Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T16:50:07.720Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Chronology for Mississippian and Oneota Occupations at Aztalan and the Lake Koshkonong Locality

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 October 2021

Anthony M. Krus Open the ORCID record for Anthony M. Krus [Opens in a new window] ,
John D. Richards  and
Robert J. Jeske
Anthony M. Krus*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology and Sociology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
John D. Richards
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
Robert J. Jeske
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
*
(tony.krus@usd.edu, corresponding author)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Middle Mississippian component at Aztalan was a mixed, Late Woodland / Mississippian occupation sited within a heavily fortified habitation and mound center that is located on a tributary of the Rock River in Wisconsin. It represents the northernmost large Cahokian-related village recorded. The Oneota Lake Koshkonong Locality of the Rock River drainage is located approximately 20 km south of Aztalan, and it consists of a 25 km2 area along the northwest shore with a small cluster of habitation settlements. Sixty-eight radiocarbon measurements have been obtained from Aztalan, and 52 from Oneota settlements in the Lake Koshkonong Locality. We discuss how to best interpret this dataset, and we use Bayesian chronological modeling to analyze these dates. The results suggest that (1) Aztalan's Late Woodland (Kekoskee phase) occupation began in the AD 900s or early AD 1000s, (2) Aztalan's Mississippian occupation ceased in the AD 1200s, (3) Oneota occupations at Lake Koshkonong began after AD 1050 and were established by the AD 1200s, and (4) Oneota occupations at Lake Koshkonong continued after Aztalan's Mississippian abandonment until at least the late AD 1300s. Additionally, the results demonstrate that Aztalan was fortified with a palisade with bastions for much of the Mississippian occupation, suggesting a contested presence in a multiethnic landscape.

El componente Mississippian Medio en Aztalan fue una ocupación mixta de Woodland Tardío y Mississippian localizada dentro de un centro habitacional y de montículos fuertemente fortificado ubicado en un tributario del Rock River en Wisconsin, y es el asentamiento más al norte de las aldeas grandes relacionadas con Cahokia que han sido registradas. La Localidad Oneota Lake Koshkonong del drenaje del Rock River está ubicada aproximadamente 20 km al sur de Aztalan y consiste de una área de 25 km2 a lo largo de la orilla noroeste del lago con un pequeño grupo de asentamientos habitacionales. Sesenta y ocho muestras de radiocarbono han sido obtenidas de Aztalan y 52 de asentamientos Oneota en la Localidad Lake Koshkonong. Discutimos como mejor interpretar este conjunto de datos y usamos una modelización cronológica bayesiana para analizar estas fechas. Los resultados sugieren: (1) la ocupación Woodland Tardío de Aztalan (fase Kekoskee) comenzó durante los 900s dC o a principios de los 1000s dC, (2) la ocupación Mississipian de Aztalan terminó durante los 1200s dC, (3) ocupaciones Oneota en Lake Koshkonong comenzaron después de 1050 dC y fueron establecidas hacia 1200 dC, y (4) ocupaciones Oneota en Lake Koshkonong continuaron después del abandono Mississippian de Aztalan hasta por lo menos finales de 1300 dC. Adicionalmente, los resultados demuestran que Aztalan fue fortificado con una empalizada con baluartes durante la mayoría de la ocupación Mississipian sugiriendo una presencia contestada en un paisaje multiétnico.

Keywords

AztalanMississippian periodOneotaradiocarbonBayesian modelingwarfareAztalanperíodo de MississippianOneotaradiocarbonomodelado Bayesianoguerra
Type
Article
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 87 , Issue 1 , January 2022 , pp. 124 - 141
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Society for American Archaeology

