Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-v2bm5 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-14T20:30:44.992Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Reconsidering Spatial and Temporal Aspects of Prehistoric Cultural Identity: A Case Study from the American Southwest

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Wesley Bernardini
Wesley Bernardini*
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Redlands, Redlands, CA 92373 (wesley_bernardini@redlands.edu)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Archaeologists have tended to overemphasize spatial and temporal boundaries between social groups at the expense of crosscutting and historical links. This bias is rooted in ethnographic conceptions of cultural identity and fails to make use of the time depth that is archaeology's primary advantage in the study of human behavior. An emphasis on synchronic, bounded spatial units like culture areas has obscured diachronic dimensions of identity, especially linear and historical constructs that are common among many indigenous groups. Incorporating these indigenous perspectives into archaeological research is a productive means of advancing archaeological theory and practice regarding identity. A case study from the American Southwest illustrates this approach.

Résumé

Résumé

Los arqueólogos han tendido a sobre enfatizar los límites espaciales y temporales entre los grupos sociales a expensas de las conexiones cross-culturales e históricas. Esta predisposición está fundada en las concepciones etnográficas de la identidad cultural y falla en hacer uso de la profundidad temporal que es la ventaja principal de la arqueología en el estudio de la conducta humana. El énfasis en las unidades espaciales sincrónicas y limitadas, como las áreas culturales, ha obscurecido las dimensiones diacrónicas de la identidad, especialmente las construcciones lineares e históricas que son comunes en muchos de los grupos indígenas. Incorporar estas perspectivas indígenas en la investigación arqueológica es un medio productivo de avanzar en la teoría y práctica arqueológica relacionada con la identidad. Un caso de estudio del Suroeste Americano ilustra este enfoque.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 70 , Issue 1 , January 2005 , pp. 31 - 54
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Aberle, David F. 1970 Comments. In Reconstructing Prehistoric Pueblo Societies, edited by Longacre, W. A., pp. 215–223. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Adams, E. Charles 2002 Homol’ovi: An Ancient Hopi Settlement Cluster in Northeastern Arizona. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Adams, E. Charles, and Duff (editors), Andrew 2004 The Protohistoric Pueblo World, A. D. 1275-1600. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Adams, E. Charles, and M. La Motta, Vincent 2004 Hopi Settlement Clusters Past and Present. In The Protohistoric Pueblo World, A. D. 1275-1600, edited by Adams, E. C. and Duff, A. I.. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, in Press.Google Scholar
Alonso, Ana M. 1994 The Politics of Space, Time, and Substance: State Formation, Nationalism, and Identity. Annual Review of Anthropology 23:379-405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alonso, Ana M. 1984 The Neolithic Transition and the Genetics of Population. Princeton University Press, Princeton Google Scholar
Anthony, David W. 1990 Migration in Archaeology: The Baby in the Bathwater. American Anthropologist 92:895–914.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Appadurai, Arjun 1996a Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.Google Scholar
Appadurai, Arjun 1996b Sovereigty without Territoriality: Notes for a Postnational Geography. In The Geography of Identity, edited by Yeager, P., pp. 40–58. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Barth, Frederick 1969 Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Cultural Difference. George Allen and Unwin, London.Google Scholar
Bellwood, Peter 1996 Phylogeny vs. Reticulation in Prehistory. Antiquity 70:881–890.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernardini, Wesley 2000 Rock Art Survey at the Pollock Site (NA 4317), Grapevine Pueblo (NA 2803), and Kinnikinnick Pueblo (NA 1629). Report submitted to the USDA Forest Service, Coconino National Forest, Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Bernardini, Wesley 2002 The Gathering of the Clans: Understanding Ancestral Hopi Migration and Identity, A. D. 1275-1400. Unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Bernardini, Wesley 2004 Hopi Oral Tradition and the Archeology of Identity. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, in Press.Google Scholar
Bernardini, Wesley, and Brown, Gary 2004 The Formation of Settlement Clusters on Anderson Mesa. In The Protohistoric Pueblo World, A. D. 1275-1600, edited by Adams, E. C. and Andrew, I. Duff, pp. 108–118. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berndt, Robert M. 1966 The Concept of ‘The Tribe’ in the Western Desert of Australia. In Readings in Australian and Pacific Anthropology, edited by Hogbin, I. and R, L. Hiatt, pp. 26–56. Melbourne University Press, Sydney.Google Scholar
