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DIVERSITY-DISTURBANCE RELATIONSHIPS IN THE LATE ARCHAIC SOUTHWEST: IMPLICATIONS FOR FARMER-FORAGER FOODWAYS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 February 2018

R. J. Sinensky  and
Alan Farahani
R. J. Sinensky*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of California Los Angeles, 375 Portola Plaza, 341 Haines Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
Alan Farahani
Affiliation:
Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California Los Angeles, A210 Fowler Building, 308 Charles E. Young Drive North, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA (alanfarahani@ucla.edu)
*
(rsinensky@ucla.edu, corresponding author)
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Abstract

The analysis of more than 1,300 flotation samples from thousands of excavated cultural features dating to the San Pedro phase (1220–730 BC) at the Las Capas site in southern Arizona provides evidence of long-term continuity and change in plant cultivation and collection practices in response to environmental disturbances during the Late Archaic period (2100 BC–AD 50). Although preceramic foodways in the region are widely considered to have been stable for roughly 2,500 years following the introduction of maize prior to 2100 BC, analyses of macrobotanical data reveal that moderate-intensity flood events during the Middle San Pedro phase (930–800 BC) preceded the greatest richness and diversity of harvested plants, while reliance on maize was reduced. In contrast, in periods with little environmental disturbance maize was more dominant, with less diversity in other cultivated and foraged plants. Novel cultivation, processing, and foraging practices were initiated in response to disturbance but persisted after floodplain conditions stabilized. It is argued that the reciprocal relationship between disturbance and botanical diversity is integral for understanding the long-term resilience of Late Archaic foodways and that this relationship is best modeled using ecological theories termed the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis and the Intermediate Productivity Hypothesis.

El análisis de más de 1300 muestras de flotación provenientes de la excavación de miles de depósitos culturales de la fase San Pedro (1220–730 aC) en el sitio arqueológico de Las Capas, ubicado en el sur de Arizona, aporta evidencias de continuidad y cambio en el cultivo de recursos vegetales y en las prácticas de recolección como respuesta a las perturbaciones ambientales ocurridas durante el periodo Arcaico tardío (2100 aC–50 dC). Aunque generalmente se considera que las dietas del periodo precerámico de la región se mantuvieron estables por casi 2500 años después de la introducción de maíz antes de 2100 aC, los análisis de vestigios macrobotánicos demuestran que eventos de inundación de intensidad mediana ocurridos durante la fase San Pedro media (930–800 aC) precedieron el incremento máximo de riqueza y diversidad de plantas recolectadas, mientras que disminuyó la dependencia del maíz. Por el contrario, en los periodos con menos perturbaciones ambientales el maíz fue el cultivo dominante y se redujo la diversidad de plantas recolectadas y cosechadas. En respuesta a estas perturbaciones se introdujeron nuevas prácticas de cultivo, procesamiento y recolección, las cuales permanecieron después de la estabilización de las condiciones ambientales en la llanura aluvial. Argumentamos que la relación recíproca entre perturbaciones y diversidad botánica es esencial para entender la resiliencia a largo plazo de los sistemas de subsistencia del Arcaico tardío, y que las teorías ecológicas conocidas como Hipótesis de Perturbación Intermedia e Hipotesis de Productividad Intermedia son los mejores modelos para estudiar dicha relación.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 83 , Issue 2 , April 2018 , pp. 281 - 301
Copyright
Copyright © 2018 by the Society for American Archaeology 

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Footnotes

Online supplementary material has been added to this article, see doi: 10.1017/aaq.2018.15

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