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Anderson, Kristen L. 1994 The Aztalan Site: A Human Skeletal Inventory and Excavation. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago, Chicago.Google Scholar
Barrett, Samuel A. 1933 Ancient Aztalan. Bulletin 13. Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Bayliss, Alex 2009 Rolling Out Revolution: Using Radiocarbon Dating in Archaeology. Radiocarbon 51:123–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayliss, Alex 2015 Quality in Bayesian Chronological Models in Archaeology. World Archaeology 47:677–700.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayliss, Alex, Ramsey, Christopher Bronk, van der Plicht, Johannes, and Whittle, Alasdair 2007 Bradshaw and Bayes: Towards a Timetable for the Neolithic. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 17:1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayliss, Alex, Van der Plicht, Hans, Ramsey, Christopher Bronk, McCormac, F. Gerry, Healy, Frances, and Whittle, Alasdair 2011 Towards Generational Time-Scales: The Quantitative Interpretation of Archaeological Chronologies. In Gathering Time: Dating the Early Neolithic Enclosures of Southern Britain and Ireland, edited by Whittle, Alasdair, Healy, Frances, and Bayliss, Alex, pp. 17–59. Oxbow Books, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bender, Margaret M., Bryson, Reid A., and Baereis, David A. 1966 University of Wisconsin Radiocarbon Dates II. Radiocarbon 8:522–533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bender, Margaret M., Bryson, Reid A., and Baereis, David A. 1967 University of Wisconsin Radiocarbon Dates III. Radiocarbon 9:530–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bender, Margaret M., Bryson, Reid A., and Baereis, David A. 1970 University of Wisconsin Radiocarbon Dates VII. Radiocarbon 12:335–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bender, Margaret M., Bryson, Reid A., and Baereis, David A. 1973 University of Wisconsin Radiocarbon Dates XI. Radiocarbon 15:611–623.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bird, Broxton W., Wilson, Jeremy J., Gilhooly, William P. III, Steinman, Byron A., and Stamps, Lucas 2017 Midcontinental Native American Population Dynamics and Late Holocene Hydroclimate Extremes. Scientific Reports 7:41628.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birmingham, Robert A., and Eisenberg, Leslie E. 2000 Indian Mounds of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.Google Scholar
Birmingham, Robert A., and Goldstein, Lynne 2005 Aztalan: Mysteries of an Ancient Indian Town. Wisconsin Historical Society Press, Madison.Google Scholar
Bonsall, Clive, Cook, Gordon, Manson, Joni, and Sanderson, David 2002 Direct Dating of Neolithic Pottery: Progress and Prospects. Documenta Prehistorica 29:47–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, Christopher 1998 Probability and Dating. Radiocarbon 40:461–474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, Christopher 2009a Bayesian Analysis of Radiocarbon Dates. Radiocarbon 51:337–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, Christopher 2009b Dealing with Outliers and Offsets in Radiocarbon Dating. Radiocarbon 51:1023–1045.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryson, Reid A. 2005 Archaeoclimatology. In Encyclopedia of World Climatology, edited by Oliver, John E., pp. 58–63. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carpiaux, Natalie 2018 The Koshkonong Creek Village Site (47JE0379): Ceramic Production, Function, and Deposition at an Oneota Occupation in Southeastern Wisconsin. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.Google Scholar
Cobb, Charles R., and Giles, Bretton 2009 War Is Shell: The Ideology and Embodiment of Mississippian Conflict. In Warfare in Cultural Context: Practice, Agency, and the Archaeology of Violence, edited by Nielsen, Axel E. and Walker, William H., pp. 84–108. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crane, Horace R., and Griffin, James B. 1959 University of Michigan Radiocarbon Dates IV. American Journal of Science Radiocarbon Supplement 1:173–198.Google Scholar
Crane, Horace R., and Griffin, James B. 1962 University of Michigan Radiocarbon Dates VII. Radiocarbon 4:183–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dee, Michael, and Ramsey, Christopher Bronk 2014 High-Precision Bayesian Modeling of Samples Susceptible to Inbuilt Age. Radiocarbon 56:83–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delaney-Rivera, Colleen 2004 From Edge to Frontier: Early Mississippian Occupation of the Lower Illinois River Valley. Southeastern Archaeology 23:41–56.Google Scholar
Dye, David H. 2008 War Paths, Peace Paths: An Archaeology of Cooperation and Conflict in Native Eastern North America. AltaMira Press, Lanham, Maryland.Google Scholar