Bird-David, Nurit 1988 Hunters and Gatherers and Other People—A Re-Examination. In Hunters and Gatherers, Vol. 1, History, Evolution, and Social Change, edited by Ingold, T., Riches, D., and Woodburn, J., pp. 17–30. Berg, Oxford.Google Scholar
Bishop, Ronald L., Canouts, Veletta, De Atley, Suzanne, Qoyawayma, Alfred, and Aikens, Charles W. 1988 The Formation of Ceramic Analytical Groups: Hopi Pottery Production and Exchange, A. C. 1300-1600. Journal of Field Archaeology 15:317–337.Google Scholar
Bishop, Ronald L., and Neff, Hector 1989 Compositional Data Analysis in Archaeology. In Archaeological Chemistry IV, edited by Allen, R. O., pp. 57–86. American Chemical Society, Washington.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bock, Frank 1988 Petrified Forest National Park Rock Art Survey Preliminary Report. Report submitted to the Western Archaeological and Conservation Center, National Park Service, U. S. Department of the Interior.Google Scholar
Brown, Lawrence A., and Sanders, Rickie L. 1981 Toward a Development Paradigm of Migration with Particular Reference to Third World Settings. In Migration Decision Making, Multidisciplinary Approaches to Microlevel Studies in Developed and Developing Countries, edited by De Jong, G. F. and Gardner, R. W., pp. 149–185. Pergamon Press, New York.Google Scholar
Burton, Jeffery F. (Editor) 1990 Archaeological Investigations at Puerco Ruin, Petrified Forest National Park. Publications in Anthropology 54. Western Archaeological and Conservation Center, National Park Service, Tucson.Google Scholar
Cadwallader, M. 1992 Migration and Residential Mobility: Macro and Micro Approaches. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.Google Scholar
Cameron, Catherine 1995 Migration and the Movement of Southwestern Peoples. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 14:104–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi, Menozzi,, Paolo and Piazza, Alberto 1993 Demic expansions and human evolution. Science 259:639–646.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cavallit-Sforza, Luigi, Piazza, Alberto, Menozzi, Paolo, and Mountain, Joanna 1988 Reconstruction of Human Evolution: Bringing Together Genetic, Archaeological and Linguistic Data. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 85:6002–6006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, Jeffrey J. 2001 Tracking Prehistoric Migrations: Pueblo Settlers among the Tonto Basin Hohokam. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona No. 65. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, Sally J. 1992 Katsina Iconography in Homol’ovi Rock Art, Central Little Colorado River Valley, Arizona. The Arizona Archaeologist No. 25. Arizona Archaeological Society, Tucson.Google Scholar
Colton, Harold S. 1960 Black Sand. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Colton, Mary R, and Colton, Harold S. 1931 Petroglyphs, the Record of a Great Adventure. American Anthropologist (N.S.) 33:32–35.Google Scholar
Connelly, John C. 1956 Clan-Lineage Relations in a Pueblo Village Phratry. Masters Thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Connelly, John C. 1979 Hopi Social Organization. In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 9, edited by Ortiz, A., pp. 539–543. Smithsonian Institution, Washington.Google Scholar
Courlander, Harold 1970 People of the Short Blue Corn: Tales and Legends of the Hopi Indians. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York.Google Scholar
Courlander, Harold 1971 The Fourth World of the Hopis: The Epic Story of the Hopi Indians as Preserved in Their Legends and Traditions. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Courlander, Harold 1982 Hopi Voices: Recollections, Traditions, and Narratives of the Hopi Indians. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
De Boer, Warren R., Kintigh, Keith W., and Rostoker, Arthur 1996 Ceramic Seriation and Site Reoccupation in Lowland South America. Latin American Antiquity 7:263–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dixon, Roland 1928 The Building of Cultures. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.Google Scholar
Dongoske, Kurt, Yeatts, M., Anyon, Roger, and Ferguson, T. J. 1997 Archaeological Cultures and Cultural Affiliation: Hopi and Zuni Perspectives in the American Southwest. American Antiquity 62:600–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dozier, Edward P. 1970 The Pueblo Indians of North America. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York.Google Scholar
Duff, Andrew I. 1998 The Process of Migration in the Late Prehistoric Southwest. In Migration and Reorganization: The Pueblo IV Period in the American Southwest, edited by Spielmann, K. A., pp. 31–52. Anthropological Research Papers 51, Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Duff, Andrew I. 2000 Scale, Interaction, and Regional Analysis in Late Pueblo Prehistory. In The Archaeology of Regional Interaction: Religion, Warfare and Exchange across the American Southwest and Beyond. Proceedings of the 1996 Southwest Symposium, edited by Michelle, Hegmon, pp. 71–98. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Duff, Andrew I. 2002 Western Pueblo Identities: Regional Interaction, Migration, and Transformation. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Duff, Andrew I., and Kintigh, Keith W. 1995 Lyman Lake Rock Art Site. National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, on file at the United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service.Google Scholar
Eggan, Fred 1966 The American Indian: Perspectives for the Study of Social Change. Aldine Publishing, Chicago.Google Scholar
Ferguson, T. J., and Anyon, Roger 2001 Hopi and Zuni Cultural Landscapes: Implications of History and Scale for Cultural Resources Management. In Native Peoples of the Southwest, Negotiating Land, Water, and Ethnicities, edited by Weinstein, L., pp. 99–122. Bergin & Garvey, Westport.Google Scholar
Ferguson, T. J., and Lomaomvaya, Micah 1999 Hoopoq’uaqam niqw Wukoskyavi (Those Who Went to the Northeast and Tonto Basin): Hopi-Salado Cultural Affiliation Study. Report on file at the Hopi Cultural Preservation Office, Kykotsmovi, Arizona.Google Scholar
Fewkes, Jessie Walter 1892 A Few Tusayan Pictographs. American Anthropologist 5:9–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fewkes, Jessie Walter 1897 Tusayan Totemic Signatures. American Anthropologist 10:1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fewkes, Jessie Walter 1900 Tusayan Migration Traditions. In 19h Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for the Years-1898, Pt. 2, pp. 573–634. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Fine-Dare, Kathleen S. 2002 Grave Injustice: The American Indian Repatriation Movement and NAGPRA. Univeristy of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.Google Scholar
Forde, C. Daryll 1931 Hopi Ariculture and Land Ownership. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 61:357–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fried, Morton H. 1967 The Evolution of Political Society. New York, Random House.Google Scholar
Geertz, Armin W 1994 The Invention of Prophecy: Continuity and Meaning in Hopi Indian Religion. University of California Press, Berkeley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gellner, Earnest 1983 Nations and Nationalism. Basil Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
Gimbutas, Marija 1965 Bronze Age Cultures in Central and Eastern Europe. Mouton and Company, The Hague.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gimbutas, Marija 1973 The Beginning of the Bronze Age in Europe and the Indo-Europeans: 3500-2500 B. C. The Journal of Indo- European Studies 3:163–214.Google Scholar
Glascock, Michael D. 1992 Characterization of Archaeological Ceramics at MURR by Neutron Activation Analysis and Multivariate Statistics. In Chemical Characterization of Ceramic Pastes in Archaeology, edited by Neff, H., pp. 11–26. Monographs in World Archaeology No. 7, Prehistory Press, Madison.Google Scholar
Gosden, Christoper 2001 Postcolonial Archaeology: Issues of Culture, Identity, and Knowledge. In Archaeological Theory Today, edited by Hodder, I., pp. 241–261. Polity Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Gupta, Akhil, and Ferguson, James 1992 Beyond ‘Culture’: Space, Identity, and the Politics of Difference. Cultural Anthropology 7:6–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hantman, Jeffrey L. 1983 Social Networks and Stylistic Distributions in the Prehistoric Plateau Southwest. Unpublished Ph. D dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Helms, Mary 1988 Ulysses’ Sail: An Ethnographic Odyssey of Power, Knowledge, and Geographical Distance. Princeton University Press, Princeton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobbs, Joseph J. 1989 Bedouin Life in the Egyptian Wilderness. University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Ingold, Timothy 1980 Hunters, Pastoralists and Ranchers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ingold, Timothy 1986 The Appropriation of Nature. Manchester University Press, Manchester.Google Scholar
Kintigh, Keith 1993 Tools for Quantitative Archaeology: Programs for Quantitative Analysis in Archaeology. Ms. on file at the Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University.Google Scholar
Kintigh, Keith 1999 Let's Start with the Definition: A Relationship of Shared Group Identity, Identifiable Earlier Group, and Issues of Joint Affiliation. In Affiliation Conference on Ancestral Peoples of the Four Corners Region, Volume 2, Transcripts and Papers, pp. 1121–126. Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colorado.Google Scholar
Kratz, Corrinne 1986 Ethnic Interaction, Economic Diversification, and Language Use: A Report on Research with Kalelach and Kipchorn wonek Okiek. Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 7:189–226.Google Scholar
