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Evolutionary Theory and the Historical Development of Dry-Land Agriculture in North Kohala, Hawai'i

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Thegn N. Ladefoged  and
Michael W. Graves
Thegn N. Ladefoged
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
Michael W. Graves
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822
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Abstract

This GIS analysis of the dry-land agricultural field system in Kohala on the island of Hawai'i reveals patterning that is explained by evolutionary ecological principles set within a selectionist framework. The ca. 55 km2 fixed-field system was developed through establishment, expansion, and intensification from the sixteenth until the early nineteenth century. During this time, differential growth rates and levels of intensification occurred in diverse locales. The development of the field system was characterized by changes in the size of the fields, variability infield size, the size of production communities, the level of distribution of production, and the spatial distribution of fields. The most important factors influencing the differential temporal and spatial changes included differences in the abundance of marine resources, variability in the distance between the coast and the inland fields, differences in the amount of variation of rainfall levels over a given distance, and the insurance or subsidy that chiefs could offer to residents to initiate farming in the least optimal locations. Selective pressures within the heterogeneous environment of north Kohala provided the context in which subsistence strategies shifted from a focus on optimizing energy returns to one of stabilizing returns via risk aversion.

Resumen

Resumen

El analísis GIS del sistema de tierras agrícolas no irrigadas en Kohala, Isla de Hawai'i, presenta regularidades que se pueden explicar haciendo uso de los principios ecológicos evolucionistas de índole seleccionista. El sistema de tierras agrícolas no rotativas de aproximadamente 55 km2 se desarrolló entre el siglo XVI y comienzos del XIX a través del asentamiento, expansión e intensificación ocupacional. Durante este período se dieron diferentes grados de crecimiento y niveles de intensificación en las diversas partes del sistema. El desarrollo del sistema agrícola se caracterizó por cambios en el tamaño de las parcelas a través del tiempo, la variabilidad en el tamaño de las parcelas entre sí, el tamaño de las comunidades productivas, el nivel de distribución de la productión y la distribución espacial de las parcelas. Los factores de mayor influencia sobre los diversos cambios temporales y espaciales incluyen diferencias en la abundancia de los recursos marinos, la variabilidad en la distancia entre la costa y las parcelas interiores, diferencias en el grado de variatión de los niveles pluviales sobre una distancia determinada y los subsidios o garantias que los jefes podian ofrecer a los residentes para iniciar tareas agrícolas en los lugares menos propicios. Las presiones selectivas en el ambiente heterogéneo del norte de Kohala ofrecieron un contexto en el que las estrategias de subsistencia cambiaron de un enfasis en la optimization de resultados energeticos a un énfasis en resultados establizadores a través de la evasion de riesgos.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 65 , Issue 3 , July 2000 , pp. 423 - 448
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2000

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