Edwards, Richard W. IV 2017 The Canine Surrogacy Approach and Paleobotany: An Analysis of Wisconsin Oneota Agricultural Production and Risk Management Strategies. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.Google Scholar
Edwards, Richard W. IV 2020a Indigenous Life around the Great Lakes: War, Climate, and Culture. University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Indiana.Google Scholar
Edwards, Richard W. IV 2020b Risky Landscapes: Agriculture and Risk Management in Upper Mississippian Societies. Midwest Archaeological Conference Occasional Papers 4:63–82.Google Scholar
Edwards, Richard W. IV, Jeske, Robert J., and Coltrain, Joan Brenner 2017 Preliminary Evidence for the Efficacy of the Canine Surrogacy Approach in the Great Lakes. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 13:516–525.Google Scholar
Emerson, Thomas E. 2007 Evidence for Late Pre-Columbian Warfare in the North American Midcontinent. In North American Indigenous Warfare and Ritual, edited by Chacon, Richard J. and Mendoza, Rubén G., pp. 129–148. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emerson, Thomas E., Emerson, Kjersti E., Hedman, Kristin M., and Fort, Matthew A. 2019 Mortuary Practices, Cultural Context, Bayesian Chronology, and Maize Consumption among Terminal Late Woodland Societies in Northeastern Illinois. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 44:149–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emerson, Thomas E., Hedman, Kristin M., Fort, Matthew A., and Emerson, Kjersti E. 2021 Late Precolumbian Ethnogenesis, Resilience, and Movement in the Face of Climate Changes in the Upper Illinois River Valley. In Following the Mississippian Spread: Using Biological and Archaeological Evidence to Measure Migration and Climate Change, edited by Cook, Robert A. and Comstock, Aaron R., pp. 283–336. Springer, New York, in press.Google Scholar
Esarey, Duane, and Conrad, Lawrence A. 1998 The Bold Counselor Phase of the Central Illinois River Valley: Oneota's Middle Mississippian Margin. Wisconsin Archeologist 79(2):38–61.Google Scholar
Finney, Fred A. 2000 Exchange and Risk Management in the Upper Mississippi River Valley, A.D. 1000–1200. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 25:353–376.Google Scholar
Finney, Fred A., and Stoltman, James B. 1991 The Fred Edwards Site: A Case of Stirling Phase Culture Contact in Southwestern Wisconsin. In New Perspectives on Cahokia, edited by Stoltman, James B., pp. 229–252. Prehistory Press, Madison, Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Foley Winkler, Kathleen M. 2011 Oneota and Langford Mortuary Practices in Southeastern Wisconsin and Northeast Illinois. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.Google Scholar
Fortier, Andrew C., Emerson, Thomas E., and McElrath, Dale L. 2006 Calibrating and Reassessing American Bottom Culture History. Southeastern Archaeology 25:170–211.Google Scholar
Gibbon, Guy E. 1986 The Mississippian Tradition: Oneota Culture. Wisconsin Archeologist 67(2):314–338.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Lynne G. 2010 Aztalan Mortuary Practices Revisited. In Mississippian Mortuary Practices: Beyond Hierarchy and the Representationist Perspective, edited by Sullivan, Lynne P. and Mainfort, Robert C., pp. 90–112. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, Lynne G. (editor) 1991 The Southeastern Wisconsin Archaeology Program: 1990–91. Archaeological Research Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Report of Investigations No.107. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Lynne G. (editor) 2015 2013 Aztalan Excavations: Work on the Gravel Knoll and West of the Palisade. Consortium for Archaeological Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Lynn G., and Richards, John D. 1991 Ancient Aztalan: The Cultural and Ecological Context of a Late Prehistoric Site in the Midwest. In Cahokia and the Hinterlands, edited by T. E. Emerson and R. B. Lewis, pp. 193–206. University of Illinois, Urbana.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Lynne G., and Sullivan, Norman C. 1986 People as Food, Bone as Ritual: Rethinking Old Data. Paper presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Hall, Robert L. 1962 The Archaeology of Carcajou Point. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. Derek, and Krus, Anthony M. 2018 The Myths and Realities of Bayesian Chronological Modeling Revealed. American Antiquity 83:187–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, John P., Lovis, William A., Jeske, Robert J., and Richards, John D. 2012 The Potential of Bulk δ13C on Encrusted Cooking Residues as Independent Evidence for Regional Maize Histories. American Antiquity 77:315–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawley, Marlin F., Schroeder, Sissel, and Widga, Christopher C. 2020 A Partial Charred Wooden Bowl from Aztalan (47JE1), Wisconsin. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 45:306–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hendrickson, Carl F. 1996 Late Woodland and Middle Mississippian Interaction at the Bethesda Lutheran Home Site (47 Je 201), Jefferson County, Wisconsin. Wisconsin Archeologist 77(1):11–35.Google Scholar
