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Competitive and Cooperative Responses to Climatic Instability in Coastal Southern California

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Douglas J. Kennett  and
James P. Kennett
Douglas J. Kennett
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840
James P. Kennett
Affiliation:
Department of Geology and the Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
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Abstract

Archaeological data indicates that socially and politically complex hunter-gatherer societies had become well established on the southern California coast by A.D. 1300. Major developmental changes in sociopolitical complexity are generally considered to have taken place rapidly between AD 1150 and 1300. Recently, two hypotheses have been proposed to account for this rapid cultural evolution, both invoking stressful climatic conditions as an important trigger for cultural change. One suggests that the sociopolitical development was stimulated, in part, by multiple marine and terrestrial subsistence stresses, particularly low marine productivity resulting from regional warming. The other suggests that these developments were largely driven by decreases in terrestrial productivity and water availability linked to drought. Resolution of this debate has been hampered by insufficient paleoclimatic and archaeological data. We present a well-dated, relatively high resolution (25-year intervals) oxygen isotopic marine climate record and new archaeological data from the Northern Channel Islands for the last 3,000 years. These data strongly suggest that changes in human behavior associated with increasing cultural complexity: 1) accelerated after A.D. 500 and became dominant by A.D. 1300, 2) occurred during one of the coldest and most unstable marine climatic intervals of the Holocene (A.D. 450-1300), and 3) coincided with cool, dry terrestrial conditions. Incipient cultural complexity emerged during an interval marked by inferred high marine productivity, reduced terrestrial food and water availability, and large, unpredictable variations in terrestrial resource availability. Our records suggest a strong relationship during this time between climatically induced changes in environmental conditions and social, political, and economic responses, including the emergence of more intensified fishing, and increased sedentism, violence, and trade.

Resumen

Resumen

Datos arqueológicos indican que cazadores-recolectores con complejos sistemas sociales y políticos ya estaban bien establecidos en la costa de California del Sur en el año 1300 d.C. Es aceptado que los mayores cambios demográficos en nivel de complejidad social y político ocurrieron con rapidez entre 1150y 1300d.C. Recientemente, dos hipótesis han sido propuestas para explicar esta veloz evolución cultural, las dos invocando rigurosas condiciones climáticas. Uno sugiere que desarrollo social y político fue estimulado, en parte, por numerosas tensiones de subsistencia marítima y terrestres, particularmente baja produccíon marítima resultando de calentamiento regional. La otra sugiere que estos desarrollos fueron mayormente motivados por baja productividad de recursos terrestres y escasez de agua relacionada a una sequia durante el mismo tiempo que la produccion marítima se mantuvo estable. La resolución de este debate ha sido obstaculizada por insuficientes datos arqueológicos y paleoclimáticos. Presentamos un récord climático de oxígeno isotópico marino bien fechado, y de relativamente alta resolución (intervalos de 25 años) y nuevos datos arqueologicos de las Channel Islands septentrionales, CA para los ultimos 3000 anos. Estos datos sugieren que cambios en el comportamiento humano asociado con el crecimiento de complejidad cultural: I) aceleraron después de 500 d.C. y llegaron a ser dominantes hacia el año 1300 d. C, 2) ocurrieron durante elperíodo defrío más sostenido y el intervalo de clima más variable del holoceno en esta área (450—1300 d.C), y 3) coinciden con condiciones terrestres frias y secas. La complejidad cultural incipiente surge durante un intervalo marcado por una inferida alta productividad marítima, comida terrestre reducida, y grandes e impredicibles variaciones en la disponibilidad de recursos terrestres. Nuestros récords demuestran, durante este tiempo, una relación fuerte entre cambios climáticos y respuestas sociales, políticas, y económicas, incluyendo la pesca más intensiva, mayor vida sedentaria, violencia e intercambio.

Type
Reports
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 65 , Issue 2 , April 2000 , pp. 379 - 395
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2000

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