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Climate Change and Culture Change on the Southern Coast of British Columbia 2400-1200 Cal. B.P.: An Hypothesis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Dana Lepofsky ,
Ken Lertzman ,
Douglas Hallett  and
Rolf Mathewes
Dana Lepofsky
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C.
Ken Lertzman
Affiliation:
School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C.
Douglas Hallett
Affiliation:
Center for Environmental Sciences & Quaternary Sciences Program, Box 5694, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ
Rolf Mathewes
Affiliation:
Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C.
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Abstract

The Marpole phase of the Gulf of Georgia, SW British Columbia (2400–1200 cal B.P.) is recognized by many archaeologists as a significant period of culture change. Concurrent with this cultural phase is a climatic regime characterized by a substantial increase in forest fires associated with persistent summer drought: the Fraser Valley Fire Period (FVFP). Culturally, the Marpole phase is characterized by the widespread appearance of large houses, standardized art forms, and elaborate burials. Interactions among people of this region intensified and were, as today, economically, socially, and ideologically linked to the lower Fraser River system. Ecologically, the FVFP likely resulted in a regional decline in salmon abundance and/or predictability, especially in small streams and offshore areas, but also more berries and wildlife, and easier overland access via trail networks. The ecological diversity of the lower Fraser region, both terrestrial and riverine, resulted in both more abundant and more predictable resources than surrounding areas during this period of changing climate. We hypothesize that social and economic networks throughout the Gulf of Georgia were solidified during the Marpole phase to ensure access to Fraser resources and allow social buffering of resource uncertainty. We suggest that the differential availability of resources also allowed and encouraged individuals who had access to Fraser Valley resources to gain relatively greater prestige.

Résumé

Résumé

La Fase Marpole del Golfo de Georgia (2400–1200 cal a.P.) en el Suroeste de British Columbia, Canadá, se reconoce por muchos arqueólogos como un período de cambio cultural importante. Contemporáneo a esta fase cultural, hubo un régimen climático caracterizado por un incremento substancial de incendios forestales asociados con sequías veraniegas persistentes: el llamado Período de Fuego del Valle Fraser (FVFP). Culturalmente, la Fase Marpole se caracteriza por la amplia aparición de casas grandes, formas estandarizadas de arte y entierros elaborados. Las interacciones entre la gente de esta región se intensificaron y estuvieron, como hoy día, económica, social e ideólogicamente relacionadas al sistema del Bajo Río Fraser. Ecológicamente, el FVFP pudo ocasionar una disminución en la abundancia y/o predictibilidad del salmón, especialmente en arroyos pequeños y en áreas mar adentro, pero tambien un incremento en bayas y vida silvestre, así como un acceso por tierra más fácil a través de una red de senderos. La diversidad ecológica de la región del Bajo Fraser, tanto terrestre como ribereña, resultó en una mayor abundancia y predictibilidad de recursos que en áreas circunvecinas durante este periodo de clima cambiante. Tenemos la hipótesis de que las redes sociales y económicas en el Golfo de Georgia se solidificaron durante la Fase Marpole para asegurar el acceso a los recursos del Fraser y permitir un amortiguamiento social ante la incertidumbre de recursos. Sugerimos que la disponibilidad diferencial de recursos también permitió y promovió que los individuos que tenían acceso a los recursos del valle del Río Fraser obtuvieran un relativo mayor prestigio.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 70 , Issue 2 , April 2005 , pp. 267 - 293
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2005

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