups of older people. The results of hierarchical regression analyses showed that when controlling for socio-demographic variables, filial support was associated with life satisfaction for both groups of older people; satisfaction with family support and filial discrepancy was only associated with life satisfaction among older people with agricultural hukous; family harmony only contributed to explaining life satisfaction among older people with non-agricultural hukous. The present study confirmed some previous empirical findings, which indicated the importance of family relations to older people's lives, and extended our understanding about the correlates of life satisfaction for the two groups of older people with different hukous in China. Limitations and direction of future studies were also addressed. Meanwhile, the policy and practice implications of the study were discussed in the context of China's social and economic changes.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allison, P. D. 2001. Missing Data. Sage, Thousand Oaks, California.Google Scholar
Andrew, S. M. H. 2002. Interpersonal competence, family functioning, and parent–adolescent conflicts. Unpublished PhD thesis, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.Google Scholar
Antonucci, T. C. and Akiyama, H. 2007. Social network, support, and integration. In Birren, J. E. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Gerontology. Volume 2, second edition, Academic Press, San Diego, California, 531–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atchley, R. C. 2001. Activity theory. In Maddox, G. (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Aging: A Comprehensive Resource in Gerontology and Geriatrics. Springer, New York, 1013.Google Scholar
Atkinson, M. P., Kivett, V. R. and Campbell, R. T. 1986. Intergenerational solidarity: an examination of a theoretical model. Journal of Gerontology, 41, 3, 408–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bai, X. W., Wu, C. H., Zheng, R. and Ren, X. P. 2010. The psychometric evaluation of the Satisfaction with Life Scale using a nationally representative sample of China. Journal of Happiness Studies. doi:10.1007/s10902-010-9186-x.Google Scholar
Bengtson, V. L., Olander, E. B. and Haddad, A. E. 1976. The ‘generation gap’ and aging family members: toward a conceptual model. In Gubrium, J. F. (ed.), Time, Roles, and Self in Old Age. Human Sciences Press, New York, 237–63.Google Scholar
Bengtson, V. L. and Roberts, R. 1991. Intergenerational solidarity in aging families: an example of formal theory construction. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 856–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brubaker, T. H. 1990. An overview of family relationships in later life. In Brubaker, T. H. (ed.), Family Relationships in Later Life. Second edition, Sage, London, 1326.Google Scholar
Chan, A. and Senser, R. A. 1997. China's troubled workers. Foreign Affairs, 76, 2, 104–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, K. W. and Zhang, L. 1999. The hukou system and rural–urban migration in China: processes and changes. The China Quarterly, 160, 818–55.Google Scholar
Chen, Z. H. and Davey, G. 2008. Happiness and subjective wellbeing in mainland China. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 4, 589600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, S. T. and Chan, A. C. M. 2006. Filial piety and psychological well-being in well older Chinese. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 61B, 5, P262–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, T. J. and Selden, M. 1994. The origins and social consequences of China's hukou system. The China Quarterly, 139, 644–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chi, I. and Boey, K. W. 1993. Hong Kong validation of measuring instruments of mental health status of the elderly. Clinical Gerontologist, 13, 3552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chi, I. and Chou, K. L. 2001. Social support and depression among elderly Chinese people in Hong Kong. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 52, 3, 231–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
China Research Center on Ageing 2008. Zhongguo Chengxiang Laonian Renkou Zhuangkuang Zhuizong Diaocha Yanjiu Baogao Quanwen [Report of the Follow-up Investigation on China's Urban and Rural Older People]. Available online at http://www.china.com.cn/news/txt/2007-12/17/content_9392818.htm [Accessed 15 July 2008].Google Scholar
Chou, K. L. and Chi, I. 2002. Financial strain and life satisfaction in Hong Kong elderly Chinese: Moderating effect of life management strategies including selection, optimization, and compensation. Aging & Mental Health, 6, 2, 172–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chou, K. E. and Chi, I. 2001. Stressful life events and depressive symptoms: social support and sense of control as mediators or moderators? International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 52, 155–71.Google Scholar
Chou, K. L. and Chi, I. 1999. Determinants of life satisfaction in Hong Kong Chinese elderly: a longitudinal study. Aging & Mental Health, 3, 4, 328–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chow, N. W. S. 2001. The practice of filial piety among the Chinese in Hong Kong. In Chi, I., Chappel, N. L. and Lubben, J. (eds), Elderly Chinese in Pacific Rim Countries: Social Support and Integration. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, 126–36.Google Scholar
City Government of Putian 2007. Putian Gaishu [A Brief Introduction of Putian]. Available online at http://www.putian.gov.cn/190/2007-01-22/4719.htm [Accessed 13 April 2009].Google Scholar