Le Blanc, Stephen 1999 Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Le Blanc, Stephen, and Rice, Glenn (editors) 2001 Deadly Landscapes: Case Studies in Prehistoric Southwestern Warfare. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Lee, Everett S. 1966 A Theory of Migration. Demography 3:47–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lekson, Steven H. 1990 Sedentism and Aggregation in Anasazi Archaeology. In Perspectives on Southwest Prehistory, edited by Minnis, P. E., and Redman, C. L., pp. 333–340. Westview Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Levy, Jerrold E. 1992 Orayvi Revisited, Social Stratification in an “Egalitarian” Society. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Lewis, Michael 1991 Elusive Societies: A Regional-Cartographical Approach to the Study of Human Relatedness. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 81:605–626.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis-Williams, J. David 1982 The Economic and Social Contexts of Southern San Rock Art. Current Anthropology 23:429–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis-Williams, J. David, and Dowson, Thomas A. 1988 The Signs of All Times: Entoptic Phenomena in Upper Paleolithic Art. Current Anthropology 29:201–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindsay, Alexander, and Dean, Jeffrey 1983 The Kayenta Anasazi, A. D. 1270: Prelude to a Migration. In Proceedings of the Anasazi Symposium, edited by Smith, J. E., pp. 163–167. Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado.Google Scholar
Lockett, Hattie Green 1933 The Unwritten Literature of the Hopi. University of Arizona Bulletin, Vol. 4, No. 2, Social Science Bulletin No. 2. University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Lyons, P. 2003 Ancestral Hopi Migrations. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona Number 68. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Lynch, Mark, and Robbins, Lawrence H. 1997 Animal Brands and the Interpretation of Rock Art in East Africa. Current Anthropology 18:538–539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mac Eachern, Scott 1998 Scale, Style, and Cultural Variation: Technological Traditions in the Northern Madara Mountains. In The Archaeology of Social boundaries, edited by Stark, M., pp. 107–131. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Malkki, Liisa H. 1995 Refugees and Exile: From ‘Refugee Studies’ to the National Order of Things. Annual Review of Anthropology 24:495–523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malotki, Ekkehart 1993 Hopi Ruin Legends. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.Google Scholar
Mallory, Garrick 1886 Pictographs of the North American Indians: A Preliminary Paper. Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, pp. 3–256. Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Michaelis, Helen 1981 Willowsprings: A Hopi Petroglyph Site. Journal of New World Archaeology 4(2):2–23.Google Scholar
Miller, Arthur 1986 Imagery in Scientific Thought: Creating 2ffh-Century Physics. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Mills, Barbara, and Ferguson, T. J. 1999 Cultural Affiliation of Western Pueblos: Theory and Practice. Paper presented at the Affiliation Conference on Ancestral Peoples of the Four Corners Region, Fort Lewis, Colorado.Google Scholar
Mindeleff, Cosmos 1891 Traditional History of Tusayan. 8th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for the Years 1886-1887, pp. 16–41. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Moore, John 2001 Ethnogenetic Patterns in Native North America. In Archaeology, Language, and History: Essays on Culture and Ethnicity, edited by Terrell, J., pp. 31–56. Bergin and Garvey, Westport, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Naranjo, Tessie 1995 Thoughts on Migration by Santa Clara Pueblo. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 14:247-250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act 1990 Public Law 101-601; 25 USC 3001-13; 104 Stat. 3042.Google Scholar
Neff, Hector 2002 Quantitative Techniques for Analyzing Ceramic Compositional Data. In Ceramic Production in the Greater Southwest: Source Determination by 1NAA and Complimentary Mineralogical Investigations, edited by Donna, Glowacki and Hector, Neff. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Monograph No. 44, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Nequatewa, Edmund 1967 Truth of a Hopi. Northland Press, Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Nettle, Daniel 1998 Explaining Global Patterns of Language Diversity. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 17:354–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, Robert C. 1965 The Patrilocal Band: A Linguistically and Culturally Hybrid Social Unit. American Anthropologist 67:615-690. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pederson, Jane, and Waehle, Espen 1988 The Complexities of Residential Organization among the Efe (Mbuti) and the Bagombi (Baki): A Critical View of the Notion of Flux in Hunter-Gatherer Societies. In Hunters and Gatherers, Vol. 1, History, Evolution, and Social Change, edited by Ingold, T., Riches, D., and Woodburn, J., pp. 75–90. Berg, Oxford.Google Scholar
Pilles, Peter J. 1975 Petroglyphs of the Little Colorado River Valley, Arizona. In American Indian Rock Art: Papers Presented at the 1974 Rock Art Symposium, edited by Grove, S. T.. San Juan County Museum Association, Farmington, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Plog, Stephen, and Hantaan, Jeffrey 1990 Chronology Construction and the Study of Prehistoric Culture Change. Journal of Field Archaeology 17:439–456.Google Scholar
Renfrew, Colin 1989a Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo- European Origins. Penguin, London.Google Scholar
Renfrew, Colin 1989b The Origins of Indo-European Languages. Scientific American 251:82–90.Google Scholar
Renfrew, Colin 1990 Archaeology and Language: Some Preliminary Issues. In When Worlds Collide: Indo-Europeans and Pre-lndo- Europeans, edited by Markey, T. and Greppin, J., pp. 15–24. Karoma, Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar
Rouse, R. 1991 Questions of Identity: Personhood and Collectivity in Transnational Migration to the United States. Critique of Anthropology 15:351–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schoonover, Grace, and Kolber, Jane 1997 Nuvakwewtaqa/Chavez Pass, A Prehistoric Trading Center and Rock Art Concentration in Central Arizona. Manuscript on file at the Coconino National Forest, Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Shennan, Stephen 1997 Quantifying Archaeology. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Stephen, Alexander M. 1929 Hopi Tales. Journal of American Folk-Lore 42:2–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swidler, Nina, Dongoske, Kurt, Anyon, Roger, and Downer, Alan, eds. 1997 Native Americans and Archaeologists: Stepping Stones to Common Ground. Altamira Press, Walnut Creek.Google Scholar
Terrell, J. T. 2001 Introduction. In Archaeology, Language, and History: Essays on Culture and Ethnicity, edited by Terrell, J., pp. 1–10. Berg and Garvey, Westport, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Terrell, John, and Welsch, Robert 1997 Lapita and the Temporal Geography of Prehistory. Antiquity 71:548–572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Titiev, Mischa 1944 Old Oraibi, A Study of the Hopi Indians of Third Mesa. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 22(1). Harvard Museum, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Trigger, Bruce G. 1989 A History of Archaeological Thought. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Upham, Steadman 1982 Polities and Power: An Economic and Political History of the Western Pueblo. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Voth, Henry R. 1905 The Traditions of the Hopi. Field Columbian Museum Publication 96, Anthropological Series, Vol. 8. Field Columbian Museum, Chicago.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallman, Sandra 1986 Ethnicity and the Boundary Process in Context. In Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations, edited by Rex, J. and Mason, D., pp. 226–245. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whiteley, Peter 1985 Unpacking Hopi “Clans”: Another Vintage Model Out of Africa? Journal of Anthropological Research 41:359–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whiteley, Peter 1986 Unpacking Hopi “Clans” II: Further Questions about Hopi Descent Groups. Journal of Anthropological Research 42:69–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whiteley, Peter 1988 Deliberate Acts: Changing Hopi Culture Through the Oraibi Split. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Wilcox, David R. 1981 Changing Perspectives on the Protohistoric Pueblos, A. D. 1450-1700. In The Protohistoric Period in the American Southwest, A. D. 1450-1700, edited by Wilcox, D. and Bruce, W. Masse, pp. 378–409. Anthropological Research Papers No. 24, Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Wilcox, David R. 1991 Changing Contexts of Pueblo Adaptations, A. D. 1250-1600. In Farmers, Hunters, and Colonists: Interaction between the Southwest and the Southern Plains, edited by Spielmann, K., pp. 128–154. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Wilcox, David R., and Haas, Jonathan 1994 The Scream of the Butterfly: Competition and Conflict in the Prehistoric Southwest. In Themes in Southwest Prehistory, edited by Gummerman, G., pp. 211–238. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Woodson, Kyle 1999 Migrations in Late Anasazi Prehistory: The Evidence from the Goat Hill Site. Kiva 65(1):63-84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wozniak, Frank W. (Editor) 1996 Cultural Affiliations, Prehistoric Cultural Affiliations of Southwestern Indian Tribes. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southwestern Region, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Wright, Margaret N. 1982 Hopi Silver; the History and Hallmarks of Hopi Silversmithing. Northland Press, Flagstaff, Arizona.Google Scholar
Yava, Albert 1978 Big Falling Snow, edited and annotated by Harold, Courlander. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Yeager, Patricia E. 1994 The Geography of Identity. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar