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Animals as Raw Material in Beringia: Insights from the Site of Swan Point CZ4B, Alaska

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

François B. Lanoë  and
Charles E. Holmes
François B. Lanoë*
Affiliation:
School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, 1009 E. S. Campus Dr., Tucson, AZ 85721
Charles E. Holmes
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 303 Tanana Loop, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7720
*
(lanoe@email.arizona.edu, corresponding author)
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Abstract

We document the use of organic raw material in late Pleistocene eastern Beringia through the study of the site of Swan Point CZ4b, in central Alaska. CZ4b is attributed to the Dyuktai culture and dates to about 14,000 cal B.P. We interpret the occupation as a specialized workshop dedicated to the production and maintenance of organic-based tools following three lines of evidence: (1) limited on-site consumption of megafauna, (2) diversity of organic raw materials and techniques used in processing them, and (3) spatial demarcation of specialized activity areas. Specialized workshops are located in the vicinity of naturally occurring accumulations of mammoth bones in both western and eastern Beringia and suggest similarities in animal resource use across Beringia for the Dyuktai culture. Organic technology was a major portion of Dyuktai technology in eastern Beringia, and its lack of visibility in archaeological assemblages is probably due to taphonomic reasons. Changes in the availability of organic raw material throughout the Late Pleistocene offer some implications for the evolution of lithic technology and material culture.

Nous documentons l’utilisation de matières premières d’origine organique au Pléistocène final en Béringie orientale en se basant sur une étude de cas, le site de Swan Point CZ4b, situé dans le centre de l’Alaska. Ce site est daté de 14,000 ans calibrés avant le présent et attribué à la culture paléolithique Dyuktai. Plusieurs caractéristiques permettent d’interpréter cette occupation comme un atelier dédié à la manufacture et l’entretien d’outils en matériaux d’origine organique: (1) la faible consommation de grands mammifères sur le site même; (2) la diversité des matériaux d’origine organique ainsi que des techniques utilisées pour les modifier; et (3) la démarcation spatiale d’aires d’activités spécialisées. Des ateliers de ce type sont présents à proximité d’accumulations naturelles d’ossements de mammouths tant en Béringie occidentale qu’en Béringie orientale. Il est ainsi probable que, au sein de la culture Dyuktai, les ressources animales aient été utilisées de façon similaire dans toute la Béringie. La technologie sur supports organiques formait une majeure partie de la technologie Dyuktai en Béringie orientale. Son manque de visibilité au sein des sites archéologiques est sans doute dû à des raisons taphonomiques plus qu’à des différences culturelles. La disponibilité des matériaux organiques varie au cours du Pléistocène final et a sans doute influé sur l’évolution de la technologie lithique et, plus largement, de la culture matérielle.

Type
Reports
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 81 , Issue 4 , October 2016 , pp. 682 - 696
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2016 

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