Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T01:02:17.939Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Perceptions and experiences of live-in carers: why acknowledging versus neglecting personal identity matters for job satisfaction and wellbeing

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2020

Tushna Vandrevala*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, UK
Emma O'Dwyer
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, UK
*
*Corresponding author. Email: t.vandrevala@kingston.ac.uk

Abstract

For some older people and their families, live-in care offers a way of continuing to live independently at home in their local community. While research in the care industry has consistently highlighted the effects of caring on workers, little research has specifically explored the experiences of live-in carers. The current study examines the ways in which live-in carers construct their role, the different challenges they face and the strategies they use to mitigate them. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 21 live-in carers in the United Kingdom and the data were analysed using thematic analysis. The findings suggest that carers perceive their role as complex and characterised by a heavy workload and tiredness. Participants emphasised the variability which was introduced to the role as a function of the quality of agency support, the character and condition of the client, and the carer's relationships with the client's family. Participants’ accounts reflected an acknowledgement of the need to orient and respond constantly to the needs and routine of the client. While this orientation was recognised as necessary for effectively fulfilling the demands of the role, it was also linked to feelings of dislocation and loss of identity. Drawing on understandings of personal and social identity, the implications of these findings for the psychological wellbeing of live-in carers and organisational support are discussed.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abu-Habib, L (1998) The use and abuse of female domestic workers from Sri Lanka in Lebanon. Gender and Development 6, 5256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Attard, A and Coulson, NS (2012) A thematic analysis of patient communication in Parkinson's disease online support group discussion forums. Computers in Human Behavior 28, 500506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayalon, L (2009) Fears come true: the experiences of older care recipients and their family members of live-in foreign home care workers. International Psychogeriatrics 21, 779–786.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayalon, L (2011) Examining satisfaction with live-in foreign home care in Israel from the perspectives of care recipients, their family members, and their foreign home care workers. Aging and Mental Health 15, 376384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayalon, L and Shiovitz-Ezra, S (2010) The experience of loneliness among live-in Filipino homecare workers in Israel: implications for social workers. British Journal of Social Work 40, 25382559.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayers, J, Hofstetter, C, Schnakenberg, K and Kolody, B (2009) Is immigration a racial issue? Anglo attitudes on immigration policies in a border county. Social Science Quarterly 90, 593610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beardsmore, E and McSherry, R (2017) Healthcare workers’ perceptions of organisational culture and the impact on the delivery of compassionate quality care. Journal of Research in Nursing 22, 4256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhaskar, R (1975) A Realist Theory of Science. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Braun, V and Clarke, V (2006) Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3, 77101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braun, V, Clarke, V, Terry, G and Hayfield, N (2018) Thematic analysis. In Liamputtong, P (ed.), Handbook of Research Methods in Health and Social Sciences. Singapore: Springer, pp. 843860.Google Scholar
Cappuccio, F, Cooper, D, D'Elia, L, Strazzullo, P and Miller, MA (2011) Sleep duration predicts cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. European Heart Journal 32, 14841492.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caruso, C (2013) Negative impacts of shiftwork and long work hours. Rehabilitation Nursing 39, 1625.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Centre for Ageing Better (2019) The State of Ageing in 2019: Adding Life to Our Years. Available at https://www.ageing-better.org.uk/sites/default/files/2019-03/The-state-of-ageing.pdf.Google Scholar
Chowdhury, R and Gutman, G (2012) Migrant live-in caregivers providing care to Canadian older adults: an exploratory study of workers’ life and job satisfaction. Journal of Population Ageing 5, 215240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, L, Samsi, K and Manthorpe, J (2018) Is there an ‘optimal time’ to move to a care home for a person with dementia? A systematic review of the literature. International Psychogeriatrics 30, 16491670.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Devereux, J, Hastings, R and Noone, S (2009) Social support and coping as mediators or moderators of the impact of work stressors on burnout in intellectual disability support staff. Research in Developmental Disabilities 30, 367377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elliott, R, Fischer, C and Rennie, D (1999) Evolving guidelines for publication of qualitative research studies in psychology and related fields. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 38, 215229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Equality and Human Rights Commission (2011) Close to Home: An Inquiry into Older People and Human Rights in Homecare. London: Equality and Human Rights Commission.Google Scholar
Fleming, G and Taylor, BJ (2007) Battle on the home care front: perceptions of home care workers of factors influencing staff retention in Northern Ireland. Health and Social Care in the Community 15, 6776.Google ScholarPubMed
Fletcher, AJ (2017) Applying critical realism in qualitative research: methodology meets method. International Journal of Social Research Methodology 20, 181194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genet, N, BoermaW, Kroneman M, Hutchinson A and Saltman R (2011) Home care in Europe: a systematic literature review. BMC Health Service Research 11, 207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glaser, BG and Strauss, AL (1967) The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago, IL: Aldine.Google Scholar
Grandea, N and Kerr, J (1998) ‘Frustrated and displaced’: Filipina domestic workers in Canada. Gender and Development 6, 712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iecovich, E, Jacobs, JM and Stessman, J (2011) Loneliness, social networks, and mortality: 18 years of follow-up. International Journal of Aging and Human Development 72, 243263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kidder, L and Fine, M (1987) Qualitative and quantitative methods: when stories converge. New Directions for Program Evaluation 35, 5775.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kingsmill, D (2014) Taking Care: An Independent Report into Working Conditions in the Care Sector. London: Kingsmill Review.Google Scholar
Lowell, B, Martin, S and Stone, R (2010) Ageing and care giving in the United States: policy contexts and the immigrant workforce. Journal of Population Ageing 3, 5982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lunenfeld, B and Stratton, P (2013) The clinical consequences of an ageing world and preventive strategies. Best Practice & Research: Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 27, 643659.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2015) Home Care: Delivering Personal Care and Practical Support to Older People Living in Their Own Homes. Available at https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng21/evidence/full-guideline-pdf-489149252.Google Scholar
Patton, M (2002) Book review: Learning in the field: an introduction to qualitative research. American Journal of Evaluation 23, 115116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porat, I and Iecovich, E (2010) Elderly care recipients and their migrant live-in home care relationships between workers in Israel. Home Health Care Services Quarterly 29, 121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reicher, SD, Spears, R and Haslam, AS (2010) The social identity approach in social psychology. In Wetherell, M and Mohanty, CT (eds), Sage Identities Handbook. London: Sage, pp. 4562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riley, K, Nazareno, J and Malish, S (2016) 24-Hour care: work and sleep conditions of migrant Filipino live-in caregivers in Los Angeles. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 59, 11201129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salami, B, Duggleby, W and Rajani, F (2016) The perspective of employers/families and care recipients of migrant live-in caregivers: a scoping review. Health and Social Care in the Community 25, 16671678.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shumate, M and Fulk, J (2004) Boundaries and role conflict when work and family are colocated: a communication network and symbolic interaction approach. Human Relations 57, 5574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skills for Care (2017) Recruitment and Retention in Adult Social Care: Secrets of Success: Learning from Employers What Works Well. Available at https://www.skillsforcare.org.uk/Documents/Recruitment-and-retention/Secrets-of-success/Recruitment-and-retention-secrets-of-success-report.pdf.Google Scholar
Stiell, B and England, K (1997) Domestic distinctions: constructing difference among paid domestic workers in Toronto. Gender, Place and Culture 4, 339360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tarricone, R and Tsouros, AD (2008) World Health Organization Europe: The Solid Facts: Homecare in Europe. Available at http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/96467/E91884.pdf.Google Scholar
Taylor, BJ and Donnelly, M (2006) Risks to home care workers: professional perspectives. Health, Risk and Society 8, 239256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Todres, L, Galvin, K and Holloway, I (2009) The humanization of healthcare: a value framework for qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being 4, 6877.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UNISON (2013) Time to Care: A UNISON Report into Homecare. London: UNISON.Google Scholar
Vahabi, M and Wong, JP (2017) Caught between a rock and a hard place: mental health of migrant live-in caregivers in Canada. BMC Public Health 17, 498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandrevala, T, Samsi, K, Rose, C, Adenrele, C, Barnes, C and Manthorpe, J (2016) Perceived needs for support among care home staff providing end of life care for people with dementia: a qualitative study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 32, 155–163.Google ScholarPubMed
Williams, A, Baláž, V and Wallace, C (2004) International labour mobility and uneven regional development in Europe. European Urban and Regional Studies 11, 2746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization (2016) World Health Statistics 2016: Monitoring Health for the SDGs. Available at http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2016/en/.Google Scholar
Xanthopoulou, D, Bakker, AB, Dollard, MF, Demerouti, E, Schaufeli, WB, Taris, TW and Schreurs, P (2007) When do job demands particularly predict burnout? The moderating role of job resources. Journal of Managerial Psychology 22, 766786.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yardley, L (2000) Dilemmas in qualitative health research. Psychology & Health 15, 215228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yeh, I, Samsi, K, Vandrevala, T and Manthorpe, J (2018) Constituents of effective support for homecare workers providing end-of-life care to people with dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 34, 352–359.Google ScholarPubMed