Clogg, C. C., Eva, P. and Adamantios, H. 1995. Statistical methods for comparing regression coefficients between models. American Journal of Sociology, 100, 1261–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen-Mansfield, J. 1996. Perceived control, reinforcement, satisfaction, and depression in community elderly. The Journal of Applied Gerontology, 9, 4, 492503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connidis, I. A. and McMullin, J. 1993. To have or have not: parents status and subjective well-being of older men and women. The Gerontologist, 33, 5, 630–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daatland, S. L. 2005. Quality of life and ageing. In Johnson, M. L. (ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Age and Ageing. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 371–7.Google Scholar
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J. and Griffin, S. 1985. The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 7175.Google Scholar
Gallois, C., Giles, H., Ota, H., Pierson, H. D., Ng, S. H., Lim, T.-S., Maher, J., Somera, L., Ryan, E. B. and Harwood, J. 1999. Intergenerational communication across the Pacific Rim: the impact of filial piety. In Lasry, J. C., Adair, J. and Dion, K. (eds), Latest Contribution to Cross-cultural Psychology. Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, The Netherlands, 192211.Google Scholar
George, L. K. 1981. Subjective well-being: conceptual and methodological issues. In Eisdorfer, C. (ed.), Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics. Springer, New York, 250–8.Google Scholar
George, L. K. 2006. Perceived quality of life. In Binstock, R. H. and George, L. K. (eds), Handbook of Aging and Social Sciences. Sixth edition, Elsevier, San Diego, California, 320–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hebel, J. 2004. Social welfare in rural China. In Eyferth, P. H. J. and Vermeer, E. B. (eds), Rural Development in Transitional China: The New Agriculture. Frank Cass, London, 224–51.Google Scholar
Hu, A. G., Wang, S. G. and Kang, X. G. 1995. Zhongguo Diqu Chayi Baogao [Report on China's Regional Disparities]. Liaoning Renmin Press, Shenyang, China.Google Scholar
Idler, E. and Angel, R. 1990. Self-rated health and mortality in NHANES-I epidemiological follow-up study. American Journal of Public Health, 80, 446–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kwan, A. Y. H., Cheung, J. C. K. and Ng, S. H. 2003. Revisit of Filial Piety Concept Among the Young, the Adult, and the Old in Beijing, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Nanjing, Shanghai, Xiamen, and Xian. Department of Applied Social Studies, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.Google Scholar
Larson, R. 1978. Thirty years of research on the subjective well-being of older Americans. Journal of Gerontology, 33, 109–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lau, S., Lew, W. J. F., Hau, K. T., Cheung, P. C. and Berndt, T. J. 1990. Relations among perceived parental control, warmth, indulgence, and family harmony of Chinese in mainland China. Developmental Psychology, 26, 4, 674–7.Google Scholar
Leung, J. 2005. Community services for the elderly in China. In Yoon, H. and Hendricks, J. (eds), Handbook of Asian Aging. Baywood Publishing, New York, 405–30.Google Scholar
Leung, J. and Leung, K. 1992. Life satisfaction, self-concept, and relationship with parents in adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 21, 653–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, L. 1995. Subjective well-being of Chinese urban elderly. International Review of Modern Sociology, 25, 2, 1726.Google Scholar
Liang, J., Bennett, J. and Gu, S. 1993. Self-reported physical health among the aged in Wuhan, China. Journal of Cross-cultural Gerontology, 35, 5, 746–57.Google Scholar
Liu, Z. Q. 2005. Institution and inequality: the hukou system in China. Journal of Comparative Economics, 33, 1, 133–57.Google Scholar
Lou, V. W. Q. 2010. Life satisfaction of older adults in Hong Kong: the role of social support from adolescent grandchildren. Social Indicators Research, 95, 3, 377–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowenstein, A. and Katz, R. 2005. Living arrangements, family solidarity and life satisfaction of two generations of immigrants in Israel. Ageing & Society, 25, 749–67.Google Scholar
Lowenstein, A., Katz, R. and Gur-Yaish, N. 2007. Reciprocity in parent–child exchange and life satisfaction among the elderly: a cross-national perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 63, 4, 865–83.Google Scholar
Lubben, J., Blozik, E., Gillmann, G., Iliffe, S., Kruse, W. V. R., Beck, J. C. and Stuck, A. E. 2006. Performance of an abbreviated version of the Lubben Social Network Scale among three European community-dwelling older adult populations. The Gerontologist, 46, 503–13.Google Scholar
Lubben, J. E. and Gironda, M. W. 2003. Centrality of social ties to the health and well-being of older adults. In Berkman, B. and Harooytan, L. K. (eds), Social Work and Health Care in an Aging World. Springer, New York, 319–50.Google Scholar
Mancini, J. A. and Sandifer, D. M. 1995. Family dynamics and the leisure experiences of older adults: theoretical viewpoints. In Blieszner, R. and Bedford, V. H. (eds), Handbook of Aging and the Family. Greenwood Press, London, 132–47.Google Scholar
Mannell, R. C. and Dupuis, S. 2007. Life satisfaction. In Birren, J. E. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Gerontology. Volume 2, second edition, Academic Press, San Diego, California, 73–9.Google Scholar
Ng, S. H., Loong, C. S. R., Liu, J. H. and Weatherall, A. 2000. Will the young support the old? An individual- and family-level study of filial obligation in two New Zealand cultures. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3, 2, 163–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Brien, R. M. 2007. A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors. Quality and Quantity, 41, 5, 673–90.Google Scholar
Paternoster, R., Brame, R., Mazerolle, P. and Piquero, A. 1998. Using the correct statistical test for the equality of regression coefficients. Criminology, 36, 4, 859–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pei, X. and Pillai, V. K. 1999. Old age support in China: the role of the state and the family. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 48, 197212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potter, S. H. 1988. The cultural construction of emotion in rural Chinese social life. Ethos, 16, 2, 181208.Google Scholar
Rossi, A. S. and Rossi, P. H. 1990. Of Human Bonding: Parent–Child Relations Across the Life Course. Aldine de Gruyter, New York.Google Scholar
Roth, B. and Robbins, D. 2004. Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health-related quality of life: findings from a bilingual inner-city patient population. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66, 113–23.Google Scholar
Sachs, J. 2003. Validation of the Satisfaction with Life Scale in a sample of Hong Kong university students. Psychologia: An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient, 46, 225–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salamon, M. J. 1988. Clinical use of the life satisfaction in the elderly scale. Clinical Gerontologist, 8, 4554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shek, D. T. L. 1998. Adolescent positive mental health and psychological symptoms: a longitudinal study in a Chinese context. Psychologia: An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient, 41, 217–25.Google Scholar
Shek, D. T. L. 2001 a. Perceptions of happy families amongst Chinese adolescents and their parents: implications for family therapy. Family Therapy, 28, 73–103.Google Scholar
Shek, D. T. L. 2001 b. Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of Self-Report Family Inventory: does time make a difference? Research on Social Work Practice, 11, 485502.Google Scholar
Shek, D. T. L. 2005. A longitudinal study of Chinese cultural beliefs about adversity, psychological well-being, delinquency, and substance abuse in Chinese adolescents with economic disadvantage. Social Indicators Research, 71, 385409.Google Scholar
Shek, D. T. L. 2006. Chinese family research: puzzles, progress, paradigms, and policy implications. Journal of Family Issues, 27, 3, 275–84.Google Scholar
Shek, D. T. L. and Chan, L. K. 1998. Perceptions of a happy family amongst Chinese adolescents and their parents. Journal of Youth Studies, 1, 178–89.Google Scholar
Silverstein, M., Cong, Z. and Li, S. Z. 2006. Intergenerational transfers and living arrangements of older people in rural China: consequences for psychological well-being. Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 61B, S256–66.Google Scholar
Strom, R. D. and Strom, S. K. 2000. Intergenerational learning and family harmony. Educational Gerontology, 26, 261–83.Google Scholar
Sun, R. J. 2002. Old age support in contemporary urban China from both parents' and children's perspectives. Research on Aging, 24, 3, 337–59.Google Scholar
Wang, F. L. 2005. Organizing Through Division and Exclusion: China's Hukou System. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westerhof, G. J., Dittmann-Kohli, F. and Thissen, T. 2001. Beyond life satisfaction: qualitative and quantitative approaches to judgments about the quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 56, 179203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wong, L. 1998. Marginalization and Social Welfare in China. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Wu, X. G. and Treiman, D. J. 2007. Inequality and equality under Chinese socialism: the hukou system and intergenerational occupational mobility. American Journal of Sociology, 113, 2, 415–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xiang, M. J., Wu, X. G. and Liu, X. H. 1994. Beijingshi Laonianren Shenghuo Manyidu Jiqi Yingjiang Yinsu [Life satisfaction and its correlates of older people in the city of Beijing]. Xinli Xuebao [Acta Psychologica Sinica], 27, 4, 395–9.Google Scholar
Xiong, Y. G. 1999. Woguo Chengshi Jujia Laonianren Wannian Shenghuo Manyidu Yanjiu [Research on the level of life satisfaction among older people living at home]. Renkou Yu Jingji [Population and Economics], 115, 4, 4953.Google Scholar
Xu, Y. B. 2001. Family support for old people in rural China. Social Policy & Administration, 35, 3, 307–20.Google Scholar
Yeung, G. T. Y. and Fung, H. H. 2007. Social support and life satisfaction among Hong Kong Chinese older adults: family first? European Journal of Ageing, 4, 4, 219–27.Google Scholar
Yue, X. D. and Ng, S. H. 1999. Filial obligations and expectations in China: current views from young and old people in Beijing. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2, 215–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, A. Y. and Yu, L. C. 1998. Life satisfaction among Chinese elderly in Beijing. Journal of Cross-cultural Gerontology, 13, 109–25.Google Scholar
Zhang, H. J. and Montgomery, R. J. V. 2003. Gender and elder care in China: the influence of filial piety and structural constrains. Gender and Society, 17, 2, 209–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, L. 2002. Reform of the household registration (hukou) system and rural–urban migration in China: the challenges ahead. Current Politics and Economics of China, 3, 3, 481509.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y. Q. 2002. Laonianren shehui zhichiwang de chengxiang bijiao yanjiu [A comparative study of social support network between urban and rural elderly]. Shehuixue Yanjiu [Sociological Research], 4, 1121.Google Scholar
Zhang, Q. F. 2004. Economic transition and new patterns of parent–adult child coresidence in urban China. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, 5, 1231–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar