Hostname: page-component-6bf8c574d5-8gtf8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-20T21:17:32.611Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Theorising about ageing, family and immigration

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 August 2011

LYNN MCDONALD
LYNN MCDONALD*
Affiliation:
Institute for Life Course and Aging, University of Toronto, Canada.
*
Address for correspondence: Lynn McDonald, Institute for Life Course and Aging, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5T 3J1Canada. E-mail: lynn.mcdonald@utoronto.ca
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article critically reviews the ways in which theories in social gerontology have been used to explain the influence of ethnicity and immigration on older adults. The purpose of this cursory examination is to explore how these theories can be used for further theory advancement without serious modifications to existing theories. Current theories do not have the capacity to capture the effects of immigration at the structural level and its link to the social, psychological and family levels, let alone the physical ageing of individuals or societies. The overriding complexity of ageing and immigration requires at minimum, a long-term view and an integrating framework with multiple levels that can accommodate a variety of theoretical interests. The conclusions are that a lifecourse perspective, in conjunction with existing theories, can be employed in two different ways to further this theoretical agenda. A lifecourse perspective provides scaffolding for other theories where seemingly incommensurate epistemological positions can be easily accommodated and the principles of the lifecourse can be integrated into existing theories for a more fine-grained analysis of ethnicity and immigration. These approaches leave the theoretical door open to everyone including the positivists, the constructionists and critical and postmodern scholars with the possibility for interdisciplinary theory building to advance the understanding of the lives of immigrant families.

Keywords

theoryageingethnicityimmigration
Type
Articles
Information
Ageing & Society , Volume 31 , Issue 7: Rethinking Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Intergenerational Family Relations Research , October 2011 , pp. 1180 - 1201
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acharya, M. P. and Northcott, H. C. 2007. Mental distress and the coping strategies of elderly Indian immigrant women. Transcultural Psychiatry, 44, 4, 614–36.Google Scholar
Ajrouch, K. J. 2007. Health disparities and Arab American elders: does intergenerational support buffer the inequality–health link? Journal of Social Issues, 63, 4, 745–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angel, J. L. and Angel, R. J. 2006. Minority group status and healthful aging: social structure still matters. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 7, 1152–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Antonucci, T. C., Jackson, J. S. and Biggs, S. 2007. Intergenerational relations: theory, research, and policy. Journal of Social Issues, 63, 4, 679–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, P. and Kits, O. 2001. One Hundred Years of Caregiving. Law Commission of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.Google Scholar
Becker, G., Beyene, Y. and Canalita, L. C. 2000. Immigrating for status in late life: effects of globalization on Filipino American veterans. Journal of Aging Studies, 14, 3, 273–91.Google Scholar
Bengtson, V. L., Elder, G. H. and Putney, N. M. 2005. The life course perspective on ageing: linked lives, timing, and history. In Johnson, M., Bengtson, V. L., Coleman, P. G. and Kirkwood, T. (eds), Cambridge Handbook on Age and Aging. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 493–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bengston, V. L., Putney, N. M. and Johnson, M. L. 2005. The problem of theory in gerontology today. In Johnson, M. L. (ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Age and Ageing. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 3–20.Google Scholar
Biggs, S. 2005. Beyond appearances: perspectives on identity in later life and some implications for method. Journals of Gerontology, 60, 3, S118–28.Google Scholar
Biggs, S., Lowenstein, A. and Hendricks, J. 2003. Need for Theory: Critical Approaches to Social Gerontology. Baywood, Amityville, New York.Google Scholar
Birren, J. E. and Bengston, V. L. (eds) 1988. Emergent Theories of Aging. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
Blakemore, K. 1999. International migration in later life: social care and policy implications. Ageing & Society, 19, 6, 761–74.Google Scholar
Blakemore, K. and Boneham, M. 1994. Age, Race and Ethnicity: A Comparative Approach. Open University Press, Buckingham, UK.Google Scholar
Bronfenbrenner, U. 1979. The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calasanti, T. 2004. Feminist gerontology and old men. Journals of Gerontology, 59, 6, S305–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calasanti, T. M. and Slevin, K. F. 2001. Gender, Social Inequalities and Aging. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, California.Google Scholar
Chan, A. 2005. Aging in Southeast and East Asia: issues and policy directions. Journal of Cross-cultural Gerontology, 20, 4, 269–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, K. B. 1983. Coping with aging and managing self-identity: the social world of elderly Chinese women. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 15, 36–50.Google Scholar
Chappell, N. L. and Kusch, K. 2007. The gendered nature of filial piety – a study among Chinese Canadians. Journal of Cross-cultural Gerontology, 22, 1, 29–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chappell, N. L., McDonald, L. and Stones, M. 2008. Aging in Contemporary Canada. Pearson, Toronto.Google Scholar
Collings, P. 2001. ‘If you got everything, it's good enough’: perspectives on successful aging in a Canadian Inuit community. Journal of Cross-cultural Gerontology, 16, 2, 127–55.Google Scholar
Connidis, I. A. 2010. Family Ties & Aging. Pine Forge Press/Sage, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Connidis, I. A. and McMullin, J. A. 2002. Ambivalence, family ties, and doing sociology. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 3, 594–601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cool, L. E. 1981. Ethnic identity: A source of community esteem for the elderly. Anthropological Quarterly, 54, 4, 179–81.Google Scholar
Cornman, J. C., Lynch, S. M., Goldman, N., Weinstein, M. and Lin, H. S. 2004. Stability and change in the perceived social support of older Taiwanese adults. Journals of Gerontology, 59, 6, S350–7.Google Scholar
Cowgill, D. O. and Holmes, L. D. 1972. Aging and Modernization. Appleton-Century Crofts, New York.Google Scholar
Dannefer, D. 2003. Cumulative advantage/disadvantage and the life course: cross-fertilizing age and social science theory. Journals of Gerontology, 58, 6, S327–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dannefer, D. and Kelley-Moore, J. 2009. Theorizing the life course: new twists in the paths. In Bengtson, V. L., Silverstein, M., Putney, N. M. and Gans, D. (eds), Handbook of Theories of Aging. Springer, New York, 389–411.Google Scholar
Dossa, P. A. 1999. (Re)imaging aging lives: ethnographic narratives of Muslim women in diaspora. Journal of Cross-cultural Gerontology, 14, 3, 245–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dowd, J. J. 1975. Aging as exchange: a preface to theory. Journal of Gerontology, 30, 5, 584–94.Google Scholar
Dowd, J. J. 1980. Exchange rates and old people. Journal of Gerontology, 35, 4, 596–602.Google Scholar
Driedger, L. and Halli, S. S. 2000. Racial integration: theoretical options. In Driedger, L. and Halli, S. S. (eds), Race and Racism. McGill-Queens University Press, Montreal and Kingston, Canada, 55–76.Google Scholar
Durst, D. 2005. Aging amongst immigrants in Canada: policy and planning implications. Paper presented at the 12th Biennial Canadian Social Welfare Policy Conference: Forging Social Futures, Fredericton, Canada.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elder, G. H. Jr. 2000. The life course. In Borgatta, E. F. and Montgomery, R. J. V. (eds), The Encyclopedia of Sociology. Wiley, New York, 1614–22.Google Scholar
Elder, G. H. 2006. Life course. In Schulz, R. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Aging. Springer, New York, 643–6.Google Scholar
Estes, C. L., Gerard, L., Zones, J. S. and Swan, J. 1984. Political Economy, Health, and Aging . Little, Brown and Company, Boston.Google Scholar
Fiori, K. L., Consedine, N. S. and Magai, C. 2008. Ethnic differences in patterns of social exchange among older adults: the role of resource context. Ageing & Society, 28, 495–524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fivish, R. and Haden, C. A. 2003. Autobiographical Memory and the Construction of a Narrative Self: Developmental and Cultural Perspectives. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Fleras, A. and Elliot, J. L. 1992. Multiculturalism in Canada: The Challenge of Diversity. Nelson Canada, Scarborough, Canada.Google Scholar
Fry, C. L. 2003. The life course as a cultural construct. In Settersten, R. A. (ed.), Invitation to the Life Course: Toward New Understandings of Later Life. Baywood, Amityville, New York, 269–95.Google Scholar
Funk, L. and Kobayashi, K. M. 2009. Family responsibilities and choice: the negotiation of care between adult children and aging parents. Canadian Review of Sociology, 46, 3, 235–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, K. 2002. Age, Narrative and Migration: The Life Course and Life Histories of Bengali Elders in London. Berg, Oxford.Google Scholar
Gee, E. M. 1999. Ethnic identity among foreign-born Chinese Canadian elders. Canadian Journal on Aging, 18, 4, 415–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gelfand, D. 1994. Aging and Ethnicity: Knowledge and Services. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
George, L. 2003. Life course research: achievements and potential. In Mortimer, J. T. and Shanahan, M. J. (eds), Handbook of the Life Course. Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York, 671–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giarrusso, R., Silverstein, M., Gans, D. and Bengston, V. L. 2005. Aging parents and adult children: new perspectives on intergenerational relationships. In Johnson, M., Bengtson, V. L., Coleman, P. G. and Kirkwood, T. (eds), Cambridge Handbook on Aging. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 413–21.Google Scholar
Government of Canada 1996 a. Profiles: Hong Kong. Citizenship and Immigration Canada-110-06-96 (Hong Kong). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.Google Scholar
Government of Canada 1996 b. Profiles: People's Republic of China. Citizenship and Immigration Canada-110-06-96 (Hong Kong). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.Google Scholar
Gubrium, J. F. 2005. Narrative environments and social problems. Social Problems, 52, 4, 525–8.Google Scholar
Havens, B. and Chappell, N. L. 1983. Triple jeopardy: age, sex and ethnicity. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 15, 3, 119–32.Google Scholar
Ho, B., Friedland, J., Rappolt, S. and Noh, S. 2003. Caregiving for relatives with Alzheimer's Disease: feelings of Chinese-Canadian women. Journal of Aging Studies, 17, 3, 301–21.Google Scholar
Holstein, J. A. and Gubrium, J. F. 2003. A constructionist analytics for social problems. In Holstein, J. A. and Miller, G. (eds), Challenges and Choices: Constructionist Perspectives on Social Problems. Aldine de Gruyter, Hawthorne, New York, 187–208.Google Scholar
Holstein, J. A. and Gubrium, J. F. 2007. Constructionist perspectives on the life course. Sociology Compass, 1, 1–18.Google Scholar
Hooyman, N. and Kiyak, H. 2005. Social Gerontology: A Multidisciplinary Perspective. Bacon & Allyn, Boston.Google Scholar
Isajiw, W. W. 1999. Understanding Diversity: Ethnicity and Race in the Canadian Context. Thompson Educational Publishing, Toronto.Google Scholar
Jackson, J. S. and Antonucci, T. C. 2005. Physical and mental consequences of aging in place and aging out of place among Black Caribbean immigrants. Research in Human Development, 2, 4, 229–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, J. S., Forsythe-Brown, I. and Govia, I. O. 2007. Age cohort, ancestry, and immigration generation influences in family relations and psychological well-being among Black Caribbean family members. Journal of Social Issues, 63, 4, 729–43.Google Scholar
Kart, C. S. and Kinney, J. M. 2001. The Realities of Aging. Allyn and Bacon, Boston.Google Scholar
Katz, S. 1995. Imagining the lifespan: from premodern miracles to postmodern fantasies. In Featherstone, M. and Wernick, A. (eds), Images of Ageing: Cultural Representations of Later Life. Routledge, London, 61–75.Google Scholar
Katz, S. 2000. Busy bodies: activity, aging and the management of everyday life. Journal of Aging Studies, 14, 2, 135–52.Google Scholar
Katz, S.2001–02. Growing older without aging? Positive aging, anti-ageism, and anti-aging. Generations, 25, 4, 27–32.Google Scholar
Katz, S. 2005. Cultural Aging: Life Course, Lifestyle and Senior Worlds. Broadview Press, Peterborough, Canada.Google Scholar
Kavalar, J. M. and Van Willigen, J. 2006. Older Asian Indians resettled in America: narratives about households, culture and generation. Journal of Cross-cultural Gerontology, 20, 213–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keefe, J., Rosenthal, C. and Béland, F. 2000. Impact of ethnicity on helping older relatives. Canadian Journal on Aging, 19, 3, 317–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kobayashi, K. M. 2000. The nature of support from adult sansei (third generation) children to older nisei (second generation) parents in Japanese Canadian families. Journal of Cross-cultural Gerontology, 15, 3, 185–205.Google Scholar
Kobayashi, K. M. and Funk, L. 2010. Of the family tree: congruence on filial obligation and its implications for social support among older parents and adult children in Japanese Canadian families. Canadian Journal on Aging, 29, 1, 85–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koyano, W. 1996. Cultural differences in the aging experience. In Minichiello, V., Chappell, N. L., Kendig, H. and Walker, A. (eds), Sociology of Aging: International Perspectives. International Sociological Association, Research Committee on Aging, Melbourne, 451–2.Google Scholar
Krause, N. 2008. Aging in the Church: How Social Relationships Affect Health. Templeton Foundation Press, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Kymlicka, W. 2010. The rise and fall of multiculturalism? New debates on inclusion and accommodation in diverse societies. In Vertovec, S. and Wessendorf, S. (eds), The Multiculturalism Backlash: European Discourses, Policies and Practices. Routledge, London, 32–49.Google Scholar
Lai, D. W. 2004. Health status of older Chinese in Canada: findings from the SF-36 health survey. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 95, 3, 193–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lai, D. W. and Kalyniak, S. 2005. Use of annual physical examinations by aging Chinese Canadians. Journal of Aging and Health, 17, 5, 573–91.Google Scholar
Lai, D. W. and Surood, S. 2008. Predictors of depression in aging South Asian Canadians. Journal of Cross-cultural Gerontology, 23, 1, 57–75.Google Scholar
Li, P. S. 1990. Race and ethnicity. In Li, P. S. (ed.), Race and Ethnic Relations in Canada. Oxford University Press, Don Mills, Canada, 3–17.Google Scholar
Li, P. S. 1999. Race and ethnicity. In Li, P. S. (ed.), Race and Ethnic Relations in Canada. Second edition, Oxford University Press, Don Mills, Canada, 3–20.Google Scholar
Litwin, H. 2005. Correlates of successful aging: are they universal? International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 61, 4, 313–33.Google Scholar
Longino, C. F. Jr., Bradley, D. E., Stoller, E. P. and Haas, W. H. 3rd. 2008. Predictors of non-local moves among older adults: a prospective study. Journals of Gerontology, 63, 1, S7–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lowenstein, A. 2005. Global aging and the challenges to families. In Johnson, M., Bengtson, V. L., Coleman, P. G. and Kirkwood, T. (eds), Cambridge Handbook on Age and Aging. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 403–13.Google Scholar
Lowenstein, A. and Katz, R. 2005. Living arrangements, family solidarity and life satisfaction of two generations of immigrants in Israel. Ageing & Society, 25, 749–67.Google Scholar
Lowenstein, A. and Ogg, J. (eds) 2003. Old Age and Autonomy: The Role of Service Systems and Intergenerational Family Solidarity. Center for Research and Study of Aging, The University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.Google Scholar
Lubben, J. and Becerra, R. M. 1987. Social support among Black, Mexican, and Chinese elderly. In Gelfand, D. E. and Berresi, C. M. (eds), Ethnic Dimensions of Aging. Springer, New York, 130–44.Google Scholar
Markides, K. S. 2001. Minorities and aging. In Maddox, G. L. (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Aging. Springer, New York, 691–3.Google Scholar
Markides, K. S., Liang, J. and Jackson, J. S. 1990. Race, ethnicity and aging: conceptual and methodological issues. In Binstock, R. H. and George, L. K. (eds), Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences. Academic Press, New York, 112–29.Google Scholar
McConatha, J. T., Stoller, P. and Oboudiat, F. 2001. Reflections of older Iranian women adapting to life in the United States. Journal of Aging Studies, 15, 4, 369–81.Google Scholar
McDaniel, S. A. and Tepperman, L. 2007. Close Relations: An Introduction to Sociology of Families. Prentice Hall, Toronto.Google Scholar
McDonald, L., George, U., Daciuk, J., Yan, M. and Rowan, H. 2001. A study on the Settlement Related Needs of Newly Arrived Immigrant Seniors in Ontario. Centre for Applied Social Research, University of Toronto, Toronto.Google Scholar
Miner, S. and Montoro-Rodriguez, J. 1999. Intersections of society, family, and self among Hispanics in middle and later life. In Ryff, C. D. and Marshall, V. W. (eds), The Self and Society in Aging Processes. Springer, New York, 423–552.Google Scholar
Nagel, J. 1994. Constructing ethnicity: creating and recreating ethnic identity and culture. Social Problems, 41, 1, 152–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newbold, K. B. and Filice, J. K. 2006. Health status of older immigrants to Canada. Canadian Journal on Aging, 25, 3, 305–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ng, A. C. Y., Phillips, D. R. and Lee, W. K. 2002. Persistence and challenges to filial piety and informal support of older persons in a modern Chinese society: a case study in Tuen Mun, Hong Kong. Journal of Aging Studies, 16, 2, 135–53.Google Scholar
Noh, S. and Avison, W. R. 1996. Asian immigrants and the stress process: a study of Koreans in Canada. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 37, 2, 192–206.Google Scholar
Nuttman-Schwartz, O. 2008. Bridging the gap: the creation of continuity by men on the verge of retirement. Ageing & Society, 28, 185–202.Google Scholar
Olson, L. (ed.) 2001. Age Through Ethnic Lenses: Caring for the Elderly in a Multicultural Society. Rowan & Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland.Google Scholar
Olstad, R., Sexton, H. and Sogaard, A. J. 2001. The Finnmark Study. A prospective population study of the social support buffer hypothesis, specific stressors and mental distress. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 36, 12, 582–9.Google Scholar
Powell, J. 2006. Social Theory and Aging. Rowan & Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland.Google Scholar
Quadagno, J. S. and Reid, J. 1999. The political economy perspective in aging. In Bengston, V. L. and Schaie, K. W. (eds), Handbook of Theories of Aging. Springer, New York, 344–58.Google Scholar
Riley, M. W., Johnson, M. E. and Foner, A. 1972. Aging and Society. Volume 3: A Sociology of Age Stratification. Russell Sage, New York.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, C. J. 1983. Aging, ethnicity and the family: beyond the modernization thesis. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 15, 3, 1–16.Google Scholar
Rowe, J. W. and Kahn, R. L. 1997. Successful aging. The Gerontologist, 37, 4, 433–40.Google Scholar
Rumbaut, R. G. 1997. Ties that bind: immigration and immigrant families in the United States. In Booth, A., Crouter, A. C. and Landale, N. S. (eds), Immigration and the Family: Research and Policy on U.S. Immigrants. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, New Jersey, 3–46.Google Scholar
Schellenberg, G. and Maheux, H. 2007. Immigrants’ Perspectives on Their First Four Years in Canada: Highlights from Three Waves of the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada. Canadian Social Trends, Catalogue No. 11-008-XIE, Statistics Canada, Ottawa.Google Scholar
Settersten, R. A. Jr. 2005. Linking the two ends of life: what gerontology can learn from childhood studies. Journals of Gerontology, 60, 4, S173–80.Google Scholar
Shemirani, F. S. and O'Connor, D. L. 2006. Ageing in a foreign country: voices of Iranian women ageing in Canada. Journal of Women & Aging, 18, 2, 73–90.Google Scholar
Silveira, E. and Allebeck, P. 2001. Migration, ageing and mental health: an ethnographic study on perceptions of life satisfaction, anxiety and depression in older Somali men in East London. International Journal of Social Welfare, 10, 4, 309–20.Google Scholar
Silverstein, M. (ed.) 2004. Intergenerational Relations Across Time and Place. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
Silverstein, M., Burholt, V., Wenger, G. C. and Bengston, V. L. 1998. Parent–child relations among very old parents in Wales and the United States: a test of modernization theory. Journal of Aging Studies, 12, 4, 387–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simich, L., Beiser, M. and Mawani, F. N. 2003. Social support and the significance of shared experience in refugee migration and resettlement. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 25, 7, 872–91.Google Scholar
Simich, L., Beiser, M., Stewart, M. and Mwakarimba, E. 2005. Providing social support for immigrants and refugees in Canada: challenges and directions. Journal of Immigrant Health, 7, 4, 259–68.Google Scholar
Statistics Canada 2008. Canadian Demographics at a Glance. Demography Division, Ministry of Industry, Ottawa.Google Scholar
Tennstedt, S. and Chang, B. 1998. The relative contribution of ethnicity versus socioeconomic status in explaining differences in disability and receipt of informal care. Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 53B, S861–70.Google Scholar
Torres, S. 2000. A postmodern ethnogerontology … why not … what for? Contemporary Gerontology, 6, 4, 115–8.Google Scholar
Torres, S. 2001. Understandings of successful aging in the context of migration: the case of Iranian immigrants to Sweden. Ageing & Society, 21, 3, 333–55.Google Scholar
Torres, S. 2006. Different ways of understanding the construct of successful aging: Iranian immigrants speak about what aging well means to them. Journal of Cross-cultural Gerontology, 21, 1/2, 1–23.Google Scholar
Turcotte, M. and Schellenberg, G. 2007. A Portrait of Seniors in Canada, 2006. Catalogue No. 89-519-XIE, Ministry of Industry, Ottawa.Google Scholar
Ujimoto, K. 1995. Ethnic dimension of aging in Canada. In Neugebauer-Visano, R. (ed.), Aging and Inequality: Cultural Constructions of Differences. Canadian Scholars’ Press, Toronto, 3–29.Google Scholar
Walker, A. 2002. The principles and potential of active ageing. In Pohlmann, S. (ed.), Facing an Ageing World – Recommendations and Perspectives. Transfer-Verlag, Regensburg, Germany, S113–8.Google Scholar
Ward, V. E. 2000. Immigrant elders: are we missing them? An examination of leisure participation and identity among immigrant elders. Journal of Aging and Identity, 5, 4, 187–95.Google Scholar
Williams, D. R. and Wilson, C. M. 2001. Race, ethnicity and aging. In Binstock, R. H. and George, L. K. (eds), Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences. Academic Press, New York, 160–78.Google Scholar
Wilmoth, J. 2001. Living arrangements among immigrants in the United States. The Gerontologist, 41, 228–38.Google Scholar
Wilmoth, J. M. and Chen, P. C. 2003. Immigrant status, living arrangements, and depsressive symptoms among middle-aged and older adults. Journals of Gerontology, 58, 5, S305–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wong, S. T., Yoo, G. J. and Stewart, A. L. 2006. The changing meaning of family support among older Chinese and Korean immigrants. Journals of Gerontology, 61, 1, S4–9.Google Scholar
Wong, S. T., Yoo, G. J. and Stewart, A. L. 2007. An empirical evaluation of social support and psychological well-being in older Chinese and Korean immigrants. Ethnicity and Health, 12, 1, 43–67.Google Scholar
Yeates, N. 2001. Globalization and Social Policy. Sage, London.Google Scholar