Holcomb, George Ruhle 1952 An Analysis of Human Remains from Aztalan. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Madison.Google Scholar
Jeske, Robert J. 2001 Crescent Bay Hunt Club: Radiocarbon Dates and Research Summary. In Program in Midwestern Archaeology (Southeastern Wisconsin Archaeology Program): 2000–2001, edited by Jeske, Robert J., pp. 4–19. Report of Investigations 148. Archaeology Research Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.Google Scholar
Jeske, Robert J. 2003 Lake Koshkonong 2002/2003: Archaeological Investigations at Three Sites in Jefferson County, Wisconsin. Report of Investigations 153. Archaeology Research Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.Google Scholar
Jeske, Robert J. 2020 The Social Landscape of Eleventh- to Fifteenth-Century Lake Koshkonong. Midwest Archaeological Conference Occasional Papers 4:103–118.Google Scholar
Jeske, Robert J., and Edwards, Richard W. IV 2012 Differential Land Use Patterns in the Rock River Watershed: Horicon Marsh versus Lake Koshkonong. Paper presented at the 71st Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Memphis, Tennessee.Google Scholar
Jeske, Robert J., Sterner, Katherine, and Edwards, Richard W. 2020 New Perspectives from Lake Koshkonong. Midwest Archaeological Conference Occasional Papers 4:1–26.Google Scholar
Jeske, Robert J., Sterner, Katherine M., Strange, David M., Edwards, Richard W. IV, and Ahlrich, Robert E. 2017 Report on the Discovery of Human Remains at the Crescent Bay Hunt Club Site (47JE904), Jefferson County, Wisconsin. Report of Investigations 454. University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee Archaeological Research Laboratory, Milwaukee.Google Scholar
Johnson, Craig M. 2007 A Chronology of Middle Missouri Plains Village Sites. Contributions to Anthropology Number 47. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karsten, Jordan K., Jeske, Robert J., Edwards, Richard W., Strange, David, Kubehl, Kayla, and Behm, Jeffery A. 2019 Assessing Subsistence and Its Relationship to Cultural Complexity in the Late Prehistoric Upper Midwest: A New Perspective Provided by Dental Health. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 168:750–763.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keeley, Lawrence H. 1996 Warfare before Civilization. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Keeley, Lawrence H., Fontana, Marisa, and Quick, Russell 2007 Baffles and Bastions: The Universal Features of Fortifications. Journal of Archaeological Research 15:55–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krus, Anthony M. 2016 The Timing of Precolumbian Militarization in the U.S. Midwest and Southeast. American Antiquity 81:375–388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krus, Anthony M., and Cobb, Charles R. 2018 The Mississippian Fin de Siècle in the Middle Cumberland Region of Tennessee. American Antiquity 83:302–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krus, Anthony M., Cook, Robert, and Hamilton, Derek 2015 Bayesian Chronological Modeling of SunWatch, a Fort Ancient Village in Dayton, Ohio. Radiocarbon 57:965–977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krus, Anthony M., Herrmann, Edward W., Pike, Matthew D., Monaghan, G. William, and Wilson, Jeremy J. 2019 Chronology of a Fortified Mississippian Village in the Central Illinois River Valley. Radiocarbon 61:713–731.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lafferty, Robert H. 1973 An Analysis of Prehistoric Southeastern Fortifications. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Lapham, Increase 1855 The Antiquities of Wisconsin as Surveyed and Described. Contributions to Knowledge 7. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McEnaney, Katie, and Bryson, Reid A. 2005 Archaeoclimatic Models for the Milwaukee, Horicon, and Fort Atkinson Areas. Archaeoclimatology Laboratory, Center for Climate Research, Madison, Wisconsin.Google Scholar
McTavish, Rachel C. 2019 Foodways, Sustainability, and a Violent Landscape: A Comparative Study of Oneota and Langford Human-Animal-Environmental Relationships. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.Google Scholar
McTavish, Rachel C. 2020 Archaeofauna as Evidence for a Specialized Oneota Economy. Midwest Archaeological Conference Occasional Papers 4:83–102.Google Scholar
Milner, George R. 1999 Warfare in Prehistoric and Early Historic Eastern North America. Journal of Archaeological Research 7:105–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner, George R. 2000 Palisaded Settlements in Prehistoric Eastern North America. In City Walls: The Urban Enceinte in Global Perspective, edited by Tracy, James D., pp. 46–70. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Milner, George R. 2007 Warfare, Population, and Food Production in Prehistoric Eastern North America. In North American Indigenous Warfare and Ritual, edited by Chacon, Richard J. and Mendoza, Rubén G., pp. 182–201. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner, George R., Anderson, Eve, and Smith, Virginia G. 1991 Warfare in Late Prehistoric West-Central Illinois. American Antiquity 56:581–603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner, George R., Chaplin, George, and Zavodny, Emily 2013 Conflict and Societal Change in Late Prehistoric Eastern North America. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 22:96–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olsen, Jesper, Heinemeier, Jan, Hornstrup, Karen Margrethe, Bennike, Pia, and Thrane, Henrik 2013 “Old Wood” Effect in Radiocarbon Dating of Prehistoric Cremated Bones? Journal of Archaeological Science 40:30–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palson, E. 1982 Reconstruction of the Aztalan Site (47JE1). Map on file, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee Archaeological Research Laboratory, Milwaukee.Google Scholar
Price, T. Douglas, Burton, James H, and Stoltman, James B. 2007 Place of Origin of Prehistoric Inhabitants of Aztalan, Jefferson Co., Wisconsin. American Antiquity 72:524–538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reimer, Paula J., Austin, William E. N., Bard, Edouard, Bayliss, Alex, Blackwell, Paul G., Ramsey, Christopher Bronk, Butzin, Martin, et al. 2020 The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55 cal kBP). Radiocarbon 62:725–757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, John D. 1985 Aztalan Compilation, Mapping and Excavation. Report of Investigations 81. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Archaeological Research Laboratory, Milwaukee.Google Scholar
Richards, John D. 1992 Ceramics and Culture at Aztalan, A Late Prehistoric Village in Southeast Wisconsin. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.Google Scholar
Richards, John D. 2003 Collars, Castellations, and Cahokia: A Regional Perspective on the Aztalan Ceramic Assemblage. Wisconsin Archeologist 83(1–2):139–153.Google Scholar
Richards, John D. 2007 Context and Process: Red-Slipped Pottery in Cahokia's Northern Hinterlands. Illinois Archaeology 19:1–26.Google Scholar
Richards, John D. 2020 Aztalan and the Northern Tier of a Cahokia Hinterland. In Cahokia in Context: Hegemony and Diaspora, edited by McNutt, Charles H. and Parish, Ryan, pp. 107–127. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, John D., and Jeske, Robert J. 2002 Location, Location, Location: The Temporal and Cultural Context of Late Prehistoric Settlement in Southeast Wisconsin. Wisconsin Archeologist 83(2):32–54.Google Scholar
Richards, John D., and Jeske, Robert J. 2015 Preliminary Results of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Dating of Food Residues on Prehistoric Ceramics from the Western Great Lakes and Prairie Peninsula Regions of the Midcontinent. Report of Investigations 370. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Archaeological Research Laboratory, Milwaukee.Google Scholar
Richards, John D., Richards, Patricia B., and Nicholls, Brian D. 1998 Archaeological Investigations in the Carcajou Point Locale, Sumner Township, Jefferson County, Wisconsin. Archaeological Research Laboratory Report of Investigations 133. Historic Resource Management Services, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.Google Scholar
Richards, John D., and Zych, Thomas 2018 A Landscape of Mounds: Community Ethnogenesis at Aztalan. In Archaeology and Ancient Religion in the American Midcontinent, edited by Koldehoff, Brad H. and Pauketat, Timothy R., pp. 235–268. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
Ritzenthaler, Robert E. 1958 Aztalan: Exploration and Reconstruction. Wisconsin Archeologist 39(1):1–110.Google Scholar
Rowe, Chandler 1958 A Crematorium at Aztalan. Wisconsin Archeologist 39(1):101–108.Google Scholar
Rudolph, Katy Zejdlik 2009 A Taphonomic Analysis of Human Skeletal Material from Aztalan: Cannibalism, Hostility, and Mortuary Variability. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.Google Scholar
Salkin, Philip H. 2000 The Horicon and Kekoskee Cultural Complexes in the Late Woodland Stage in Southeastern Wisconsin. In Late Woodland Societies: Tradition and Transformation across the Midcontinent, edited by Emerson, Thomas E., McElrath, Dale L., and Fortier, Andrew C., pp. 525–542. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.Google Scholar
Schneider, Seth A. 2015 Oneota Ceramic Production and Exchange: Social, Economic, and Political Interactions in Eastern Wisconsin between AD 1050–1400. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.Google Scholar
Schroeder, Sissel, and Goldstein, Lynne G. 2015 Timelessness and the Legacy of Archaeological Cartography. In 2013 Aztalan Excavations: Work on the Gravel Knoll and West of the Palisade, edited by Goldstein, Lynne G., pp. 65–75. Consortium for Archaeological Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing.Google Scholar
Snoeck, Christopher, Brock, Fiona, and Schulting, Rick J. 2014 Carbon Exchanges between Bone Apatite and Fuels during Cremation: Impact on Radiocarbon Dates. Radiocarbon 56:591–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spector, Janet D. 1975 Crabapple Point (Je-93), a Historic Winnebago Village Site in Jefferson County. Wisconsin Archeologist 56(4):270–345.Google Scholar
Steadman, Dawnie Wolfe 1998 The Population Shuffle in the Central Illinois Valley: A Diachronic Model of Mississippian Biocultural Interactions. World Archaeology 30:306–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sterner, Katherine M. 2018 Stone Tools and Agricultural Communities: Economic, Microwear, and Residue Analyses of Wisconsin Oneota Lithic Assemblages. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.Google Scholar
Stoltman, James B. 1991 Ceramic Petrography as a Technique for Documenting Cultural Interaction: An Example from the Upper Mississippi Valley. American Antiquity 56:103–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoltman, James B., and Christiansen, George W. 2000 The Late Woodland Stage in the Driftlesss Area of the Upper Mississippi River Valley. In Late Woodland Societies: Tradition and Transformation across the Midcontinent, edited by Emerson, Thomas E., McElrath, Dale L., and Fortier, Andrew C., pp. 497–524. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Norman C. 1990 The Biological Consequences of the Mississippian Expansion into the Western Great Lakes Region: A Study of Prehistoric Culture Contact. In Powers of Observation: Alternative Views in Archeology, edited by Nelson, Sarah M. and Kehoe, Alice Beck, pp. 73–87. Archeological Papers No. 2. American Anthropological Association, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Thompson, Victor D., and Krus, Anthony M. 2018 Contemplating the History and Future of Radiocarbon dating in the American Southeast. Southeastern Archaeology 37:1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vander Heiden, Robert 2018 Lithic Technological Organization at the Aztalan Site (47-Je-01). Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.Google Scholar
VanDerwarker, Amber M., and Wilson, Gregory D. 2016 War, Food, and Structural Violence in the Mississippian Central Illinois Valley. In The Archaeology of Food and Warfare: Food Insecurity in Prehistory, edited by VanDerwarker, Amber M. and Wilson, Gregory D., pp. 75–105. Springer International, Cham, Switzerland.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whittle, Alasdair 2018 The Times of Their Lives: Hunting History in the Archaeology of Neolithic Europe. Oxbow Books, Oxford.Google Scholar
Wilson, Stephen W. 2016 Late Prehistoric Lithic Economies in the Prairie Peninsula: A Comparison of Oneota and Langford in Southern Wisconsin and Northern Illinois. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.Google Scholar
Zejdlik, Katie J. 2014 Unmingling Commingled Museum Collections: A Photographic Method. In Commingled and Disarticulated Human Remains, edited by Osterholtz, Anna J., Baustian, Kathryn M., and Martin, Debra L., pp. 173–192. Springer, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zych, Thomas J., and Richards, John D. 2021 Pushing and Pulling the Mississippian Moment into the Western Great Lakes. In Following the Mississippian Spread: Using Biological and Archaeological Evidence to Measure Migration and Climate Change, edited by Cook, Robert A. and Comstock, Aaron R., pp. 238–282. Springer, New York, in press.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Krus et al. supplementary material

Krus et al. supplementary material 1

Download Krus et al. supplementary material(File)
File 2.8 MB
Supplementary material: File

Krus et al. supplementary material

Krus et al. supplementary material 2

Download Krus et al. supplementary material(File)
File 75 KB
Supplementary material: File

Krus et al. supplementary material

Krus et al. supplementary material 3

Download Krus et al. supplementary material(File)
File 23.8 KB